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Sense Organs- Ch 16
Sense Organs- 200 Level A&P
42
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
05/11/2013

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Cards

Term
Define: Sensory Receptor
Definition
Any structure specialized to detect a stimulus.
Term
Define: Sense Organ
Definition
A structure composed of nervous tissue along with other tissues that enhance its response to a certain type of stimulus.
Term
The fundamental purpose of any sensory receptor is-
Definition

transduction,

the coversion of one form of energy to another

Term
Define: Receptor Potential
Definition
a small, local electrical charge that is the initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory cell.
Term
Define: Sensation
Definition
a subjective awareness of the stimulus
Term
List four kinds of information sensory receptors transmit
Definition
modality, location, intensity, and duration
Term
Define: Modality
Definition
The type of stimulus or sensation being produced.
Term
Define: Duration
Definition
How long a stimulus lasts
Term
Explain Sensory Adaptation
Definition
When a stimulus is prolonged, the firing of the neuron gets slower over time causing us to become less aware of the stimulus.
Term
How do phasic receptors work within the body?
Definition
Phasic recpetors generate a burst of action potentials when first stimulated, then quickly adapt and sharply reduce or stop signaling even if the stimulus continues.
Term
How do tonic receptors work in the body?
Definition
They adapt more slowly and generate nerve signals more steadily.
Term
Thermosreceptors respond to-
Definition
heat and cold
Term
Photoreceptors respond to-
Definition
light
Term
What are nociceptors and what do they respond to?
Definition

Pain receptors

 

They respond to tissue injury or stiuations that threaten to damage a tissue.

Term
Chemoreceptors respond to-
Definition
chemicals, including odors, tastes, and body fluid composition.
Term
Mechanoreceptors respond to-
Definition
physical deformation of a cell or tissue caused by vibration, touch, pressure, stretch, or tension.
Term
What are exteroceptors?
Definition
Receptors that sense stimuli external to the body.
Term
What are interoceptors?
Definition
Receptors that detect stimuli in the internal organs.
Term
What are proprioceptors?
Definition
Receptors that sens the position and movements of the boy or its parts.
Term
What are the 5 special senses?
Definition
Vision, Hearing, Equilibrium, Taste, and Smell
Term
Explain why not every sensory recpetor is a sense organ.
Definition
Some receptors are simple, bare nerve endings (like recpetors for heat and pain) where other receptors are true sense organs because they consist of nervous tissue and other tissues that enhance the response to a certain type of stimulus.
Term
What doest it mean to say sense organs are tranducers?  What form of energy do all receptors have as their output?
Definition
Sense organs are tranducers because they covert one form of energy into another form of energy.  All receptors produce neurotransmitters as their output.
Term
Not every sensory signal results in conscious awarentess of a stimulus.  Explain.
Definition
The brainstem filters out most sensory signals carried to the CNS.  Only a small amount of sensory signals will reach the cerebral cortex.  It is the signals that reach the cerebral cortex that we are consciously aware.
Term
What is meant by the modality of a stimulus? Give some examples.
Definition
The modality of a stimulus is the category in which the stimulus belongs.  Examples would be vision, hearing, and taste.
Term
There are three schemes of receptor classification (modality, orgin, body distriubution.)  In each scheme, how would you classify the receptors for a bladder? How would you classify taste receptors?
Definition

The receptors of the bladder would be classified as follows:

Modality- mechanoreceptors

Orgin- interoceptors

Body Distribution- general senses

Taste receptors would be classified as follows:

Modality- chemoreceptors

Orgin- exteroceptors

Body Distribution- special senses

Term
Nociceptors are tonic rather than phasic receptors.  Speculate on why this is beneficial to homeostasis.
Definition
In order for the body to return to normal parameters of homeostasis, it must be able to provide communication that keeps us from making an injury worse. Because nociceptors are tonic we constantly feel pain from an injury, and that constant pain prevents us from causing more damage to the area of injury.
Term
Define Sensory Projection
Definition
The ability of the brain to identify the site of stimulation, including very small and specific areas within a receptor such as the retina.
Term
Define Projection Pathways
Definition
Pathways followed by sensory signals to their ultimate destinations in the CNS.
Term
Three ways intensity is encoded-
Definition

1. As stimulus intensity rises, the firing frequencies of sensory nerve fibers rise.


2. Intense stimuli recruity greater numbers of nerve fibers to fire.


3. Weak stimuli activate only the most sensitive nerve fibers, whereas strong stimuli can activate a less sensitive group of fibers with higher thresholds.

Term
Define Pain
Definition
A discomfort caused by tissue injury or noxious stimulation, and typically leads to evasive action.
Term
What would be the term to describe the sense of pain lost due to nerve damage?
Definition
Neuropathy
Term
What type of nerve fibers conduct fast pain?
Definition
Myelinated
Term
What type of nerve fibers conducts slow pain?
Definition
Unmyelinated
Term
Somatic pain is
Definition

pain orignating from the skin, muscles,

and/or joints.

Term
Visceral pain is
Definition
Pain originating from the viscera.
Term
List the various chemicals that can stimulate nociceptors.
Definition

Bradykinin

Serotonin

Prostaglandins

Histamine

Potassium Ions

ATP

Term
The thalmus relays most pain signals through a 3rd order neuron to what destination?
Definition
Post-Central Gyrus
Term

True or False?

 

Can a person's physical and mental state greatly affect his or her perception of pain?

Definition
True
Term
What does analgesic mean?
Definition
without pain
Term
What are the 3 endogenous opiods?
Definition

enkephalins

endorphins

dynorphins

Term
What do neuromodulators do?
Definition
They block the transmission of pain signals and prodcue feelings of pleasure and euphoria.
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