Term
|
Definition
| Any structure specialized to detect a stimulus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A structure composed of nervous tissue along with other tissues that enhance its response to a certain type of stimulus. |
|
|
Term
| The fundamental purpose of any sensory receptor is- |
|
Definition
transduction,
the coversion of one form of energy to another |
|
|
Term
| Define: Receptor Potential |
|
Definition
| a small, local electrical charge that is the initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a subjective awareness of the stimulus |
|
|
Term
| List four kinds of information sensory receptors transmit |
|
Definition
| modality, location, intensity, and duration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The type of stimulus or sensation being produced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How long a stimulus lasts |
|
|
Term
| Explain Sensory Adaptation |
|
Definition
| When a stimulus is prolonged, the firing of the neuron gets slower over time causing us to become less aware of the stimulus. |
|
|
Term
| How do phasic receptors work within the body? |
|
Definition
| Phasic recpetors generate a burst of action potentials when first stimulated, then quickly adapt and sharply reduce or stop signaling even if the stimulus continues. |
|
|
Term
| How do tonic receptors work in the body? |
|
Definition
| They adapt more slowly and generate nerve signals more steadily. |
|
|
Term
| Thermosreceptors respond to- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Photoreceptors respond to- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are nociceptors and what do they respond to? |
|
Definition
Pain receptors
They respond to tissue injury or stiuations that threaten to damage a tissue. |
|
|
Term
| Chemoreceptors respond to- |
|
Definition
| chemicals, including odors, tastes, and body fluid composition. |
|
|
Term
| Mechanoreceptors respond to- |
|
Definition
| physical deformation of a cell or tissue caused by vibration, touch, pressure, stretch, or tension. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Receptors that sense stimuli external to the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Receptors that detect stimuli in the internal organs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Receptors that sens the position and movements of the boy or its parts. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 special senses? |
|
Definition
| Vision, Hearing, Equilibrium, Taste, and Smell |
|
|
Term
| Explain why not every sensory recpetor is a sense organ. |
|
Definition
| Some receptors are simple, bare nerve endings (like recpetors for heat and pain) where other receptors are true sense organs because they consist of nervous tissue and other tissues that enhance the response to a certain type of stimulus. |
|
|
Term
| What doest it mean to say sense organs are tranducers? What form of energy do all receptors have as their output? |
|
Definition
| Sense organs are tranducers because they covert one form of energy into another form of energy. All receptors produce neurotransmitters as their output. |
|
|
Term
| Not every sensory signal results in conscious awarentess of a stimulus. Explain. |
|
Definition
| The brainstem filters out most sensory signals carried to the CNS. Only a small amount of sensory signals will reach the cerebral cortex. It is the signals that reach the cerebral cortex that we are consciously aware. |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by the modality of a stimulus? Give some examples. |
|
Definition
| The modality of a stimulus is the category in which the stimulus belongs. Examples would be vision, hearing, and taste. |
|
|
Term
| There are three schemes of receptor classification (modality, orgin, body distriubution.) In each scheme, how would you classify the receptors for a bladder? How would you classify taste receptors? |
|
Definition
The receptors of the bladder would be classified as follows:
Modality- mechanoreceptors
Orgin- interoceptors
Body Distribution- general senses
Taste receptors would be classified as follows:
Modality- chemoreceptors
Orgin- exteroceptors
Body Distribution- special senses |
|
|
Term
| Nociceptors are tonic rather than phasic receptors. Speculate on why this is beneficial to homeostasis. |
|
Definition
| In order for the body to return to normal parameters of homeostasis, it must be able to provide communication that keeps us from making an injury worse. Because nociceptors are tonic we constantly feel pain from an injury, and that constant pain prevents us from causing more damage to the area of injury. |
|
|
Term
| Define Sensory Projection |
|
Definition
| The ability of the brain to identify the site of stimulation, including very small and specific areas within a receptor such as the retina. |
|
|
Term
| Define Projection Pathways |
|
Definition
| Pathways followed by sensory signals to their ultimate destinations in the CNS. |
|
|
Term
| Three ways intensity is encoded- |
|
Definition
1. As stimulus intensity rises, the firing frequencies of sensory nerve fibers rise.
2. Intense stimuli recruity greater numbers of nerve fibers to fire.
3. Weak stimuli activate only the most sensitive nerve fibers, whereas strong stimuli can activate a less sensitive group of fibers with higher thresholds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A discomfort caused by tissue injury or noxious stimulation, and typically leads to evasive action. |
|
|
Term
| What would be the term to describe the sense of pain lost due to nerve damage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of nerve fibers conduct fast pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of nerve fibers conducts slow pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pain orignating from the skin, muscles,
and/or joints. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pain originating from the viscera. |
|
|
Term
| List the various chemicals that can stimulate nociceptors. |
|
Definition
Bradykinin
Serotonin
Prostaglandins
Histamine
Potassium Ions
ATP |
|
|
Term
| The thalmus relays most pain signals through a 3rd order neuron to what destination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False?
Can a person's physical and mental state greatly affect his or her perception of pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does analgesic mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 endogenous opiods? |
|
Definition
enkephalins
endorphins
dynorphins |
|
|
Term
| What do neuromodulators do? |
|
Definition
| They block the transmission of pain signals and prodcue feelings of pleasure and euphoria. |
|
|
