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Chapter 16
Sense Organs
77
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/28/2014

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Term
free nerve endings (ques)
Definition
Hot and cold stimuli are detected by ________.
Term
Substance P (ques)
Definition
__________ is a neurtotransmitter that transmits pain sensations to second-order spinal neurons.
Term
Enkephalin (ques)
Definition
__________ is a neuromodulator that blocks the conduction of pain signals by second-order spinal neurons.
Term
Circumvalate (ques)
Definition
At rear of tongue, contains 1/2 of taste buds __________.
Term
the higher its pitch (ques)
Definition
The higher the frequency of a sound __________.
Term
Basilar membrane (ques)
Definition
Cochlear hair cells rest on ____________.
Term
Macula Sacculi (ques)
Definition
The acceleration you feel when an elevator begins to rise is sensed by ________.
Term
its wavelenght (ques)
Definition
The color of light is determinded by _______.
Term
Choroid (ques)
Definition
The retina receives its oxygen supply from _______.
Term
It has a low threshold (ques)
Definition
Which of the following statements about photopic vision is false?
Term
Fovea Centralis (ques)
Definition
The most finely detailed vision occurs when an image falls on a pit in the retina called the _________.
Term
Ganglion (ques)
Definition
The only cells of the retina that generate action potentials are the _________ cells.
Term
Photopsin (ques)
Definition
The visual pigment of a cone cell is _________.
Term
Otoliths (ques)
Definition
The gelatinous membranes of the macula sacculi and macula utriculi are weighted by protein-calcium carbonate granules called ____________.
Term
Outer hair cells (ques)
Definition
Three rows of _________ in the cochlea have V-shaped arrays of sterocilia and tune the frequency sensitivity of the cochlea.
Term
stapes (ques)
Definition
The _______ is a tiny bone that vibrates in the oval window and thereby transfers sound vibrations to the inner ear.
Term
inferior collculi (ques)
Definition
The ___________ of the midbrain receives auditory input and triggers the head-turning auditory reflex.
Term
Basel cells (ques)
Definition
The function of the ____________ in a taste bud is to replace dead taste cells.
Term
Olfactory bulb (ques)
Definition
Olfactory neurons synapse with mitral cells and tufted cells in the _________, which lies inferior to the frontal lobe.
Term
Referred pain (ques)
Definition
In the phenomenon of _________, pain from the viscera is perceived as coming from an area of the skin.
Term
Aqueous humor (ques)
Definition
The posterior chamber, the space between the iris and lens, is filled with ___________.
Term
Hemidecussation (ques)
Definition
Because of ___________, each hemisphere receives signals from both eyes.
Term
right cerebral hemisphere (ques)
Definition
Things we touch with the left hand are perceived only in the _______________.
Term
Visible light
Definition
400-750
Term
Sclera
Definition
outer white part of eye - gives insertion to muscle. (outer fibrous layer-tunica fibrosa)
Term
Cornea
Definition
eye window - refraction, bends light - more than lens does. Avacuslar.(outer fibrous layer-tunica fibrosa)
Term
Iris
Definition
pigmented - middle colored part of eye - controls pupil diameter (middle vascular layer-tunica vasculosa)
Term
Ciliary body
Definition
contraction less tension on eye(middle vascular layer-tunica vasculosa)
Term
Choroid
Definition
Highly vascular/dark pigmented area behind retina(middle vascular layer-tunica vasculosa)
Term
Retina
Definition
sensory -back part of eye/light sensitive layer (inner layer-tunica interna) Gets oxygen from choroid
Term
Conjunctiva
Definition
transparent mucous -lines inner eyelid and anterior surface of eyeball except cornea
Term
Lens
Definition
makes fine tune adjustments to image
Term
Aqueous humor (def)
Definition
___________ is a serous fluid secreted by the ciliary body into a space between the iris and lens called the posterior chamber. (replaces)
Term
Vitreous humor (def)
Definition
_________is a transparent jelly that fills a large space called the vitreous chamber behind the lens. Keeps eyeball from collasping. (non-replaceable)
Term
Myopia
Definition
nearsightedness - corrected effect concave lens
Term
Hyperopia
Definition
farsightness - corrected effect convex lens
Term
Emmetripoia
Definition
ciliary muscle relaxed and dilated - no correction needed
Term
Astigmatism
Definition
can't simultaneously focus light rays on different planes
Term
Presbyopia
Definition
loss of flexibility in the lenses - more difficult for eyes to focus on nearby objects.
Term
Ganglion cells (def)
Definition
largest neurons in retina
Term
Bipolar cells (def)
Definition
retina (synapse with rods and cones)
Term
Amacrine cells
Definition
enhance perception of contrast (other retinal cell)
Term
Cones
Definition
function in brighter light; they are responsible for day (photopic61) vision as well as color (trichromatic) vision.color sharp - produces visual image (photopsin -pigment)(blue, green and red)
Term
Rods
Definition
scotopic (night/dark)vision- produces visual image (rhodopsin -pigment)requires Vitamin A and protein - opsin.
Term
Primary sensations of taste
Definition
Salty, Sweet, Sour, Umami, Bitter
Term
Free nerve endings
Definition
warm, cold and pain
Term
Nociceptors (aka)
Definition
pain receptors
Term
Encapsulated nerve endings (list)
Definition
Tactile(Meissner), End bulbs (Krause), Lamellar (Pacinian), Bulbous (Ruffini)corpuscles
Term
Encapsulated nerve endings (def)
Definition
________ are nerve fibers wrapped in glial cells or connective tissue, enchances sensitivity.
Term
Unencapsulated nerve endings (list)
Definition
Free nerve endings, Tactile (Merkel) discs, hair receptors (peritrichial endings)
Term
Unencapsulated nerve endings (def)
Definition
________ sensory dendrites that are not wrapped in connective tissue.
Term
Canal of Schelmm
Definition
reaborbs extra Aqueous Humor (blockage causes Glaucoma)
Term
Consensual light reflex
Definition
both constrict if one eye is illuminated (parasympathetic reflex)
Term
Suspensory ligament
Definition
suspend lens - adjustment, power of accomodation
Term
Macula Lutea (visual axis of eye)
Definition
fovea centralis - is in the center. (eye exam - direct evaluation of blood vessels) means: "Yellow spot"
Term
Light path into eye (def)
Definition
Pigmented layer, photoreceptor cells (rods/cones-not neurons), Bipolar cells, Ganglion cells, Fibers to optic nerve.
Term
Electromagnetic radition (def)
Definition
is visible light with wavelenghts of 400-750nm.
Term
Stereocilia
Definition
attached to tectorial membrane
Term
Stapes
Definition
attached to eardrum
Term
Malleus and Incus
Definition
attached to membranous oval window
Term
Sound
Definition
is any audible vibration of molecules
Term
Inner hair cells
Definition
hearing comes from
Term
Outer hair cells
Definition
adjust cochlear responses to different frequencies
Term
Basilar membrane
Definition
goes up/down, has hair cells, is thick
Term
Oval window
Definition
where the inner ear begins
Term
Round window
Definition
covered by a membrane called the secondary tympanic membrane.
Term
vestibular membrane
Definition
separates the endolymph from the perilymph and helps to maintain a chemical difference between them.
Term
equilibrium constitute
Definition
vestibular apparatus, three semicircular ducts and two chambers,anterior saccule,posterior utricle
Term
tectorial membrane
Definition
stationary,
Term
Umami
Definition
meat taste (amino acid)
Term
Fungiform
Definition
tip & sides of tongue (sweet)
Term
Filiform
Definition
(no taste buds) most abundant
Term
Foliate
Definition
(no taste buds)
Term
Mechanoreceptors
Definition
respond to physical- pressure, vibration, touch, strech, tension, hearing, balance. ie:skin/joints
Term
Chemoreceptors
Definition
chemical, ie: odor, taste
Term
Pigment exist
Definition
only in the outer segment (night vision - Rhodospin)
Term
Rhodopsin
Definition
only absorb light at wavelength of 500nm (peak)
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