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401 - Confirm Physical Status
Section 4 - Reproductive System
50
Anatomy
Professional
08/22/2013

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Cards

Term
What makes up the Male Genitalia & describe?
Definition
Penis, Urethra, Scrotum, Testes, Scrotum, Ducts, Foreskin

[image]
• The outer foreskin layer is a continuation of the skin of the shaft of the penis.
• The inner foreskin layer - mucutaneous tissue of a unique type found nowhere else on the body.
• The ridged band is the interface (join) between the outer and inner foreskin layers. When the penis is not erect, it tightens to narrow the foreskin opening. During erection, the ridged band forms ridges that go all the way around, about halfway down the shaft.
• The reddish or purplish glans or glans penis (head of the penis) is smooth, shiny, moist and extremely sensitive.
• The frenulum, or frenum, is a connecting membrane on the underside of the penis, similar to that beneath the tongue.
Term
How does an Erection occur?
Definition
* Smooth muscle fibres in arterial blood vessels dilate in response to sexual stimulation.
* Vascular spaces fills with blood
* 3 Spongy bodies engorge with blood
* Parasympathetic nerve control
Term
Scrotum
Definition
* The scrotum is the thick-skinned- sac that surrounds and protects the testes.
* The scrotum also acts as a climate-control system for the testes, because they need to be slightly cooler than body temperature for normal sperm development.
Term
Name the internal structures of the male reproductive organs
Definition
* EPIDIDYMIS
* VAS DEFERENS (DUCTUS DEFERENS)
* EJACULATORY DUCT
* URETHRA
* SEMINAL VESICLES (SEMINAL GLANDS)
* COWPERS GLANDS (BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS)
* PROSTATE GLAND
* TESTES
Term
EPIDIDYMIS - Structure & Function
Definition
* Set of Coiled Tubes that connects to Vas deferens - 1 for each testes)
* The epididymis collects sperm from the testes and provides the environment for sperm to mature and acquire the ability to move through the female reproductive system and fertilize an ovum.
Term
VAS DEFERENS - Structure & Function
Definition
* Tube that runs from epididymis upward alongside the testicles * transports the spermatozoa.

* Can store animated sperm for several months at a time.
Term
EJACTULATORY DUCT - Structure & Function
Definition
* Carries fluid from the seminal glad & ampulla to the urethra.
Term
URETHRA
Definition
Tube that extends from urinary bladder to the exterior and coveys urine & semen to the exterior.
Term
SEMINAL VESICLES (Seminal glands) - Structure & Function
Definition
* 2 small saclike glands, located on each side of the bladder
* Add nutrient fluid to semen during ejaculation
* Determines alkaline & pH
* Activates movement of sperm
Term
COWPERS GLANDS (Bulbourethral glands) - STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Definition
During sexual arousal produces clear, salty viscous secretion known as pre-ejaculate.
* Used as lubrication in urethra for sperm to pass through & flush out any residual urine or foreign matter.
Term
PROSTATE GLAND - STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Definition
A gland in male mammals surrounding the urethra at the base of the bladder that controls release of urine from the bladder and secretes a fluid which is a major constituent of semen
Term
TESTES - STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Definition
* The testes are located in the scrotum, which keeps them outside the body.
* 2 primary functions: producing sperm (which carry the man's genes) and producing testosterone (the primary male sex hormone).
Term
What is the composition of Semen?
Definition
* Amino acids & fructose (sugar)- provide food for the sperm
* Prostaglandins - aids in stopping female immune system from rejecting sperm
* Other Substances - citric acid, enzymes, flavones, protiens & vitamin C.
* Zinc - stops parts of sperm containing DNA from breaking up. Low zinc levels in males causes low qty/level sperm
Term
How does ejaculation occur?
Definition
the sudden emission of semen from the male urethra, usually during copulation, masturbation, or nocturnal emission. It is a reflex action in two phases. In the first phase, sperm, seminal fluid, and prostatic and bulbourethral gland secretions are moved into the urethra. In the second phase, strong spasmodic peristaltic contractions force ejaculation. The sensation of ejaculation is commonly also called orgasm . The fluid volume of the ejaculate is usually between 2 and 5 mL. Each milliliter usually contains 50 million to 150 million spermatozoa.
Term
List the external genitalia of the female reproductive system
Definition
[image]
1. Mons Pubis
2. Clitoris
3. Outer Lips (labia majora)
4. Inner Lips (labia minora)
5. Perineum
6. Anus
Term
Mons Pubis
Definition
A fatty pad covered with skin and pubic hair located just above the vaginal lips. The fat and pubic hair act as a cushion during intercourse to prevent bruising caused by impact between the pubic bones of each partner
Term
Outer Lips (Labia Majora)
Definition
The soft, fatty, skin-covered tissue that encloses and protects the rest of the vulva. The outer lips swell with blood during sexual intercourse
Term
Inner Lips (Labia Minora)
Definition
The thinner more delicate folds of skin surrounding the inner components of the vulva. They produce secretions from oil glands to keep the vaginal opening moist. They contain many nerve endings that are stimulated during sex. Like the outer lips, they swell with blood during sexual arousal. Toward the front, the lips join forming the clitoral hood, which protects the clitoris
Term
Clitoris
Definition
The clitoris is the most sensitive part of the entire genital area. The sole function of this tiny pea sized structure is to bring pleasure to the female during sexual arousal
Term
Uretra Opening
Definition
The exit for urine located just above or in front of the vaginal orifice. This little piece of anatomy is not classified as genitalia
Term
Vagina Opening
Definition
The opening of the vagina to the outside of the body. The exit for menstrual flow and birth and the entrance for the penis during sexual intercourse.
Term
OVARIES - FEMALE INTERNAL STRUCTURE
Definition
[image]
Small, lumpy, almond shaped organs near lateral walls of pelvic cavity.
3 main functions.
1. produce immature female gametes / oocytes
2. secretion of female sex hormones, including estragon & progesterone
3. secretion of inhibin, involved in feedback control of pituitary FSH Production.
Term
FALLOPIAN TUBES - FEMALE INTERNAL STRUCTURE
Definition
[image]
* Begins with an expanded funnel called infundibulum, that opens into pelvic cavity along the medial surface of the ovary. The other end of the fallopian / uterine tube opens into the uterine cavity.
* Fallopian tubes connect ovaries to Uterus.
* Captures egg released from ovaries each month after ovulation, nourishing the fertilised egg during its earliest divisions & delivering it to the uterus for implantation once fertilised.
Term
UTERUS - FEMALE INTERNAL STRUCTURE
Definition
[image]
* womb size & shape of an inverted pair.
* Sits low in abdomen & held in position my muscles, ligaments & fibrous tissue.
* Joined to vagina by cervix (neck of womb)
* Nurtures fertilised ovum that develops into a foetus & holding it until baby until birth.
* Ovum is implanted in endometrium which provides nourishment from its blood vessels.
* Provides structural integrity & support to bladder, bowel, pelvic bones & organs.
* Separates bladder & bowel.
Term
VAGINA - FEMALE INTERNAL STRUCTURE
Definition
[image]
* The vagina is an elastic, muscular canal with a soft, flexible lining that provides lubrication and sensation. The vagina connects the uterus to the outside world. The vulva and labia form the entrance, and the cervix of the uterus protrudes into the vagina, forming the interior end.

* The vagina receives the penis during sexual intercourse and also serves as a conduit for menstrual flow from the uterus. During childbirth, the baby passes through the vagina (birth canal).

* The hymen is a thin membrane of tissue that surrounds and narrows the vaginal opening. It may be torn or ruptured by sexual activity or by exercise
Term
FEMALE MAMMARY GLAND - Primary Function & Structure
Definition
* Produces mild to feed their young
* Breasts - each has clusters of alveoli or sacs in which milk is produced. Alveoli release milk into ducts, which work like pipes to transport milk to the nipples.
Term
MENSTRAL CYCLE - Function
Definition
Monthly series of physiological changes where an egg is produced (ovulation), uterine walls thickens allowing for egg implantation if fertilisation occurs.
Term
MENSTRUATION (MENSES) - Function
Definition
If implantation doesn't occur, the lining of the uterus breaks down & is discharged during menstruation.
Term
MENARCHE - Function
Definition
When female menstruation first begins.
During the menarche period, it maybe irregular / light, aka female puberty.
Term
MENOPAUSE - Function
Definition
Represents the end of menstruation - gradual process.
Term
PHASES OF MENSTRAL CYCLE
Definition
28 Days
* 1-4/5 = Menses / Menstration - decrease is oestrogen & progesterone
* 4/5-14 - Proliferative (Pre-Ovulatory) - Anterior Pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating Hormones (FSH) which stimulates development of an ovarian follicle in the ovary. As follicle is developing, it secretes oestrogen.
In the Uterus, oestrogen causes repair & regrowth (proliferation) of the endometrium. As oestrogen levels rise FSH falls which causes anterior pituitary to release luteinising hormone (LH)
*14 - Ovulation - Sudden LH rise causes ovarian follicle to rupture (ovulation) thus releasing the mature ovum. The remnant of follicle is now called the corpus luteum.
* 14-28 Secretory (Post Ovulation)
Corpus Lutum (in the ovary) releases progesterone.
* Progesterone causes the endometrium to increase & become thick in preparation for the fertilised ovum.
* If fertilisation occurs: ovum implants into endometrium = pregnant. Corpus luteum continues to produce oestrogen & progesterone which supports the pregnancy for 2-3 months (until placenta takes over). Menstral cycle will be stopped.
*If fertilisation doesn't occur - corpus luteum degenerates causing levels of oestrogen and progesterone to fall which cause the endometrium to shed (menses) and the cycle continues.
Term
FEMALE MAMMARY GLAND - Primary Function & Structure
Definition
* Produces mild to feed their young
* Breasts - each has clusters of alveoli or sacs in which milk is produced. Alveoli release milk into ducts, which work like pipes to transport milk to the nipples.
Term
MENSTRAL CYCLE - Function
Definition
Monthly series of physiological changes where an egg is produced (ovulation), uterine walls thickens allowing for egg implantation if fertilisation occurs.
Term
MENSTRUATION (MENSES) - Function
Definition
If implantation doesn't occur, the lining of the uterus breaks down & is discharged during menstruation.
Term
MENARCHE - Function
Definition
When female menstruation first begins.
During the menarche period, it maybe irregular / light, aka female puberty.
Term
MENOPAUSE - Function
Definition
Represents the end of menstruation - gradual process.
Term
PHASES OF MENSTRAL CYCLE
Definition
28 Days
* 1-4/5 = Menses / Menstration - decrease is oestrogen & progesterone
* 4/5-14 - Proliferative (Pre-Ovulatory) - Anterior Pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating Hormones (FSH) which stimulates development of an ovarian follicle in the ovary. As follicle is developing, it secretes oestrogen.
In the Uterus, oestrogen causes repair & regrowth (proliferation) of the endometrium. As oestrogen levels rise FSH falls which causes anterior pituitary to release luteinising hormone (LH)
*14 - Ovulation - Sudden LH rise causes ovarian follicle to rupture (ovulation) thus releasing the mature ovum. The remnant of follicle is now called the corpus luteum.
* 14-28 Secretory (Post Ovulation)
Corpus Lutum (in the ovary) releases progesterone.
* Progesterone causes the endometrium to increase & become thick in preparation for the fertilised ovum.
* If fertilisation occurs: ovum implants into endometrium = pregnant. Corpus luteum continues to produce oestrogen & progesterone which supports the pregnancy for 2-3 months (until placenta takes over). Menstral cycle will be stopped.
*If fertilisation doesn't occur - corpus luteum degenerates causing levels of oestrogen and progesterone to fall which cause the endometrium to shed (menses) and the cycle continues.
Term
The specialised sex cells in the male are?
Definition
GONADS
Term
What are the Male sex glands also called?
Definition
Testes
Term
The male gonad stores?
Definition
SPERMATOZA
Term
The testes are normally located in a sac that is suspended between the thighs, what is the sac called?
Definition
SCROTUM
Term
The bulk of the tissue of the testes is arranged in tubules called?
Definition
Seminiferous Tubules
Term
The spermatozoa mature and become mobile within a temporary storage area, a 6 metre tube called?
Definition
EPIDIDYMIS
Term
The straight upward extension of the epididymis is?
Definition
VAS DEFERENS
Term
Behind the urinary bladder is the male are two tortuous muscular tubes with glandular linings?
Definition
SEMINAL VESICLES
Term
The vas deferens on each side is joined by the duct from the seminal vesicle to form a tube that carries spermatozoa through the prostate. What is the name of the tube?
Definition
EJACTULATORY DUCT
Term
In males, a single tube conveys urine and semen to the outside via?
Definition
URETHRA
Term
The external genitalia of the male include the scrotum and what else?
Definition
PENIS
Term
In ejaculation, a mixture of spermatozoa and secretions is expelled? What is the other ingredient?
Definition
Seman
Term
What is the difference between sperm and semen.
Definition
Sperm - actual sex cells
Semen - The semen is the combined product of male reproductive organs
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