Term
| Who did Pope Gregory I send to convert the Anglo-Saxons in England, and in what year did he send him? |
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Definition
| He sent Augustine in 597. |
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Term
| What influence did women have over spreading Christianity? Was it safe? |
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Definition
| Women were able to marry pagan kings and bring them into the church. Clothilde persuaded her husband Clovis, leader of the Franks to accept Christianity. It was very risky for them. |
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Term
| What was the role of the Parish Priest? |
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Definition
| In manor villages, the priest would be the only contact between the people and the Church. He cared for his people by celebrating the mass and by administering the sacraments; sacred rites of the Church. The priests also preached gospels and teachings of the Church, and guided people on issues regarding morality. Sometimes they ran schools. They offered assistance to the the sick and needy too. |
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Term
| What was the role of the Village Church? |
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Definition
| The church was a social centre, apart from a place of worship. Gossiping and dancing took place, although rowdy behaviour was condemned. |
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Term
| What improvements did villagers make on their Churches? |
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Definition
| They took pride in their buildings, and decorated them as well as building stone instead of wood as time progressed. Some churches housed relics such as remains of martyrs and other holy figures. Villagers as well as foreigners might make pilgrimages to pray before the relics. |
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Term
| How did Churches support themselves and their parishes? |
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Definition
| Churches required Christians to pay a tithe, which was basically a tax equal to 10% of their income. It had origins in the bible, and is still alive in some Christian Churches today. |
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Term
| Explain the Churches view on women. |
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Definition
| The Church taught that men and women were equal before God, but on earth, women were viewed as "daughters of Eve," weak and easily lead to sin. They required the guidance of men. The Church tried to protect women by invoking a minimum age for marriage, and punishing men who severely injured their wives. However, women would often be punished more harshly than men for the same offense. |
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Term
| Who set up the monastery of Monte Cassino in Southern Italy, and in what year did he do it? |
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Definition
| A monk named Benedict organized the monastery in 530. |
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Term
| Outline the three vows of the Benedictine Rule. |
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Definition
1. Obedience to the abbot or abbess who headed the monastery or convent.
2. Poverty
3. Chastity or Purity. |
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Term
| Define the Benedictine Rule. Go into details. |
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Definition
| The Benedictine Rule was set up by a monk named Benedict in 530. It was a set of rules that governed and regulated monastic life. Eventually, it became used all over convents and monasteries in Europe. A monk or nun's day was divided into periods for worship, work and study. Benedict believed in the spiritual value of manual labour so he required monks to work in fields or on other physical tasks. |
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Term
| Describe monasteries and convents' medical and resourceful services. |
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Definition
| Around the time of the introduction of Monks and Nuns, there were no hospitals or schools so the monasteries provided basic services. They healed the sick, helped the poor, and sometimes set up schools for children. They provided nourishment for travelers, especially Christian pilgrims. |
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Term
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Definition
| Many monks and nuns became missionaries, and it was the monk St. Patrick who set up the Irish Church, which later honoured many missionaries by declaring them saints. |
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Term
| How did Monks and Nuns keep education alive? |
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Definition
| Monks and Nuns often copied ancient works as a form of labour, but in the monasteries they also set up schools for children. The works they wrote down might remain unread for centuries until scholars took an interest in ancient learning. Abbot Cassiodorus wrote useful summaries of Greek and Latin works and taught the classic to other monks. Venerable Bede introduced "A.D." and "B.C." to date historical events. |
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Term
| Women could not become priests and had next to no influence in monasteries. Convents however were another thing entirely. Explain the role of women in convents. Go into detail. |
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Definition
Mainly it was capable, strong-minded, women entered convents. In the 1100's, Abbess Hildegard of Bingen composed religious music and wrote books on many subjects. Popes and rulers even sought her advice.
The Church however, put more restrictions on convents withdrawing rights that nuns had enjoyed such as preaching Gospel or hearing confession. The Church prefered women to accept Church authority rather than preach it. Even then, they made valuable contributions to the faith. |
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Term
| What was Papal Supremacy? |
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Definition
| As popes were representatives of Christ on Earth, they were granted an authority over other secular rulers called the Papal Supremacy. |
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Term
| Reflect upon the Pope's army. |
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Definition
| The Pope headed an army of churchmen who supervised Church activities. High clergy such as bishops and archbishops were usually nobles, and like other feudal lords, some of them had their own territories. The Pope himself had vast lands in central Italy which were later called the Papal States. |
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Term
| What was Papal Supremacy? |
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Definition
| As popes were representatives of Christ on Earth, they were granted an authority over other secular rulers called the Papal Supremacy. |
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Term
| Women could not become priests and had next to no influence in monasteries. Convents however were another thing entirely. Explain the role of women in convents. Go into detail. |
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Definition
Mainly it was capable, strong-minded, women entered convents. In the 1100's, Abbess Hildegard of Bingen composed religious music and wrote books on many subjects. Popes and rulers even sought her advice.
The Church however, put more restrictions on convents withdrawing rights that nuns had enjoyed such as preaching Gospel or hearing confession. The Church prefered women to accept Church authority rather than preach it. Even then, they made valuable contributions to the faith. |
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Term
| What was Papal Supremacy? |
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Definition
| As popes were representatives of Christ on Earth, they were granted an authority over other secular rulers called the Papal Supremacy. |
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Term
| Explain the relationship between the Church officials and secular rulers. |
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Definition
| Church officials and secular rulers were closely linked. Churchmen were often the only educated people, resulting in feudal rulers appointing them to high government positions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The medieval Church had absolute power in religious matters. The Church had it's own body of laws, known as the canon law. It applied to religious teachings, the clergy, marriages and morals. Anyone who disobeyed these laws, faced a range of penalties; the most severe of which was excommunication. |
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Term
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Definition
| The medieval Church had absolute power in religious matters. The Church had it's own body of laws, known as the canon law. It applied to religious teachings, the clergy, marriages and morals. Anyone who disobeyed these laws, faced a range of penalties; the most severe of which was excommunication. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excommunication was the most severe and terrifying punishment for disobeying the Canon Law. People could no longer receive sacraments or a Christian burial. The large scale version of excommunication was Interdict. |
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Term
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Definition
| If a powerful noble disobeyed the Church, he could be punished with the Interdict which was an order excluding entire villages, towns, regions or even kingdoms from sacraments and Christian burials. Even the strongest ruler always gave into the Interdict. |
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Term
| Discuss the Church's influence on the decline of Feudal warfare. |
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Definition
| The Church attempted to use its authority by declaring that feudal warfare should stop between Friday and Sunday and on religious holidays. |
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Term
| Explain why the Church begun to have a need for a reform, and outline the reform movements that occurred. |
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Definition
Success of the Church, brought about wealth and power, which in turn began weakening discipline. Christians began leaving their wealth and lands to monasteries, which resulted in some monks and nuns becoming rich and ignoring their vow to poverty.
One reform movement was that of Abbot Berno of Cluny in early 900's. He revived the Benedictine Rule, which had been allowed to lapse. Nobles were no longer allowed to interfere with monastery affairs. He also filled the monastery at Cluny with men devoted to religious pursuits. Many copied the Cluniac reforms.
In 1073, Pope Gregory VII, a former monk, extended the Cluniac reform to the entire Church, outlawing marriage for priests and prohibiting selling of Church offices. He insisted that the Church chose its officials not Kings or Nobles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Francis of Assi set up the orders of friars. He left a comfortable home in the Italian town of Assi, to preach Gospel and teach by example. The Franciscan Order he set up preached poverty, love of God, and humility. |
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Term
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Definition
| Friars wethe world re monks who did not live in isolated monasteries, but travelled around Europe's growing towns giving help to the poor. |
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Term
| Explain the Dominican Order |
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Definition
| A Spanish priest called Dominic, soon after the Franciscan Order, set up the Dominican order, which was targeted at combating heresy. |
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Term
| Explain the role of women in the Dominican order. |
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Definition
| Women joined this reform movement, by creating new religious groups such as the Beguines. Most convents only accepted women with a dowry, or women from well-born families. They helped the poor and set up hospitals and shelters using the funds from their weaving and embroidery. |
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Term
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Definition
| There was a huge Jewish community in Spain, that co-existed in peace with the invading Muslims of the year 711 and other Christian communities. In their homes, they preserved the oral and written laws that were central to their faith. Sephardim is the Hebrew word for Spain. Sephardic Jews served as officials in Muslim royal courts. |
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Term
| Reflect upon the relationships between the Jewish and other communities of Europe. Go into detail. |
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Definition
For centuries, Christians and Jews lived side by side in relative peace. Early German kings gave educated Jews positions at court. Many rulers valued and protected Jewish communities, although they taxed them heavily.
In the late 1000's Christian persecution of Jews increased. Church leaders believed Jews were responsible for the death of Christ. The Church began restricting the Jews from things like land to occupations. Anti-Semitism only got worse when Christians blamed disasters they couldn't understand on the Jews. Economic woes were blamed on the Jews. The Jews eventually moved to Eastern Europe where rulers welcomed them and communities thrived. |
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