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Sean Gallagher Anatomy
Sean Gallagher Anatomy
125
Anatomy
Not Applicable
05/16/2020

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Term
Median Plane
Definition
midline dividing the body in the the right and left halves
Term
Sagittal Plane
Definition
divides the body into right and left parts, not halves
Term
Coronal/Frontal Plane
Definition
divides the body into front and back parts
Term
Transverse Plane
Definition
divides the body into top and bottom
Term
Cranial/Superior
Definition
closer to the top of the head
Term
Anterior/Ventral/Rostal
Definition
Anterior = more in the front
Ventral = abdominal side in bipeds
Rostral = beak like structure in the front of the head or brain that projects forward
Term
Posterior/Dorsal
Definition
more in the back
Term
Medial
Definition
closer to the midline (median plane)
Term
Lateral
Definition
further away from the midline (median plane)
Term
Proximal
Definition
only used with reference to limbs, closer to the midline (median plane) or root of the limb
Term
Distal
Definition
only used with reference to limbs, further away from the midline (median plane) or root of the limb
Term
Caudal/Inferior
Definition
being closer to the feet or lower part of the body; in quadrupeds closer to the tail
Term
Superficial
Definition
external, closer to the surface
Term
Deep
Definition
further away from the surface
Term
Ipsilateral
Definition
on the same side
Term
Contralateral
Definition
opposite side
Term
Chrondocyte
Definition
The only cells found in healthy cartilage. They produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans.
Term
Lacuna
Definition
small cavity in the substance of the bone containing the osteocyte.
Term
Matrix
Definition
hard but flexible surrounding the lacuna
Term
Collagen Fiber
Definition
protein fiber found through the body, provides strength and cushioning
Term
Elastic Fiber
Definition
bundles of proteins found in connective tissue, can stretch and snap back to original length
Term
Epiphysis
Definition
End of a long bone, top and bottom
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
Shaft of a long bone
Term
Articular Cartiledge
Definition
smooth white tissue that covers end of bones where they come together; articulating surface in freely movable joints
Term
Periosteum
Definition
cover the outer surface of all bones except the articular surfaces of long bones
Term
Cancellous (Spongy) Bone
Definition
meshwork of spongy bone of mature adult bone typically found at the core of the vertebral bones in the spine and ends of the long bones
Term
Compact Bone
Definition
denser material used to create the hard structure of the skeleton; forms the cortex or hard outer shell of most bones
Term
Medullary Cavity
Definition
central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow is stored (marrow cavity)
Term
Red Marrow
Definition
red, gelatinous substance composed of red and white blood cells, in adults red marrow is limited to the sternum, vertebrae, ribs, hips, clavicals, long bones and cranial bones
Term
Yellow Marrow
Definition
fatty connective tissue that does not produce blood cells, contains more fat cells
Term
Nutrient Artery
Definition
principal artery and major supplier of oxygen and nutrients to the shaft or body of the bone
Term
Axial Skeleton
Definition
bones of the head and trunk; principal supportive structure of the body, skull, vertebrae,ribs and hyoid bone
Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Definition
bones that support appendages; pectoral and pelvic girdle and bones of the arm, forearms, wrists, hands, thighs, legs and feet
Term
Long Bones
Definition
longer in one axis than the other
Term
Short Bones
Definition
generally cube shaped
Term
Flat Bones
Definition
cranial, scapulae, ribs; more flat than round
Term
Irregular Bones
Definition
vertebrae; have two or more shapes; bones that are not specifically long or short
Term
Sesamoid Bones
Definition
develop into tendons; mostly bone mixed with fibrous tissue and cartiledge
Term
Extension
Definition
straightening a joint, movement in the sagital plane
Term
Dorsiflexion
Definition
flexion of the ankle and wrist
Term
Flexion
Definition
bend or decrease the angle between two joints, movement in the sagital plane
Term
Plantar Flexion
Definition
extension of the ankle joint
Term
Adduction
Definition
moving toward the midline of the body
Term
Abduction
Definition
moving away from the midline of the body
Term
Circumduction
Definition
circular movement, permitted at ball and socket, condylar and saddle joint
Term
Rotation
Definition
turn the moving bone around its axis
Term
Supination
Definition
external rotation where hand and wrist are turned palm up; in foot moves sole of foot in a medial direction to inside of foot
Term
Pronation
Definition
internal rotation where hand and wrist are turned palm down; in foot moves sole of foot in a lateral direction to outside of foot
Term
Inversion
Definition
turns sole of foot inward as a result of supination
Term
Excersion
Definition
turns sole of foot outward as a result of pronation
Term
Ball & Socket Joint
Definition
Hip and shoulder, movement in all directions
Term
Hinge Joint
Definition
movement in one plane, flexion/extension, ankle and elbow joint
Term
Saddle Joint
Definition
Base of thumb, has two concave articulating surfaces permitting all motions except rotation
Term
Ellipsoid Joint
Definition
reduced ball and socket configuration in which significant rotation is limited, knee and wrist joints
Term
Pivot Joint
Definition
Ring of bone around a peg, C1 and C2
Term
Gliding Joint
Definition
Facet joints of the vertebrae, acromioclavicular, generally have flat articulating surfaces
Term
Hyaline Cartiledge
Definition
glass like, translucent cartiledge found on joint surfaces, contains a lot of collegen
Term
Periosteal Bone
Definition
membrame that covers the outer surface of bones except articular surfaces of long bones
Term
Calcified Cartiledge
Definition
thin layer of hard tissue between the hyaline articular cartilage and the subchondral bone
Term
Endocondral Bone
Definition
any bone that develops and replaces cartilage, cartilage is partially or entirely destroyed by calcification. The cartilage is then reabsorbed leaving bone in its place.
Term
Occipital Bone
Definition
trapezoid shaped bone at lower back of skull
Term
Parietal Bone
Definition
central side and upper back part of each side of the skull; forms the roof of the skull
Term
Frontal Bone
Definition
forehead region of the skull, supports and protects the nervous tissue of the brain
Term
Temporal Bone
Definition
sides and base of the skull, overlaid by teh sides of the head and house the structures of the ears
Term
Ethmoid Bone
Definition
square bone at the base of the nose, has many perforations through which the olfactory nerves pass to the nose
Term
Sphenoid Bone
Definition
Middle of the skull toward the front, in front of the occipital bone, articulates to form the orbit
Term
Vomer Bone
Definition
runs vertically in the nasal cavity
Term
Lacrimal Bone
Definition
Small bone forming a part of the eye socket
Term
Zygomatic Bone
Definition
Two facial bones forming the checks and lateral walls of the eye socket
Term
Palatine Bone
Definition
L-shaped bone forms part of the nasal cavity and had palate, between the maxilla and sphenoid bone
Term
Maxilla Bone
Definition
Upper jaw and hels form the eye socket, roof of mouth and lateral walls of the nasal cavity
Term
Mandible Bone
Definition
Lower jaw or jaw bone, largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human face
Term
Inferior Nasal Concha
Definition
Sits on the nasal septum, seperating the nasal cavity into two
Term
Cervical Spine
Definition
7 Vertebra, top connects to head, bottom connects to back at about shoulder level, lordotic curve toward the front of the body
Term
Thoracic Spine
Definition
12 Vertebra, runs from base of the neck down to the abdomen, attaches to rib cage, kyphotic curve away from the front of the body
Term
Lumbar Spine
Definition
5 Vertebra, begins at abdomen and ends at top of the sacrum, lordotic curve toward the front of the body
Term
Sacral Spine/Sacrum
Definition
Triangle shaped bone with five fused segments
Term
Coccygeal/Coccyx
Definition
Tailbone, small triangular bone resembling a tail, 3 to 5 fused bones
Term
Intervertebral Disc
Definition
disc between vertebrae, allows movement of the vertebrae, acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together and shock absorber of the spine
Term
Facet Joint
Definition
Connections between the bones of the spine, nerve roots pass through to go from spinal cord to arms, legs, etc. Allow spine to bend and twist, keeping back from slipping too fard forward to twisting without limits
Term
Vertebral Foramen
Definition
Opening formed by the front body and back arch.
Term
Vertebral Canal
Definition
Cavity containing the spinal cord
Term
Intervertebral Foramen
Definition
Openings between each vertebra
Term
Annulus Fibrosus
Definition
Tough circular exterior of the intervertebral disc that surrounds the soft inner core
Term
Nucleus Pulposus
Definition
Inner core of vertebral disc, jelly like material (water and loose network of collagen), ellastic inner structure allows disc to withstand forces of compression and tension
Term
Spinal Nerve
Definition
Mixed nerve, carries motor, sensory and automatic signals between the spinal cord and the body, 31 pairs in humans on each side of the spinal column
Term
Pedicle
Definition
Stub of bone connecting lamina to vertebral body to form the vertebral arch
Term
Transverse Process
Definition
Small bony projection off the right and left side of each vertebrae, function as the site of attachment for muscles and ligaments and point of articulation for the ribs in the thoracic spine
Term
Articular Process
Definition
Projections of the vertebrae that serve the purpose of fitting with an adjacent vertebra.
Term
Lamina
Definition
Part of the vertebral arch tha forms the roof of the spinal cord
Term
Rib Facet
Definition
Site of connection between rib and vertebra in the thoracic spine
Term
Demifacet
Definition
Half of a facet, where part of the head of the rib or costal cartilege articulates, found on ribs 2 to 9
Term
Transverse Facet
Definition
Site where a rib forms a joint with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra
Term
Cervical Facet
Definition
all movements are possible, flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation
Term
Thoracic Facet
Definition
virtually non-weight bearing, limited movement in all plains, particularly rotation
Term
Lumbar Facet
Definition
sagital plane, flexion and extension, lower facets prone to re-orienting to the coronal plane under continual rotational stress which leands to disc trauma by allowing more rotation than normal
Term
Manubrium Bone
Definition
handle, quadrangular shape, joins with the body of the sternum, clavicles and cartilage of the first ribs
Term
Xiphoid Process
Definition
Cartilaginous extension of the lower part of the sternum
Term
Ribs
Definition
7 True - attach to sternum
5 False - first three attach to sternum by costal cartilage; last two are floating and do not attach to sternum, only attach in the back
Term
Costal Cartilage
Definition
Segments of cartilage that attach the sternum to the ribs, helps extend ribs into a forward motion; adds elasticity to thorax allowing chest to expand during expiration
Term
Ilium
Definition
Uppermost and largest part of the hip bone
Term
Ischium
Definition
Lower back part of the hip bone, below the ilium and behind the pubis
Term
Pubis
Definition
Most forward facing of the three bones making up the pelvis
Term
Four bones of Pelvis
Definition
Hip Bones
Sacrum
Coccyx
Term
Three bones Hip Bones
Definition
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Term
False Pelvis
Definition
Upper portion of the pelvis
Supports the intestines
Term
True Pelvis
Definition
Contains the pelvic colon, rectum, bladder and some reproductive organs
Term
Pelvic Outlet
Definition
At the end of the true pelvis and beginning of pelvic wall
Term
Sub-pubic angle
Definition
50-82 degrees = male
90 degrees = femail
Term
Interosseous sacroiliac ligament
Definition
SI joint ligament, series of short strong fibers connecting the tuberosities of the sacrum and ilium, strongest ligament in the body
Term
Acetabulum
Definition
Socket of the hip bone, head of the femur meets with the pelvis
Term
Acetabular Labrum
Definition
Ring of cartilage that surrounds the acetabulum (hip joint), front portion is most vulnerable to tears
Term
Synovial Membrane - Hip
Definition
Encapsulates the entire hip joint, produces synovial fluid
Term
Ligament Teres - Hip
Definition
Located deep in hip joint, connects ball to (femoral head) to socket ( acetabulum), provides blood supply to the head, is important for stability
Term
Femur
Definition
Thigh bone
Term
Tibia
Definition
Large bone in lower leg
Term
Fibula
Definition
Small bone in lower leg
Term
Patella
Definition
Knee cap
Term
Cruciate Ligament
Definition
Anterior and posterior, form an X, two strong rounded bands from the head of the tibia to the femur
Term
Meniscus
Definition
Piece of cartilage providing cushioning between femur and tibia, two in each knee lateral and medial
Term
Patellar Ligament
Definition
Extension of quadricep tendon, extend from patella/knee cap
Term
Collateral Ligament - Knee
Definition
Located on the outside part of the knee joint, connect the bones of upper and lower leg, lateral runs on outside of knee, medialruns along inside of knee
Term
Talus
Definition
Bottom part of ankle joint, connects foot to tibia and fibula, just above the heel bone
Term
Calcaneus
Definition
Heel bone, connects talus and cuboid bone
Term
Cuboid
Definition
Outer side of the foot, cube shaped and connects the foot to the ankle
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