Term
| "The Anatomy of the World" (say author) |
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Definition
| John Donne (say title of text) |
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| "The Anatomy of the World" |
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Definition
| written by John Donne in 1611; reflected on the multitude of ways that his world had changed as a result of the new discoveries in science |
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| ancient Greek who wrote about mathematics |
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| ancient Greek who made anatomical studies |
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| a synthesis of Christian theology with the scientific beliefs of the ancient authors; this is what the medieval worldview was based upon |
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| (1225-1274); took the works of Aristotle and harmonized them with the teachings of the church |
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| the perfect compound of the four elements in their perfect proportions (earth is heaviest, water next, then air, then fire); less perfect metals such as lead might be transformed by changing the proportion of their elements |
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| blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile; made of the four elements; an excess of any one of the humours produced one's essential personal characteristics |
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| (c. 85-165 A.D.) Greek astronomer; Ptolemaic, or Geocentric, system placed the Earth as a stationary object aroudn which heavenly bodies moved, while the stars were fixed in their orbits; Europeans added epicycles--planetary orbits within an orbit--to explain the unusual motion of the planets in relation to the fixed stars |
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| (1473-1543); Polish mathematician and astronomer; in 1543, wrote "Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres"; dedicated the book to Pope Paul III and included a preface that claimed that the ideas contianed on those pages were just mathematical hypotheses |
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Term
| "Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres" (say author) |
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Definition
| Nicholas Copernicus (say title of text) |
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Term
| Ptolemaic, or Geocentric, system |
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Definition
| placed the Earth as a stationary object aroudn which heavenly bodies moved, while the stars were fixed in their orbits; Europeans added epicycles--planetary orbits within an orbit--to explain the unusual motion of the planets in relation to the fixed stars |
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| Copernican, or Heliocentric system |
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Definition
| the planets move in a circular motion around the sun; still some epicycles |
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| (1546-1601); lost his nose in a duel; built nose prosthesis of silver and gold alloy; subsequently, had no social life, so had plenty of time to construct the best astronomical tables of the age; proposed a system in which the moon and the sun revolved around the Earth, while the other planets revolved around the sun |
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| (1571-1630); Tycho Brahe's students; used Brahe's data to search for ways to support Copernicus and eventually dropped Copernicus's "planets move in a circular motion" theory, instead proposing that their orbits were elliptical |
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| (1564-1642); Florentine; used Dutchman's spyglass to design a telescope; noticed that the moon had mountainous surface similar to that of the Earth, so must be made of similar material; realized that stars are much farther away than planets; saw that Jupiter had four moons; saw sunspots and rings around Saturn; deducted that Earth is in perpetual motion; wrote "Dialogues on the Two Chief Systems of the World" (1632); Catholic church condemned his work and warned him to publish no more about astronomy; Galileo wrote a book that compared the new science with the old; Pope Urban VII thought the book was making fun of him, so put Galilio under house arrest for the rest of his life; Galileo send his subsequent writings to Holland |
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Term
| "Dialogues on the Two Chief Systems of the World" (say author) |
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Definition
| Galileo Galilei (say title of text) |
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Definition
| (1548-1600); Dominican friar; executed by the papal inquisition in 1600 for arguing that there may be a plurality of worlds in the universe; Church took this as an implication that there might be a multiplicity of redeeming Christs--an intolerable heresy |
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| (1642-1727); greatest figure of the Scientific Revolution; published his masterpiece, "Principia," in 1687; influenced by Galileo's work; posited that all planets and objects in the universe operated under the effects of gravity; extremely religious; spent lots of time making silly calculations of biblical dates and practicing alchemy; experimented with optics; showed that white light is a heterogeneous mixture of colors; father of differential calculus; became head of the British Royal Society, an organization committed to spreading the new spirit of experimentation |
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Definition
| Isaac Newton (say title of text) |
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| (1561-1626); philosopher, lawyer, official in the government of James I, historian, and essayist; contributed experiemtnal methodology to science; wrote three major works: "The Advancement of Learning" (1605), "Novum Organum" (1620), and "New Atlantis" (1627); attacked medieval scholasticism with its belief that the body of knowledge was basically complete and that the only task left to scholars was to elaborate on existing knowledge; argued that rather than rely on tradition, it is necessary to examine evidence from nature |
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Term
| "The Advancement of Learning" (say author and date) |
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Definition
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Term
| "Novum Organum" (say author and date) |
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Definition
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Term
| "New Atlantis" (say author and date) |
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Definition
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| term in English for what the French called the conflict between the anceints and the moderns |
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| (1596-1650); French philosopher; anti-Bacon; believed that deductive thought--using reason to go from a general principle to the specific principle--provided for a better understanding of the universe as opposed to relying on the experimental method; believed that all the ideas of the past were so suffocating that they all must be doubted; "I think, therefore I am"; wrote in French rather than in Latin, which had been the language of intellectual discourse; highly gifted mathematician; invented analytical mathematics; wrote "Discourse on Method" (1637), reducing nature to two distinct elements: mind and matter |
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Term
| "I think, therefore I am" (attribute) |
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Definition
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Term
| "Discourse on Method" (say author) |
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Definition
| René Descartes (say title of work) |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced nature to two distinct elements: mind and matter; world of the mind involved the soul and the spirit, and Descartes left that world to the theologians; world of matter was made up of an infinite number of particles, and operated in a mechanistic manner, as if in a constant whirlpool that provided contact among the various particles |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced nature to two distinct elements: mind and matter; world of the mind involved the soul and the spirit, and Descartes left that world to the theologians; world of matter was made up of an infinite number of particles, and operated in a mechanistic manner, as if in a constant whirlpool that provided contact among the various particles |
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| (1623-1662); saw his life as a balancing act; balance dogmatic thinking of Jesuits with those who were complete religious skeptics; became involved with Jansenists |
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| Blaise Pascal (say title of text) |
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| Blaise Pascal's attempt to achieve balance between dogmatic thinking of Jesuits and those who were complete religious skeptics |
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| Blaise Pascal concluded that it was better to wager on the existence of God than on the obverse, since the expected value that comes from believing is always greater than the expected value of not believing |
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| Catholic faction; saw truth in St. Augustine's idea of the total sinfulness of mankind and the need for salvation to be achieved through faith because we are predestined--ideas that were shared by Calvinists |
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| (1588-1679); personally knew Galileo, Bacon, and Descartes; friends with William Harvey; contact with leading science figures influenced him to apply the experimental method to the study of politics; horrified by the turmoil of the English Revolution; convinced of depravity of human nature; man was like an animal in that he was stimulated by appetites rather than by noble ideas; believed that man formed states, of the great Leviathan, because they were necessary constructs that worked to restrain the human urges to destoy one another; sovereign must put down rebellions by any means possible; |
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| (1578-1657); friends with Thomas Hobbes; rather than relying on the writings of the Ancient Greeks, used dissections to show the role the heart plays in the cirulation of blood through the body |
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Definition
| Thomas Hobbes (say title of text) |
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Definition
| Thomas Hobbes wrote that life without government was "nasty, brutish, and short" |
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Definition
| (1632-1704); interested in the world of science; wrote "Two Treatises on Government" before the Revolution of 1688; against religious enthusiasm; wrote "Letter Concerning Toleration" and "Essay on Human Understanding" |
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Term
| "Two Treatises on Government" (say author) |
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Definition
| John Locke (say title of text) |
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Term
| "Two Treatises on Government" |
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Definition
| by John Locke before the Revolution of 1688 but published after William and Mary came to the throne; defense of he revolution; basis for the Bill of Rights; aruged that man is born free in nature, although as society gets more advanced, government is needed to organize this society; because man is a free and rational entity, when he enters into a social contract with the state, he does not give up his inalienable rights to life, liberty, and property; should an oppressive government challenge those rights, man has a right to rebel |
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Term
| "Letter Concerning Toleration" (say author) |
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Definition
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Term
| "Letter Concerning Toleration" |
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Definition
| John Locke attacked the idea that Christianity could be spread by force |
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Term
| "Essay on Human Understanding" (say author) |
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Definition
| John Locke (say title of text) |
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Term
| "Essay on Human Understanding" |
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Definition
| John Locke put forth the idea that children enter the world with no set ideals; at birth, the mind is a blank slate, or tabula rasa, and infants do not possess the Christian concept of predestination or original sin; all knowledge was empirical in that it comes from experience |
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| (1724-1804); defined the Enlightenment as "Dare to know"; meant that it was necessary for individuals to cast off those ideas of the past that had been accepted simply because of tradition or intellectual laziness and instead use one's reason to probe for answers to questions on the nature of mankind; the ultimate reward would be freedom that would extend to the political and religious realms; |
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| French word for Enlightenment thinkers; not organized formally; shared ideas at salons, which were informal discussion groups organized by wealthy women |
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Definition
| international community of writers who communicated in French; extended throughout much of western Europe and to the American colonies |
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Definition
| deeply rooted in Scientific Revolution; influced by Great Britain |
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| "blank slate"; the state of the human mind at birth |
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Definition
| writers challenged established religion, veered into other areas such as economic thought, and inspired people to examine emotions instead of reason; Eastern European rulers sought to blend the Enlightenment with their royal absolutism |
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Definition
| (1694-1778); greatest of the philosophes; write a number of rather forgettable volumes of poetry and drama; struck by religious tolerance, freedom to express ideas, and honor of scientists in England; educated by Jesuits; hated Catholic Church; despised what he thought was the narrowness and bigotry that was at the heart of all religious traditions; deist; felt that religion crushed the human spirit and that to be free, man needed to "Écrasez l'infame!" ("Crush the horrible thing!"); wrote "Candide"; became an intellectual celebrity across Europe following his involvement in the case of Jean Calas |
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Definition
| one who believes that God created the universe and then stepped back from creation to allow it to operate under the laws of science |
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Definition
| Voltaire's famous anti-religious slogan that means "Crush the horrible thing!" |
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Term
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Definition
| Voltaire (say title of text) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1759 by Voltaire; deeply pessamistic; young Candide and his traveling companions meet with one disaster after another; touts the idea that humans cannot expect to find contentment by connecting themselves with a specific philosophical system; the best one can hope for is a sort of private, inner solace; "one must cultivate one's own garden" |
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Definition
| French Protestant who was falsely accused of murdering his son after learning that the son was planning to convert to Catholicism; Parlement of Toulouse ordered his execution in 1672; in 1763, Voltaire published his "Treatise on Toleration" and pushed for a reexamination of the evidence; by 1765, authorities reversed their decision |
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Term
Charles Louis de Secondat
aka Baron de Montesquieu |
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Definition
| (1689-1755); wrote perhaps the most influential work of the Enlightenment, "Spirit of the Laws" (1748); became president of Parlement of Bordeaux, a body of nobles that functioned as the provine's law court; inspired by political system in Great Britain; believed that societies and their political institutions could be studied in a scientific manner; political conservative; did not believe in republic, which he associated with anarchy; wanted France to reestablish aristocratic authority as a means of placing limits on royal absolutism; wrote "Persian Letters" (1721); anti-slavery, believed that slavery is against natural law |
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Term
| "Spirit of the Laws" (say author) |
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Definition
Charles Louis de Secondat
aka Baron de Montesquieu (say title of text) |
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Term
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Definition
| Montesquieu misinterpreted the British constitution and wrote of the English separation of powers among the various branches of government providing for the possibility of checks and balances, something that in fact did not exist in the British system |
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Term
| "Perisan Letters" (say author) |
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Definition
Charles Louis de Secondat
aka Baron de Montesquieu (say title of text) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1721; Montesquieu critiques his native France through a series of letters between two Persians traveling in Europe;l to avoid royal and church censorship, executed deeply satirical work that attacked religious zealotry while also implying that despite the differences between the Islamic East and the Christian West, a univeral system of justice was necessary |
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Definition
| (1713-1784); thought up collaborative masterpiece "Encyclopedia" |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the greatest collaborative achievements of the Enlightenment; executed by the community of scholars known as the Republic of Letters; offers an example of the eighteenth century belief that all knowledge could be organized and presented in a scientific manner; 28 volumes; first appeared in 1751; contributers included Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau; spread Enlightenment ideas beyond the borders of France |
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Definition
| (1712-1778); lived deeply troubled and solitary existence; championed emotion over reason; most radical philosophe; believed in the creation of a direct democracy (most believed in a constitutional monarchy); wrote "The Social Contract" (1762); had little faith in the individual's potential to use reason as a means of leading a mroe satisfactory life; focus needs to be placed on reforming community; sovereignty expressed in the general will of the populace; set stage for Romantic Movement; wrote "Émile" (1762); emphasized the differences between children and adults; stages of development during which the child needed to be allowed to grow freely wihtout undue influence from the adult world |
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Definition
| 1762; by Jean-Jacque Rousseau; begins "All men are born free, but everywhere they are in chains." |
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Definition
| 1762; by Jean-Jacques Rousseau; deals with a young man who receives an education that places higher regard on developing his emotions over his reason; Émile is encouraged to explore nature as a means of heightening his emotional sensitivity |
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Definition
| 1724-184; greatest figure of the German Enlightenment; against idea that all knowledge was empirical; mind shapes the world through its unique experiences; other, possibly hidden layers of knowledge exist beyond the knowledge that could be achieved through the use of reason |
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Definition
| 1738-1794; Italian; wrote "On Crimes and Punishment" (1764); called for complete overhaul of jurisprudence; those accused of crimes should be allowed certain basic rights; against torture; humanitarian |
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Term
| "On Crimes and Punishment" |
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Definition
| 1764; by Cesare Beccaria; called for a complete overhaul of jurisprudence (meaning the science or philosophy of law OR a body or system of laws) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1711-1776; Scottish; delved into atheism; wrote "Inquiry into Human Nature" |
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Term
| "Inquiry into Human Nature" |
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Definition
| by David Hume; cast complete doubt on revealed religion; no empirical evidence supported the existence of those miracles that stood at the heart of Christian tradition |
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Definition
| 1737-1794; Scottish author; reflected frowing interest in history; wrote "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"; criticized Christianity in that he viewed its rise within the Roman Empire as a social phenomenon rather than a divince interference; asserted that Christianity weakened the vibrancy of the Empire and contributed to its fall |
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Term
| "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" |
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Definition
| by Edward Gibbon; criticized Christianity in that he viewed its rise within the Roman Empire as a social phenomenon rather than a divince interference; asserted that Christianity weakened the vibrancy of the Empire and contributed to its fall |
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Definition
| 1723-1790; professor at University of Glasgoq; in 1776, published "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations"; against mercantilism; advocated laissez-faire (to "leave alone"); argued that individuals should be free to pursue economic gain without being restricted by the state; sysemt would be self-regulating, as if controlled by invisible hand, which would lead to the meeting of supply and demand; influential for Manchester School of economists in England and Physiocrats in France |
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Term
| "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" |
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Definition
| 1776; by Adam Smith; agrued against mercantilism (refers to the system of navigation acts, tariffs, and monopolies that stood as the economic underpinnings for most nations of Europe |
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Term
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Definition
| means to "leave alone"; advocated by Adam Smith; argued that individuals should be free to pursue economic gain without being restricted by the state; sysemt would be self-regulating, as if controlled by invisible hand, which would lead to the meeting of supply and demand; |
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Definition
| Louis XV's mistress; helped Diderot avoid censorsip |
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Definition
| 1759-1797; Englishwoman; wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Women"; women should enjoy the right to vote as well as to hold political office; first openly published statement of such ideas |
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Term
| "Vindication of the Rights of Women" |
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Definition
| by Mary Wollstonecraft; women should enjoy the right to vote as well as to hold political office; first openly published statement of such ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| ruler of Russia; "Enlightened Absolutist"; safely toyed with the ideas of philosophes wihout threatening her own power because most philosophes believed in monarchial authority (although they felt that the power of the monarchy should be wielded in a more rational manner); found that the writings of the philosophes on economics and education could mesh with her own desires to enhance the power of her state within the community of European nations and her personal authority within the state; achieved this at the expense of those elements in society, such as the nobility or the church, that had previously stood in the way of this centralizing tendency |
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Definition
| ruler of Austria; "Enlightened Absolutist"; safely toyed with the ideas of philosophes wihout threatening his own power because most philosophes believed in monarchial authority (although they felt that the power of the monarchy should be wielded in a more rational manner); found that the writings of the philosophes on economics and education could mesh with his own desires to enhance the power of his state within the community of European nations and his personal authority within the state; achieved this at the expense of those elements in society, such as the nobility or the church, that had previously stood in the way of this centralizing tendency |
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Term
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Definition
| ruler of Prussia; "Enlightened Absolutist"; safely toyed with the ideas of philosophes wihout threatening his own power because most philosophes believed in monarchial authority (although they felt that the power of the monarchy should be wielded in a more rational manner); found that the writings of the philosophes on economics and education could mesh with his own desires to enhance the power of his state within the community of European nations and his personal authority within the state; achieved this at the expense of those elements in society, such as the nobility or the church, that had previously stood in the way of this centralizing tendency |
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Term
Frederick William
aka the Great Elector |
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Definition
| r. 1604-1688; accepted Junkers' control over the serfs as long as they gave him money; built a huge army for Prussia |
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Definition
| Prussian nobility; needed ruler to control serfs |
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Term
Frederick III
aka King Frederick I |
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Definition
| r. 1688-1713; made Prussia into a kingdom in 1701, gaining the title King Frederick I |
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Term
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Definition
| r. 1740-1786; Enlightened Absolutist; established glittering cultural center at palace of Sans Souci; freed serfs on royal estates; maintained serfdom on private estates; ended capital punishment; limited corporeal punishment on serfs; did not emancipate Jews |
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Term
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Definition
| r. 1711-1740; Holy Roman Emperor; lacked male heir; created Pragmatic Sanction |
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| by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI; allowed assorted Habsburg lands under his control to remain intact under one ruler and granted the right of a female to succeed to te throne of Austria if there was no direct male heir |
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Term
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Definition
| r. 1745-1765?; Holy Roman Empress by way of Pragmatic Sanction; son Joseph II took over Austria |
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Term
| War of the Austrian Succession |
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Definition
| 1740-1748; Maria Theresa became Holy Roman Empress; King Frederick of Prussia stole Silesia, the richest part of the Austrian empre; Maria Theresa allied with Hungarian nobility, Russia, Sweden, Denmark, and Great Britain; Prussia allied with France and Spain; ended in 17488 with Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle |
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Term
| Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle |
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Definition
| 1748 ended War of the Austrian Succession; Austrian throne saved for the Habsburgs |
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Term
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Definition
| 1756; reversal of alliances; brought about by Maria Theresa's able foreign minister, Count Kaunitz; Astria allied with France, which took the Austrian Netherlands, and with Sweden and Russia; Great Britain allied with Prussia |
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Term
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Definition
| 1756-1763; Frederick launched an attack in 1756 to put down enemies before they formed a cohesive military plan to defeat Prussia; Frederick defeated French and Austrian armies; Russian army took Prussian capital Berlin; Peter III crowned Russian tsar in 1762, admired Frederick, brougth army home; Frederick won war on continent |
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Definition
| British won against France, resulting in the confiscation of French colonies in India and Canada |
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Definition
| r. 1533-1584; expanded territory under control of muscovy; violently sought to control recalcitrant nobility; died in 1584 |
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Definition
| period in russia from 1584 to 1603 |
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Definition
| controlled Russia from 1603 until the Revolution of 1917 |
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Term
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Definition
| r. 1682-1725; Westernized Russsia; made nobles shave bears; taxed serfs; monopolized essential commodities such as salt; centralized bureaucracy; Table of Ranks, in which all positions in the state had graduated rankings; commoners could rise; royal absolutism; established St. Petersburg in 1703, built on marsh, thousands of serfs died, French architecture; conscripted serfs; built first Russian navy; expanded territory; defeated Swedes in Great Northern War |
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Definition
| 1700-1721; Peter the Great defeated Swedes |
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Term
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Definition
| r. 1762-1796; ruler of Russia; robust; sexually active; read Montesquieu and Voltaire; led semi-barbaric state; toyed with establishing Enlightenment values; affair with Stanislaw Augustus Poniatowski |
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Term
| Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth |
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Definition
| established when the Lithuanian Grand Duke Jagiello, the ruler of the last pagan state in Europe, married the Polish (Roman Catholic) Queen Jadwiga; defeated Teutonic Knights (from West) in Battle of Grunwald (German name: Battle of Tannenberg); failed to create strong centralized government; recalcitrant nobility; elective crown; foreign princes; King Jan Sobieski helped drive Turks from Vienna in 1683 |
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Term
| Europe's first written constitution |
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Definition
| 1791; by Polish-Lithuanian parliament (Sejm); never fully implemented; reduced nobles' influence |
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Term
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Definition
| 1772; Russia, Prussia, and Austria forced Poland to accept partitionthat cost 30% of Poland's territory |
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Term
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Definition
| 1793; Russia and Prussia removed Polish constitution and carried out Second Partition; loss of vast Polish lands in east; Poland reduced to rump state |
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Definition
| military leader; led Polish revolt in 1794 |
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Term
| third and final partition |
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Definition
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Definition
| British Queen; died in 1714 |
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Definition
| r. 1714-1721; ruler of German state of Hanover; Protestant cousin of Queen Anne; took English throne in 1714; passed trhone to his son George II in 1721; preferred Hanover over Britain |
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Definition
| r. 1727-1760; ruled Herman state of Hanover and Britain; took over from father George I |
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Definition
| Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1721-1741; molded political system to his advantage; used political patronage to control House of Commons; |
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Definition
| English political party; rerogative rights of monarch; support Church of England |
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Definition
| spirit of Revoultion of 1688; religious tolerance |
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Definition
| r. 1760-1820; throne rise above party strife; desire to choose own chief minister; probelmatic; American Revolution; taxed unwilling subjects to pay for victory of Seven Years War |
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Term
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Definition
| wrote "Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontent" (1770; argued that parties were essential to parliamentary government and were a fundamental component for political stability |
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Term
| "Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontent" |
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Definition
| 1770; by Edmund Burke; argued that parties were essential to parliamentary government and were a fundamental component for political stability |
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Term
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Definition
| Catholic sect that held beliefs on predestination that were similar to the Calvinist point of view; banned by papal decree in mid-eighteenth century |
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Term
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Definition
| r. 1714-1774; wished to support papal decree that banned Jansenists; blocked by provincial parlements, law courts primarily made up of nobles that had the prerogative right of registering royal edicts before they could be enforced; financial troubles of monarchy increased; abolished parlements |
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Definition
| French law courts primarily made up of nobles that had the prerogative right of registering royal edicts before they could be enforced; opposed to Jansenists; opposed royal despotism |
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Term
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Definition
| r. 1774-1792; brought back parlemetns in attempt to curry favor with nobility |
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