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Goals/Ideals- Age of Recovery, Humanism, Urban Society
Beginnings in Italy- because it was in Central Mediterranean, there was no central ruler which meant political freedom, and it was a center of trade and banking because of Italian's expendable wealth. |
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| Value of the individual and was founded in Italy and was a major characteristic of Renaissance. |
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| Common language among the citizens of a particular area. |
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| Printing books is vernacular encouraged scholarly research and increased the public's desire to gain knowledge. |
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| Martin Luther came to believe that human beings were powerless in sight of an almighty God and could never do enough good works to earn salvation. He posted the 95 Theses that attacked some of Catholicisms major practices (esp. indulgences). |
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-Born noble
-Classical Education
-Military
-Shows achievements with grace
-Follows ethical code of conduct |
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| Bought by Catholics to forgive sins. |
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-Began the Reformation in early 16th century
-Monk and professor who disagreed with Catholics way in obtaining salvation
-Wrote 95 Theses to express his opposition to the Catholic church. |
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| 95 complaints written by Martin Luther that would be printed and spread throughout parts of Germany and Italy. |
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| An end to religious warfare in Germany that came in 1555. This agreement formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany. The Germans, through this, were allowed the right to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism. |
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| Father of Calvinism and reputation as one of the leaders of Protestantism. Brought about the idea of predestination. |
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| Decree that God had already determined in advance who would be saved and who would be damned. |
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| Henry VII & Anglican Church |
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| The English king wanted a divorce from his wife (the pope's sister). When the pope denied, the king split from the church and formed the Anglican Church (Church of England) |
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| Faith in Northern Europe who had a fundamentalist belief in the bible, as a source of information. Considered "radical". Required service and adult baptism for salvation. |
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| Catholic Counter-Reformation |
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-Council of Trent- Church officials examine Protestant complaints.
-3 Conclusions: Re-affirmed Catholic doctrine, church practices were corrupt (they called for changes in training priest and clergy), and they recognized the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) led by Ignatius Loyola to gain converts. |
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| Expansion of European Economy |
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-Desire to gain riches
-Accidental discovery of Americas
-Rise of Banking Industries ($ = Power) |
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-Nation's power depends on wealth
-Gain as much gold as possible
-Export more than they import
-Use colony's natural resources to fuel manufacturing
-Tax private companies heavily
-Use excess wealth to build armies
-Use armies to conquer more territory and gain more wealth |
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| -Individuals who risk much money for greater reward |
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| Between 1500 to 1800, it was apparent when Europeans began to expand into the rest of the world. Beginning with Portugal and Spain, and continuing throughout Europe. |
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Marco Polo(Asia)
Amerigo Vespucci(South American Coast)
Hernan Cortes(Brazil)
Ferdinand Magellan(Sailed around the world)
Francisco Pizarro(Peru) |
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| A system in which a ruler hold total power. In 17th century Europe, absolutism was tied to the idea of the divine right of kings. |
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| Become more powerful than all other nations combined. If unable to, make sure no other nation can by joining arms with other nations |
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| Spanish ruler during the "Spanish Century of Gold". Goals were to consolidate the lands that he had inherited from his father. Very Catholic. Violence erupted when Calvinists rebelled. |
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| Phillip II, thinking the English would rebel against their queen, ordered preparations for a fleet of warships (armada) to invade England. Armada was battered by a number of encounters with the English. |
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| Civil War between House of York (White) and House of Lancaster(Red). House of Lancaster wins when Henry Tudor defeated Richard III to become Henry VII. |
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Henry VII
(Tudor Dynasty) |
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-Strong supporter of Catholicism
-Abolished private armies |
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-Split from the Catholic Church
-Formed Anglican Church
-"Renaissance Man" who supported the arts |
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-(Maybe) the son of Henry VIII
-Very sick and frail
-Dominated by wealthy nobles who move Church of England back in Protestant direction.
-Died with no heir |
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-Catholic sister of Edward VI
-Spent most of time ruling battling with Protestant for control over church
-"Bloody Mary" because she murdered and persecuted over 300 Protestants during her reign.
-Died with no heir |
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Elizabeth I
(Tudor Dynasty) |
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-Mary's Protestant half-sister
-Considered greatest Tudor monarch because: Led Eng. to great Renaissance greatness in arts and literature, Politically balanced issues between Cath. and Protestants, defeated Spanish Armada
-Never married; died with no heir |
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James I
(House of Stuart) |
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-Former king of Scotland
-Very Catholic: wanted to re-establish Catholic nation, persecutes Puritans (English Protestants) who believe that Catholic practices should be purged from Church of England.
-Belief in divine right --> Problems with Parliament. |
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Charles I
(House of Stuart) |
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-Continues problems with Parliament
-Needs money for wars with Spain
-Parliament refuses unless he signs Petition of Right (Basically reinforcing the Magna Carta)
-Charles doesn't call Parliament for 11 years
-Civil War (1642-1648) |
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Charles II
(House of Stuart) |
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-Merry Monarch
-Much of $ spent on parties, requiring Charles II to rule England
-Parliament divides into two political parties: 1)Whigs- support king, even if Catholic and 2)Torries- believe king must be Protestant |
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James II
(House of Stuart) |
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-Catholic brother of Charles II
-Strong believer in Divine Right
-Parl. tolerates because he is old and will die soon, but then he has a son and they revolt. |
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-"Bloodless Revolution"
-Parliament offers throne to James II daughter Mary and her husband William |
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William and Mary
(House of Stuart) |
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-English Bill of Rights
-No taxation w/o Parl. consent
-Regular sessions with Parl.
-Trial by Jury |
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| Hanover and Prime Minister |
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-Williams German nephew
-Doesn't speak English
-Prime Minister--kings top aide |
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Henry of Navarre
(Bourbon Dynasty) |
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-Increased taxes on nobles
-Edict of Nantes |
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Louis XIII
(Bourbon Dynasty) |
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-Mother ruled for him
-She turns authority to church and Card. Richaleui.
-Card. R's goal--> to make monarch supreme position and make France supreme country in the world.
-Eliminates rivals to throne, crushes power of nobility, crushes power of Huguenots, supports Prots. in wars against Caths. |
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Louis XIV
(Bourbon Dynasty) |
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-Became ruler at young age.
-Cardinal Mazarin rules for him.
-Mazarin dies in 1661, Louis assumes control for himself.
-Domestic policies gain more power for the monarchy
-Foreign policies make France the most powerful in the world. |
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| -Provides religious toleration of Huguenots |
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| -What Louis XIV thought of himself as (the source of light for all of his people) |
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| -Series of rebellions by Nobles to gain more power against Louis XIV |
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| -Most extravagant palace in the world in which all nobles were forced to live, there was a strict code of etiquette, top artists lived there, and it turns France into the cultural center of Europe. |
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| -Royal agents appointed by Louis XIV to replace nobles as rulers of provinces. |
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| -Policy that France should expand its natural boundaries. (Louis XVI) |
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-War of Devolution: annexes Spanish Netherlands
-Dutch Wars: attempts to annex Dutch Netherlands
-War of Spanish Succession: Louis's grandson marries Spanish princess and, though, series of events, inherits throne of Spain |
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| -Policy that France should expand its natural boundaries. (Louis XVI) |
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| -Bourbons gain throne, but one ruler cannot rule both nations at once. |
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| Revocation of Edict of Nantes |
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| -Done by Louis XIV, and this causes many Huguenots to leave. |
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-Due to poor economic conditions.
-Too many wars = too much money
-Palace at Versailles was too much money
-1000s of Huguenots leave
-France loses colonies in the new world
-France plunged into debt |
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-Cath. v. Prot.
Emperor v. Princess
Bourbons v. Hapsburg
Spanish v. Dutch
1st "World War"---> Fought in colonies too |
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-Weakens HRE
-Re-affirms P. of Augs.
-Guarantees freedom of 300 German states
-Recognizes territorial changes in Europe, causing Hapsburg to lose much power |
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-Ruled by Hohenzollen family
-Great Elector: William Frederick
-Builds strong nation through taxes
-Centralizes power of Junkers- German Nobles
-William I gives much power to army |
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| Rise of Austria Under Hapsburg |
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-Try to consolidate HRE
-Tries to force Cath. on Austrian
-Tries to centralize power
-Both fail --> Austria divided
-Marie Therese: Pragmatic Sanction: obligated loyalty to MT |
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| -Crushes powers of boyars (nobles) to est. absolute monarchy |
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| -Period of disarray after Ivan's death. |
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-Modernizes Russia
-Window to the West: desires to trade with West Europe, Forces Russians to adopt Eur. culture, build powerful Navy.
-New capital in St. Petersburg |
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