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SCCCAP - Test 1
textbook ch 1, 3, 4 - lab ch 1,2,3,6,7,8
214
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/12/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

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Term
anatomy - definition
Definition
study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Term
subdivisions of anatomy
Definition
  • gross or macroscopic (regional, systems, and surface anatomy)
  • microscopic (cytology and histology)
  • developmental (embryology)
Term
to study anatomy you need/use:
Definition
  • mastery of anatomical terminology
  • observation
  • manipulation
  • palpation
  • ausculation
Term
physiology - definition
Definition
  • study of the function of the body
  • subdivisions based on organ systems
  • often focuses on cellular and molecular level (body's abilities depend on chemical reactions in individual cells)
Term
to study physiology you need:
Definition
  • ability to focus at many levels (from systemic to cellular and molecular)
  • study of basic physical principles (electrical currents, pressure, movement)
  • study of basic chemical principles
Term
Principle of Complementarity
Definition

anatomy and physiology are inseparable

  • function always reflects structure
  • what a structure can do depends on its specific form
Term
Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Definition
chemical (atoms and molecules)
cellular (cells and their organelles)
tissues (groups of similar cells with common function)
organ (contains at least 2 types of tissues)
organ systems (organs that work closely together)
organismal (all organ systems)
Term
Necessary Life Functions
Definition
Maintaining boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Dispose of wastes
Reproduction
Growth
Term
Maintaining boundaries
Definition
plasma membranes, skin
Term
Movement (contractility)
Definition
of body parts (skeletal muscle), of substances (cardiac and smooth muscle)
Term
Responsiveness
Definition
the ability to sense and respond to stimuli
withdrawal reflex
control of breathing rate
Term
Digestion
Definition
breakdown of foodstuffs
absorption of simple molecules into blood
Term
Metabolism
Definition
all the chemical reactions that occur in body cells
catabolism (break down) and anabolism (build up)
Term
Excretion
Definition
the removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion
urea, carbon dioxide, feces
Term
Reproduction
Definition
cellular division for growth or repair
production of offspring
Term
Growth
Definition
increase in size of a body part or of organism
Term
the 11 organ systems
Definition

(MIND CURLERS)

Muscular, Integumentary, Nervous, Digestive, Cardiovascular, Urinary, Respiratory, Lymphatic, Endocrine, Reproductive, Skeletal

 

Term
Integumentary
Definition
skin, hair, nails
Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D. Houses cutaneous receptors and sweat and oil glands
Term
Skeletal
Definition
bones, joints
protects and supports body organs. provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. blood cells are formed within bones. bones store minerals.
Term
Muscular
Definition
skeletal muscles
allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat.
Term
Nervous
Definition
brain, nerves, spinal cord
the fast-acting control system of the body, responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Term
Endocrine
Definition
thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, pituitary gland, pineal gland, ovary, testis
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
Term
Cardiovascular
Definition
blood vessels, heart
blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc. The heart pumps blood.
Term
Lymphatic
Definition
spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct
picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
Term
Respiratory
Definition
lungs, bronchus, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity
keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
Term
Digestive
Definition
oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. indigestibles foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
Term
Urinary
Definition
kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.
Term
Reproductive
Definition
overall function is production of offspring
Term
organ systems interrelationships
Definition
  • all cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
  • organ systems work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions
Term
Survival Needs
Definition
  • appropriate amounts necessary for life - too little or too much harmful
  • nutrients
  • oxygen
  • water
  • normal body temperature
  • appropriate atmospheric pressure
Term
Nutrients
Definition

chemicals for energy and cell building

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins

Term
Oxygen
Definition
essential for energy release (ATP production)
Term
Water
Definition

Most abundant chemical in the body

Envronment of chemical reactions

Fluid base for secretions and excretions

Term
Normal body temperature
Definition

37°C

affects rate of chemical reactions

Term
Appropriate atmospheric pressure
Definition
for adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
  • Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous changes in environment
  • A dynamic state of equilibrium
  • Maintained by contributions of all organ systems
Term
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Definition
  • Involve continuous monitoring and regulations of many factors (variables)
  • Communication necessary for monitoring and regulation
  • Nervous and endocrine systems accomplish communication via nerve impulses and hormones
Term
Components of a Control Mechanism
Definition

1 - Receptor - monitors the environment and responds to stimuli

2 - Control Center - Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained, receives input from receptor, determines appropriate response

3 - Effector - Receives output from control center, provides the means to respond, response either reduces (negative feedback) or enhances (positive feedback) stimulus

Term
Mechanisms of Homeostasis
Definition
Receptor detects change -->
(afferent pathways) -->
Control center: Process info -->
(efferent pathways) -->
Effector: Acts to reverse change
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
  • Most feedback mechanisms in body
  • The response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus
  • eg: regulation of body temperature (a nervous mechanism)
  • eg: regulation of blood volume by ADH (an endocrine mechanism)
Term
Negative Feedback: Regulation of Blood Volume by ADH
Definition
  • Receptors sense decreased blood volume
  • Control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release antidiruetic hormone (ADH)
  • ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the blood
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
  • The response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
  • May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
  • Usually controls infrequent events - enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin - platelet plug formation and blood clotting
Term
Homeostatic Imbalance
Definition
  • Disturbance of homeostasis
  • Increases risk of disease
  • Contributes to changes associated with aging
  • If negative feedback mechanisms overwhelmed
  • Destructive positive feedback mechanisms may take over
Term
Anatomical Position
Definition
  • Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body
  • Always use directional terms as if body is in anatomical position
  • Right and left refer to body being viewed, not those of observer
Term
Two major division of body:
Definition
  • Axial - head, neck trunk
  • Appendicular - limbs
Term
Body planes
Definition
Plane - flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study
Term
Sagittal plane
Definition
  • divides body vertically into right and left planes
  • produces a sagittal section
  • midsagittal or median plane - sagittal plane exactly on the midline
  • parasagittal - not on midline
Term
Frontal (coronal) plane
Definition
  • divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
  • produces a frontal or coronal section
Term
transverse (horizontal) plane
Definition
  • divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts
  • produces a cross section
Term
two body cavities:
Definition

Dorsal cavity - protects nervous system

Ventral cavity - houses internal organs (viscera)

Term
Doral body cavity - 2 subdivisions
Definition

cranial cavity - brain

vertebral (spinal) cavity - spinal cord

Term
ventral cavity - 2 subdivisions
Definition

Thoracic cavity - 2 pleural cavities (lungs), mediastinal cavities, pericardial cavity (heart)

Abdominopelvic cavity - abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, spleen, liver), pelvic cavity (urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum)

Term
Serous Membranes
Definition
  • Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid
  • Layers separated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid
  • Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane
  • A major function on serous membranes is to decrease friction
Term
Parietal serosa
Definition
lines internal body walls
Term
Visceral serosa
Definition
Covers the internal organs
Term
serous membranes of the ventral body cavity
Definition
  • peritoneum - lines abdominal cavity & organs
  • pleura - lines lungs
  • pericardium - lines heart
Term
Abdominopelvic regions
Definition
  • Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists
  • Four quadrants used primarily by medical personnel
Term
Other Body Cavities
Definition

exposed to environment

  • oral and digestive cavities
  • nasal cavities
  • orbital cavities
  • middle ear cavities

not exposed to environment

  • synovial cavities
Term
membrane junctions
Definition
  • tight junction
  • desmosome
  • gap junction
Term
tight junctions
Definition
-prevent fluids and most molecules from moving between cells
-a series of integral proteins in adjacent cells fuse together
-epithelial cells lining the intestines (keeps digestive enzymes & microorganisms inside intestine)
Term
desmosomes
Definition
-"rivets" or "spot-welds" that anchor cells
-abundant in tissues subjected to mechanical stress (skin, heart, muscles)
Term
gap junctions
Definition
-communicating junctions between 2 cells (pores made by transmembrane proteins)
-electrically excitable tissues (present in heart)
Term
membrane potential
Definition
  • separation of oppositely charged particles (ions) across a membrane creates a membran potential (potential energy measured as voltage)
  • Resting membrane potential (RMP): voltage measured in resting state in all cells - ranges from -50 to -100 mV in different cells - resulrts from diffusion and active transport of ions
Term
generation and maintenance of RMP
Definition
1. The Na+-K+ pump continuously ejects Na+ from cell and carries K+ back in
2. Some K+ continually diffuses down its concentration gradient out of cell through K+ leakage channels
3. Membrane interior becomes negative (relative to exterior) because of large anions trapped inside cell
Term
Tissues (definition)
Definition
Groups of cells similar in structure and function
Term
4 main types of tissues
Definition
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nerve
Term
Basic functions of the 4 types of tissues
Definition

Nervous - Internal communication (brain, spinal cord, nerve)

Muscle - Contracts to cause movement (skeletal, cardiac, smooth)

Epithelial - Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters (skin surface, lining of hollow organs)

Connective - Supports, protects, binds other tissues together (bones, tendons, fat)

Term
Function of Epithelial Tissue
Definition
  • Protection
  • Absorption
  • Secretion
  • Filtration
  • Excretion
  • Sensory Reception

(PAS-FES)

Term
Epithelial Tissue - 2 main types - by location
Definition
  • Covering and lining epithelia (on external and internal surfaces)
  • Glandular epithelia (secretory tissue in glands)
Term
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
Definition
  • Cells have polarity (apical-upper,free and basal-lower,attached)
  • Specialized contacts between cells (tight junctions, desmosomes)
  • Supported by a connective tissue (under the basal lamina)
  • Avascular but innervated
  • High rate of regeneration
Term
Classification of Epithelia
Definition

Classified by layers and shape

  • 1 layer = simple epithelium
  • more than 1 layer = stratified epithelium

Type/shape of cell

  • squamous (flat)
  • cuboidal (box-like)
  • columnar (rectangular)

(if stratified, name according to apical layer of cells)

Term
Epithelia - Simple Squamous
Definition

Have names that reflect their location

  • Endothelium (the lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart)
  • Mesothelium (the epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity)
Term
Epithelia: Stratified Cuboidal
Definition
  • Quite rare in body
  • Found in some sweat and mammary glands
  • Typically two layers thick
Term
Epithelia - Stratified Columnar
Definition
  • Limited distribution in body
  • Small amounts in pharynx, male urethra and lining some glandular ducts
  • Also occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia
Term
Glandular Epithelia (definition)
Definition
a gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid
Term
Glandular Epithelia (classification)
Definition

classified by:

  • Site of product release (endocrine or exocrine)
  • Relative number of cells forming the gland (unicellular eg. goblet cells or multicellular)
Term
Endocrine Glands
Definition
  • Ductless glands
  • Secrete hormones that travel through lymph or blood to target organs
Term
Exocrine Glands
Definition
  • More numerous than endocrine glands
  • Secrete products into ducts
  • Secretions released onto body surfaces (skin) or body cavities
  • Examles include mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands
Term
Unicellular Exocrine Glands
Definition
  • The only important unicellular gland is the goblet cell (cup-like)
  • Produce mucin (when dissolved in water - mucus)
Term
Multicellular Exocrine Glands: Composed of Two Parts
Definition
duct
secretory unit
Term
Multicellular Exocrine Glands - structural classification
Definition

According to:

  • Duct type
  • Structure of their secretory units
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition
  • Most abundant and widely distributed tissue type
Term
Connective Tissue - Four Classes
Definition
  • Connective tissue proper
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Blood
Term
Connective Tissue Proper - Subclasses
Definition

Loose connective tissue

  • Areolar
  • Adipose
  • Reticular

Dense connective tissue

  • Regular
  • Irregular
  • Elastic
Term
Cartilage - Subclasses
Definition
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Elastic cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
Term
Bone (Osseous Tissue) Subclasses
Definition
  • Compact bone
  • Spongy bone
Term
Major Functions of Connective Tissue
Definition
  • Binding and support
  • Protection
  • Insulation
  • Transportation (blood)
Term
Characteristics of Connective Tissue
Definition
  • Common origin: Mesenchyme
  • Varying degrees of vascularity
  • Cells separated by nonliving extracellular matrix (ground substance and fibers)
Term
Structural Elements of Connective Tissue
Definition
  • Cells

Extracellular matrix:

  • Ground substance
  • Fibers
Term
Connective tissue - ground substance
Definition
  • Interstitial fluid, adhesion proteins, proteoglycans
  • Holds large amounts of fluids
  • Molecular sieve
Term
Connective Tissue - Fibers - 3 types
Definition
  • Collagen
  • Elastic
  • Reticular
Term
Connective Tissue - Fibers - Collagen
Definition

Collagen (white fibers)

  • Strongest and most abundant type
  • Provides high tensile strength
Term
Connective Tissue - Fibers - Elastic
Definition
Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch
Term
Connective Tissue - Fibers - Reticular
Definition
Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers
Term
Connective Tissue - Cells
Definition
  • Mitotically active and secretory cells = "blasts"
  • Mature cells = "cytes"
Term
Connective Tissue - Cells - Types
Definition
  • Fibroblasts in connective tissue proper
  • Chondroblasts and chondrocytes in cartilage
  • Osteoblasts and osteocytes in bone
  • Hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
  • Fat cells, white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages

 

Term
Connective Tissue - Embryonic
Definition

Mesenchyme

  • Gives rise to all other connective tissue
  • Gel-like ground substane with fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells
Term
Covering and Lining Membranes
Definition

Epithelium + Connective Tissue

  • Cutaneous (skin)
  • Mucous (mucosae)
  • Serous (serosae) - parietal, visceral

Connective Tissue Only

  • Synovial
Term
Mucous membranes
Definition
Line body cavities open to the exterior (digestive & respiratory tracts)
Term
Serous membranes
Definition
  • serosae - membranes (mesothelium + areolar tissue) in a closed ventral body cavity
  • parietal serosae line the internal body walls
  • visceral serosae cover internal organs
Term
Serous membranes - types
Definition

pleura - lungs

pericardium - heart

peritoneum - organs of the abdominal cavity

Term
nervous tissue - neuroglia
Definition
special supporting cells that protect, support, and insulate the more delicate neurons
Term
nervous tissue - neurons
Definition
highly specialized to receive stimuli (irritability) and to conduct waves of excitation, or impulses, to all parts of the body (conductivity)
Term
connective tissue - lacunae
Definition

cavities in the matrix

when matrix is firm, as in bone or cartilage, connective tissue cells are found in the lacunae

Term
connective tissue - bone - lamella
Definition
concentric circles in bone made of collagen and mineral salts
Term
muscle tissue - striations
Definition
stripes found in skeletal and cardiac muscles
Term
muscle tissue - intercalated discs
Definition
found in cardiac muscle, junctions where branching cells interdigitate (fit together)
Term
2 distinct regions of skin
Definition
  • epidermis (made of stratified squamous epithelium)
  • dermis (made of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue)
Term
protective functions of skin
Definition
  • mechanical damage (bumps and cuts)
  • chemical damage (acids, alkalis)
  • thermal damage (heat)
  • bacterial invasion
Term
funtions of skin
Definition
  • protection
  • prevents water loss
  • regulates heat loss
  • excretion (urea, salts, water in sweat)
  • vitamin D synthesis
  • cutaneous sense organs

 

Term
under the skin:
Definition
hypodermis (mostly adipose tissue)
Term
4 cells of the epidermis
Definition
  • keratinocytes (produce keratin fibrils, keratin=fibrous protein)
  • melanocytes (produce melanin, creates pigmentation)
  • epidermal dentritic cells (also called Langerhans cells, immunity)
  • tactile (Merkel) cells (sensitive touch receptors located at the epidermal-dermal junction)
Term
5 layes of the epidermis (superficial to deep)
Definition
  • Stratum corneum (horny layer)
  • Stratum lucidum (clear layer)
  • Stratum granulosum (granular layer)
  • Stratum spinosum (prickly layer)
  • Stratum basale (basal layer)
Term
Stratum corneum
Definition
  • horny layer
  • 20-30 dead cell layers
  • fully keratinized
  • constantly rubbing off
Term
Stratum lucidum
Definition
  • clear layer
  • thin translucent band of dead keratinocytes
  • found only in thick skin
Term
Stratum granulosum
Definition
  • granular layer
  • contains 2 granules (lamellated granules & keratohyaline granules)
  • lamellated granules contain waterproofing glycolipid
  • keratohyaline granules help form keratin fibrils
Term
Stratum spinosum
Definition
  • spiny layer
  • cells appear spiky because of desmosomes
  • receive adequate nutrients by diffusion
Term
Stratum basale
Definition
  • basal layer
  • single row of cells immediately adjacent to the dermis
  • constantly undergoing mitosis
Term
2 layers of the dermis
Definition
  • papillary layer
  • reticular layer
Term
papillary layer
Definition
  • composed of areolar connective tissue
  • has fingerlike projections on superior surface (dermal paillae)
  • has abundant capillary networks
  • has pain (free nerve endings) and touch (Meissner's corpuscles) receptors
Term
reticular layer
Definition
  • composed of dense irregular connective tissue
  • contains arteries & veins
  • contains sweat and sebaceous glands
  • contains pressue receptors (Pacinian corpuscles)
Term
Hair
Definition
  • portion projecting from scalp surface is the hair shaft
  • portion enclosed within follicle is the hair root
Term
Hair follicle
Definition
structure formed from both epidermal and dermal cells
Term
arrector pili muscle
Definition
small bands of smooth muscle cells that contract to make the hair stand up during cold or fright
Term
root hair plexus
Definition
 nerves on root hair
Term
sebaceous (oil) glands
Definition
  • found nearly all over the skin except for palms of hands and soles of feet
  • produces sebum, acts as a lubricant to keep skin soft and moist and keep hair from becoming brittle
Term
sweat (sudoriferous) glands
Definition
  • eccrine (merocrine) glands found in most of body, secrete perspiration, mostly water, salts and urea, to regulate body temperature
  • apocrine glands found in axillary and genital areas, secrete milky protein and fat rich substance (also has water, salts, urea)
Term
simple squamous epithelium - description
Definition
single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm
Term
simple squamous epithelium: function
Definition
allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae
Term
simple squamous epithelium: location
Definition
kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels (endothelium); lining of ventral body cavity (serosae, mesothelium)
Term
simple cuboidal epithelium: description
Definition
single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei
Term
simple cuboidal epithelium: function
Definition
secretion and absorption
Term
simple cuboidal epithelium: location
Definition
kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface
Term
simple columnar epithelium: description
Definition
single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia or microvilli (brush border); layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)
Term
simple columnar epithelium: function
Definition
absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action
Term
simple columnar epithelium: location
Definition
nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder, and excretary ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
Term
pseudostratified columnar epithelium: description
Definition
single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen a different levels; may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia
Term
pseudostratified columnar epithelium: function
Definition
secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
Term
pseudostratified columnar epithelium: location
Definition
nonciliate type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract
Term
stratified squamous epithelium: description
Definition
thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers.
Term
stratified squamous epithelium:function
Definition
protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
Term
stratified squamous epithelium: location
Definition
nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane
Term
stratified cuboidal epithelium: description
Definition
generally two layers of cubelike cells
Term
stratified cuboidal epithelium: function
Definition
protection
Term
stratified cuboidal epithelium: location
Definition
largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands
Term
stratified columnar epithelium: description
Definition
several cell layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated and columnar
Term
stratified columnar epithelium: function
Definition
protection; secretion
Term
stratified columnar epithelium: location
Definition
rare in the body; small amounts in the male urethra and in large ducts of some glands
Term
transitional epithelium: description
Definition
resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamouslike, depending on degree of organ stretch
Term
transitional epithelium:function
Definition
stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine
Term
transitional epithelium:location
Definition
lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra
Term
mesenchyme: description
Definition
embryonic connective tissue; gel-like ground substance containing fibers; star-shaped mesenchymal cells
Term
mesenchyme: function
Definition
gives rise to all other connective tissue types
Term
mesenchyme: location
Definition
primarily in embryo
Term
loose connective tisue, areolar: description
Definition
gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells; fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells
Term
loose connective tisue, areolar: function
Definition
wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid
Term
loose connective tisue, areolar: location
Definition
widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g. forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries
Term
loose connective tisue, adipose: description
Definition
matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet (triglyceride)
Term
loose connective tisue, adipose:function
Definition
provides reserve fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs
Term
loose connective tisue, adipose:location
Definition
under skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts
Term
loose connective tisue, reticular: description
Definition
network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network
Term
loose connective tisue, reticular: function
Definition
fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types, including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages
Term
loose connective tisue, reticular: location
Definition
lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)
Term
dense connective tissue, dense regular: description
Definition
primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast
Term
dense connective tissue, dense regular:function
Definition
attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction
Term
dense connective tissue, dense regular: location
Definition
tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
Term
dense connective tissue, elastic: description
Definition
dense regular connective tisue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers
Term
dense connective tissue, elastic: function
Definition
allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration
Term
dense connective tissue, elastic: location
Definition
walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes
Term
dense connective tissue, dense irregular: description
Definition
primarily irregulary arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast
Term
dense connective tissue, dense irregular: function
Definition
able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength
Term
dense connective tissue, dense irregular: location
Definition
fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract
Term
cartilage, hyaline: description
Definition
amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae
Term
cartilage, hyaline: function
Definition
supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress
Term
cartilage, hyaline: location
Definition
forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx
Term
cartilage, elastic: description
Definition
similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix
Term
cartilage, elastic: function
Definition
maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
Term
cartilage, elastic: location
Definition
supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis
Term
cartilage, fibrocartilage: description
Definition
matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate
Term
cartilage, fibrocartilage: function
Definition
tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
Term
cartilage, fibrocartilage: location
Definition
intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint
Term
bone (osseous tissue): description
Definition
hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized
Term
bone (osseous tissue):function
Definition
bone supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
Term
bone (osseous tissue):location
Definition
bones
Term
blood: description
Definition
red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)
Term
blood: function
Definition
transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances
Term
blood: location
Definition
contained within blood vessels
Term
nervous tissue: description
Definition
neurons are branching cells; cell process that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are nonirritable supporting cells
Term
nervous tissue: function
Definition
transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity
Term
nervous tissue: location
Definition
brain, spinal cord, nerves
Term
skeletal muscle: description
Definition
long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations
Term
skeletal muscle: function
Definition
voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control
Term
skeletal muscle: location
Definition
in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin
Term
cardiac muscle: description
Definition
branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs)
Term
cardiac muscle: function
Definition
as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control
Term
cardiac muscle: location
Definition
the walls of the heart
Term
smooth muscle: description
Definition
spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations, cells arranged closely to form sheets
Term
smooth muscle: function
Definition
propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control
Term
smooth muscle: location
Definition
mostly in the walls of hollow organs
Term
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Definition
sebaceous (oil) gland
Term
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Definition
eccrine sweat (sudoriferous) glands
Term
Organs of the Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Definition
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Term
Organs of the Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Definition
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Term
Organs of the Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Definition
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Term
Organs of the Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Definition
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Term
Organs of the Right Hypochondriac Region
Definition

Liver, Gallbadder

 

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Term
Organs of the Left Hypochondriac Region
Definition

Spleen

 

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Term
Organs of the Right Lumbar Region
Definition

Ascending Colon of Large Intestine

 

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Term
Organs of the Left Lumbar Region
Definition

Descending Colon of the Large Intestine

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Term
Organs of the Right Iliac Region
Definition

Cecum, Appendix

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Term
Organs of the Left Iliac Region
Definition

Initial Portion of Sigmoid Colon

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Term
Organs of the Epigastric Region
Definition

stomach

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Term
Organs of the Umbilical Region
Definition

Small Intestine

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Term
Organs of the Hypogastric Region
Definition

Urinary Bladder

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