Term
| where is the scalp located specifically? |
|
Definition
| extends from the superciliary arches to the occipital protuberance and zygomatic arches laterally |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the scalp? |
|
Definition
Skin has the large amount of the hair follicles
Connective tissue (dense) contains vessels and nerves.
Aponeurotic layer has occipito-frontal muscle
Loose connective tissue separates aponeurotic layer
Pericranium is the deepest layer (periosteum) |
|
|
Term
| what is found in the skin of the scalp? |
|
Definition
| large amount of hair follicles |
|
|
Term
| what is found in the connective tissue of the scalp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which muscle is located in the aponeurotic layer of the scalp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| loose connective tissue of the scalp separates which layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the deepest layer of the scalp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the nerve innervation to the anterior portion of the scalp? (to the ears and vertex) |
|
Definition
all three divisions of CN V
ophthalmic- supratrochlear, supraorbital
maxillary- zygomaticotemporal
mandibular- auriculotemporal |
|
|
Term
| describe the nerve innervation to the posterior region of the scalp? (to the ears and vertex) |
|
Definition
| dorsal and ventral rami of C2 and C3 (cervical plexus) |
|
|
Term
| is the skull innervated by sensory nerves or motor nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which cranial nerve is the main sensory nerve of the head? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 branches of the maxillary nerve? |
|
Definition
| zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial |
|
|
Term
| is deep suturing needed for superficial scalp wounds? |
|
Definition
| no, superficial wounds do not gape because of the aponeurosis |
|
|
Term
| do scalp injuries heal well? |
|
Definition
yes, scalp has intensive anastomoses and good healing
arteries do not supply bones |
|
|
Term
| why is bleeding from scalp wounds profuse? |
|
Definition
| since arterial walls of arteries of the scalp are firmly attached to the dense connective tissue in which they are embedded, limiting their ability to constrict when cut, bleeding from scalp wounds is profuse |
|
|
Term
| for internal bleeding, what are the 3 components that must be present? |
|
Definition
| content, source and space |
|
|
Term
| where does scalp infection occur? |
|
Definition
in the 4th layer of loose connective tissue
emissary veins are pathways for intracranial infection. Cannot spread to the neck and lateral face because of direct attachment of the occipitofrontalis to the occipital and temporal bones, and continuation of aponeurosis is temporal fascia. |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 major groups of muscles of the face? |
|
Definition
muscles of mastication
muscles of facial expression |
|
|
Term
| the muscles of facial expression are derived from where and are innervated by branches of what nerve? |
|
Definition
| derived from the second pharyngeal arch and innervated by branches of the facial nerve (CN VII) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the muscles of the face? |
|
Definition
| Muscles act on the skin of the face to change expression and work as sphincters and dilators around facial orifices (look sad, smile, smirk, frown, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| which are 3 important muscles of the face? |
|
Definition
orbicularis oculi
buccinator
orbicularis oris |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the orbicularis oculi muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the buccinator muscle? |
|
Definition
| presses cheek against molars, keeps food between occlusal surface out of oral vestibule when chewing |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the orbicularis oris muscle? |
|
Definition
closes lips
related to buccinator muscle |
|
|
Term
| do the muscle of the face have thick fascia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the orbicularis oculi muscle? |
|
Definition
has two major parts:
palpebral part (closes lids gently) and orbital part (closes lids tightly)
small lacrimal part (deep, medial, attaches to lacrimal sac) |
|
|
Term
| what nerve innervates the buccinator muscle? |
|
Definition
| innervated by the buccal branch of CN VII |
|
|
Term
| the mucosa inside the cheek and the skin overlying the cheek are innervated by what nerve? |
|
Definition
| the buccal branch of CN V3 |
|
|
Term
| partial insertion of the buccinator muscle is into what muscle? |
|
Definition
orbicularis oris; crossing fibers
works together with vestibular of the mouth |
|
|
Term
| where does the platysma muscle attach and what is its function? |
|
Definition
attaches to the base of mandible and
subcutaneous tissue of supra- and infraclavicular regions; depresses mandible and tenses the skin of
inferior face and neck |
|
|
Term
| what nerves innervate the platysma muscle? |
|
Definition
CN VII (motor)
C2, C3 (sensory) |
|
|
Term
| describe the parotid gland |
|
Definition
Largest salivary gland of irregular shape
Superficial & deep parts
Tough fascial sheath
Investing fascia
Painful with bacterial and viral inflammation
CNVII only passes through |
|
|
Term
| which nerve runs through the parotid gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| just behind the parotid gland is what nerve? |
|
Definition
| the retromandibular nerve |
|
|
Term
| the external carotid artery is embedded in the parotid gland and terminates to give off what 2 branches? |
|
Definition
superficial temporal branch- innervates parotid gland from superior border
maxillary artery- emerges from anteromedial border |
|
|
Term
| what does the parotid gland lie anteroinferior to? |
|
Definition
| the external acoustic meatus where it is wedged between rami of mandible and mastoid process |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the parotid duct |
|
Definition
| exits anterior surface of gland, crosses masseter, pierces buccinator and opens in oral vestibule opposite second upper molar |
|
|
Term
| what structures lie in the parotid bed? (structures deep to the parotid gland) |
|
Definition
| Mastoid process, styloid process, stylomastoid foramen (exit of CN VII), posterior belly of digastric, carotid sheath |
|
|
Term
| which structures pass through the parotid gland? |
|
Definition
Facial nerve, retromandibular vein, external carotid artery (superficial temporal and transverse facial)
Lymphatic vessels: superficial &
deep parotid nodes (on sheath & within gland)
Auriculotemporal nerve (carrying postganglionic parasympathetic fibers) |
|
|
Term
| which nerves provide sensory innervation to the parotid gland? |
|
Definition
great auricular (C2, C3) fascia and skin
auriculotemporal (CNV3) |
|
|
Term
| which nerves provide vasomotor innervation to the parotid gland? |
|
Definition
sympathetic fibers via the external
carotid plexus; nerve cell bodies are located in the superior cervical ganglion |
|
|
Term
| which nerves account for secretion of the parotid gland? |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic fibers from CN IX |
|
|
Term
| what is the great auricular nerve? |
|
Definition
| a branch of the cervical plexus and provides sensory inner to parotid sheath, gland, and overlying skin |
|
|
Term
| which nerve is chief cutaneous nerve of the face? |
|
Definition
CN V is the chief cutaneous nerve of the face.
All three divisions of CN V innervate the skin of the face; nerve cell bodies are in trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion |
|
|
Term
| what regions of the face does the ophthalmic nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
(from trigeminal ganglion as sensory nerve, enters the orbit through superior orbital fissure)
Frontal - forehead and scalp (supraorbital and supratrochlear)
Nasociliary - skin of external nose and medial eyelid (infratrochlear)
Lacrimal - lateral superior eyelid (carries secretomotor fibers from pterygopalatine ganglion to lacrimal gland) |
|
|
Term
| describe the mandibular nerve (CN V3) and its branches |
|
Definition
motor and sensory. Leaves the craniun through foramen ovale
Auriculotemporal â skin posterior to auricle and over the temporal region, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane
Buccal â cheek
Mental â chin |
|
|
Term
| from which artery does the facial artery arise? |
|
Definition
| arises from external carotid artery and branches into interior and superior labial, lateral nasal, and angular a.s |
|
|
Term
| from which artery does the occipital and posterior auricular arteries arise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the superficial temporal artery arises from which artery? |
|
Definition
| temporal arises as a smaller terminal branch of external carotid and branches into transverse facial and is within parotid gland |
|
|
Term
| the mental artery arises from which artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries are terminal branches of which artery? |
|
Definition
| the opthalmic artery (a branch of the internal carotid artery |
|
|
Term
| which artery is the major vessel supplying the face? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the facial artery? |
|
Definition
Facial artery is a branch of external carotid that arises in the neck (carotid triangle)
Facial artery has several branches
-angular artery
-inferior and superior labial arteries
-lateral nasal artery |
|
|
Term
| the facial vein is the continuation of which vein? |
|
Definition
| the angular vein; has no valves |
|
|
Term
| what 2 veins unify to form the angular vein? |
|
Definition
| the supraorbital and supratrochlear veins |
|
|
Term
| what 2 veins unify to form the retromandibular vein? |
|
Definition
the union of superficial temporal and maxillary veins
descends within the parotid gland |
|
|
Term
| true or false: infection of the skin may be a source of intracranial infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does the facial vein have valves? |
|
Definition
no
blood flow can go in 2 different directions, inside and outside cranial |
|
|
Term
| where does the facial vein terminate? |
|
Definition
| into the internal jugular vein |
|
|
Term
| with which vein does the facial vein communicate? |
|
Definition
the superior ophthalmic vein, which drains into the cavernous sinus
facial vein communicates:
With orbit via superior ophthalmic vein
With dural venous sinuses via pterygoid plexus |
|
|
Term
| are there lymphatic nodes in the scalp? |
|
Definition
no
lymph drained to superficial LNâs: occipital, mastoid, pre-auricular and parotid (superficial with veins, deep with arteries) |
|
|
Term
| lymph from the lateral part of the face and scalp drains where? |
|
Definition
| to superficial parotid lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| lymph from the upper lip and lateral parts of the lower lip drains where? |
|
Definition
| into submandibular lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| lymph from the chin and central part of the lower lip drains where? |
|
Definition
| into submental lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 components of the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
1. Somatic (brachial) motor
2. Visceral (parasympathetic) motor
3. Special sensory (special
afferent).
4. General sensory (general somatic afferent) |
|
|
Term
| the somatic component of the facial nerve supplies what? |
|
Definition
| Supplies the muscles of facial expression; posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, and stapedius. |
|
|
Term
| the visceral motor component of the facial nerve supplies what? |
|
Definition
presynaptic to pterygopalatine ganglion to the lacrimal, submandibular,
sublingual glands, mucous membranes of hard and soft palate, nasopharynx. |
|
|
Term
| the special sensory component of the facial nerve innervates what? |
|
Definition
| Taste sensation from the anterior 2/3 of tongue; hard and soft palates (from chorda tympani to lingual nerve). |
|
|
Term
| the somatic (general) sensory component of the facial nerve supplies what? |
|
Definition
General sensation from the skin
of the concha of the auricle and
from a small area behind the ear |
|
|
Term
| what occurs if there is a central lesion to the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
paralysis of muscles on contralateral side.
Forehead is spared due to double innervation |
|
|
Term
| motor paralysis of the facial nerve causes what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lesion of CN VII near origin of the nerve of near the geniculate ganglion results in what? |
|
Definition
| loss of motor, taste, and autonomic function |
|
|
Term
| can a motor neuron lesion be a bell's palsy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| upper motor neuron lesions cause what? |
|
Definition
facial asymmetry
atrophy of muscles of lower portion of the face on affected side
no eyebrow droop
intact folds on forehead
intact conjunctival reflex
smoothing of nasolabial folds on affected side
lips cannot be held tightly together or pursed
difficulty keeping food in mouth while chewing on affected side |
|
|
Term
| lower motor neuron lesions cause what? |
|
Definition
marked facial asymmetry
atrophy of facial muscles
eyebrow droop
smoothing out of forehead and nasolabial folds
uncontrolled tearing and loss of efferent limb of conjunctival reflex
drooping of the mouth corner
lips cannot be held tightly together or pursed
difficulty keeping food in mouth while chewing on the affected side |
|
|
Term
| which muscle is responsible for keeping food in the mouth? |
|
Definition
|
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