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Sarah's Anatomy
Basic Body Regions
52
Anatomy
12th Grade
10/13/2012

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Term
Anatomy
Definition
The science of structure and the relationship among structures
Term
Physiology
Definition
The science of body functions, that is, how the body parts work.
Term
Integumentary System
Definition
(Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands) Helps regulate body temperature; protects the body; eliminates some waste; helps make Vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pressure, pain, warmth, and cold.
Term
Skeletal System
Definition
(Bones, joints, and associated cartilages) Supports and protects the body; provides a specific area for muscle attachment; assists with body movements; stores celss that produce blood cells; and stores minerals and lipids (fats).
Term
Muscular System
Definition
(Skeletal Muscle Tissue) Participates in bringing about body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat
Term
Nervous System
Definition
(Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, and special sense organs such as eye and ear) Control system that regulates body activities through nerve impulses by detecting changes in the environment, interpreting the changes, and responding to the changes by bringing about muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
Term
Endocrine System
Definition
(All glands and tissues that produce chemical regulators of body functions, called hormones) Control system that regulates body activities through hormones transported by the blood to various target organs.
Term
Cardiovascular System
Definition
(Blood, heart, and blood vessels) Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells; helps regulate acidity, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and mend damaged blood vessels.
Term
Lymphatic System
Definition
(Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses [B cells, T cells, etc]) Returns proteins and fluids to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes.
Term
Respiratory System
Definition
(Lungs and air passages such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of them) Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps to regulate acidity of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs though vocal cords produces sound.
Term
Digestive System
Definition
(Organs of the gastrointestinal tract, including the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus; also includes accessory digestive organs that assist in digestive processes, such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas) Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes.
Term
Urinary System
Definition
(Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra) Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates waste and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps regulate acidity of body fluids; maintains body's mineral balance; helps regulate red blood cell production.
Term
Reproductive System
Definition
(Gonads [testes or ovaries] and associated organs; uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in females, and epididymis, ductus {vas}deferens and penis in males. Also mammary glands in females.) Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism and release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes. Mammary glands produce milk.
Term
Metabolism
Definition
The sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body.
Term
Responsiveness
Definition
The bodys ability to detect and react to changes in its internal or external environment.
Term
Movement
Definition
Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny organelles inside cells.
Term
Growth
Definition
An increase in body size
Term
Differentiation
Definition
The process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells.
Term
Reproduction
Definition
Either 1) The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or 2) the production of a new individual.
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
The maintenance of relatively stable conditions.
Term
Feedback Systerm
Definition
A cycle of events in which a condition in the body is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
Term
Stimulus
Definition
Any disruption that causes a change in a controlled environment
Term
Receptor
Definition
A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends information called the input to a control center.
Term
Control Center
Definition
Sets a range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors and generates output commands when needed.
Term
Effector
Definition
A body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition.
Term
Negative Feedback System
Definition
Reverses a change in a controlled condition. (e.g blood pressure)
Term
Positive Feedback System
Definition
Enhances a change in a controlled condition. (e.g. childbirth)
Term
Disorder
Definition
Any abnormality of structure and or function
Term
Disease
Definition
A more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
Term
Signs
Definition
Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure. E.g. bleeding, swelling, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, rash, or paralysis
Term
Symptoms
Definition
Subjective changes in body function that are not apparent to an observer, such as headache or nausea.
Term
Superior
Definition
Towards the head or upper part of a structure. (Also called cephalic or cranial)
Term
Inferior
Definition
Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure. (Caudal)
Term
Anterior
Definition
Nearer to or at the front of the body. (Ventral)
Term
Posterior
Definition
Nearer to or at the back of the body. (Dorsal)
Term
Medial
Definition
Nearer to the midline or the midsagittal plane
Term
Lateral
Definition
Father from the midline or midsagittal plane
Term
Intermediate
Definition
Between two structures
Term
Ipsilateral
Definition
On the same side of the body as another structure
Term
Contralateral
Definition
On the opposite side of the body from another structure
Term
Proximal
Definition
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the point of origin or the beginning.
Term
Distal
Definition
Father from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the point of origin or the beginning.
Term
Superficial
Definition
Toward or on the surface of the body
Term
Deep
Definition
Away from the surface of the body
Term
Sagittal Plane
Definition
A vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides. Midsagittal place = median plane. Parasagittal plane = any sagittal plane not in the center.
Term
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Definition
Divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions
Term
Transverse Plane
Definition
Divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions. (Cross-sectional or horizontal)
Term
Oblique Plane
Definition
Passes through the body or organ at an angle between a transverse plane and a sagittal plane or between a transverse plane and a frontal plane.
Term
Epidemiology
Definition
The science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted within a defined human population.
Term
Geriatrics
Definition
The science that deals with the medical problems and care of elderly persons
Term
Pathology
Definition
The science that deals with the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions and the structural and functional changes that diseases produce.
Term
Pharmacology
Definition
The science that deals with the effects and use of drugs in the treatment of disease.
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