Term
|
Definition
| occurrence of diseases, their frequency, and how they're distributed within a population (aka epizootiology) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| level of disease in a population that is significantly greater than usual, that is spread widely and rapidly, but is normally only occasionally present (aka epizootic) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| level of disease that is present in a population at all times (aka enzootic) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| single or random occurrence of disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| living organism that harbors and provides sustenance for another organism known as a parasite |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| where the parasite naturally resides as an adult and reproduces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the parasite must reside in order to develop, usually part of the larval stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dead-end, abnormal host; parasite cannot complete its life cycle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| natural habitat of an infectious agent, where it survives |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animal reservoir that sheds disease intermittently |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| an organism that can cause disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| how communicable a disease is; the ability to spread from an infected host to a susceptible host |
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Term
|
Definition
| disease transmission between others in the same group at the same time |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| disease transmission to succeeding generations (transplacental/intrauterine, DNA) |
|
|
Term
| 4 major routes of infectious agent transmission |
|
Definition
-direct contact
-vehicle/fomite
-airborne
-vector |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| physical contact with the host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inanimate object that carries or contains an infectious organism |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| infections that are transmissible at a distance through aerosolized agent |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a living creature that transmits an infectious disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| fragile, easily destroyed; e.g. enveloped viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symptoms that we can actually see, not that we need to test for |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the time between exposure to an infectious agent and when clinical signs appear |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to diseases that humans can catch from animals, in which the infectious agent grows and thrives in the human (e.g. Lyme yes, fleas no) |
|
|
Term
| How is Hepatitis referred to on vaccines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What microbe causes K9 Hepatitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vaccine is used to prevent K9 Hepatitis? |
|
Definition
| Adenovirus-2 modified live, because A-1 vaccine caused "blue eye." |
|
|
Term
| Abbreviation for most common K9 vaccines? What do the letters mean? |
|
Definition
DH(A)LPP-C
Distemper, Hepatitis (Adenovirus), Leptospirosis, Parainfluenza, Parvo, Corona |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a vaccine that contains just the antigen of a pathogen, eliciting a stronger immune response than killed vaccines, and fewer negative symptoms than modified live vaccines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| start with cold-like symptoms (cough, thick mucoid discharges), V&D, then nervous system symptoms (twitching, ataxia, seizures, and death), may have "hard pad" |
|
|
Term
| How is K9 distemper destroyed? |
|
Definition
| it's labile, so most cleaning agents work |
|
|
Term
| K9 distemper is often misdiagnosed as ___ in the early stages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sign of a K9 distemper survivor? |
|
Definition
| "Hard pad" or hyperkeratosis of the footpads/nose. |
|
|
Term
| What pathogen causes K9 distemper? |
|
Definition
| highly contagious paramyxovirus |
|
|
Term
| Fatality of K9 distemper? |
|
Definition
| 80-90% when it reaches the neuro stage |
|
|
Term
| What disease is associated with "hard pad"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease is associated with enamel hypoplasia? |
|
Definition
| K9 distemper, but it could be caused by any very high fever. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characteristic for a certain disease; its presence means a particular disease is present without a doubt |
|
|
Term
| What K9 disease is marked by a "roller coaster"-like fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is K9 distemper transmitted? |
|
Definition
| oronasal route (aerosol), V&D |
|
|
Term
| What animals are susceptible to K9 distemper? |
|
Definition
| all dogs and carnivores - ferrets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yes, very effective. Also for ferrets. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -at first UR (cough, sore throat, drippy nasal discharge, tonsillitis) -then infection spreads to liver/kidneys/eyes |
|
|
Term
| Petechiae and pale MM may be signs of which K9 disease? |
|
Definition
| Hepatitis- clotting factors affected |
|
|
Term
| "Blue eye" is associated with what K9 disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatomegaly is associated with what K9 disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seizures and rapid death can be signs of...? |
|
Definition
| end-stage K9 distempter, or K9 hepatitis |
|
|
Term
| Transmission of K9 Hepatitis? |
|
Definition
| Oronasal (aerosol, snot drips) |
|
|
Term
| Which K9 diseases are zoonotic? |
|
Definition
| Leptospirosis, Lyme, rabies |
|
|
Term
| Where does adenovirus-1 replicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pathogen causes leptospirosis? |
|
Definition
| spirochete with many serovars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serum-varieties (variations within a species of bacteria or virus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibiotics- effective if caught before kidney failure |
|
|
Term
| What animals can get lepto? |
|
Definition
| Skunks, raccoons, opossums, rodents, humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kidney and possibly liver failure (dehydration, PU/PD, vomiting, icterus, shock, death) |
|
|
Term
| How is lepto transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yes, but controversy over cross-protection of serovars |
|
|
Term
| The vaccines for which K9 diseases are not considered core vaccines? |
|
Definition
| Leptospirosis, corona virus, Bordatella bronchiseptica |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| UR & LR (cough, sneeze, serous nasal discharge, can lead to pneumonia) |
|
|
Term
| What K9 disease is self-limited? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pathogen causes K9 Parainfluenza? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What K9 disease is likely to lead to a secondary bacterial infection (pneumonia)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vaccine for K9 Parainfluenza? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmission of K9 Parainfluenza? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pathogen causes Parvo? |
|
Definition
| parvovirus, non-enveloped virus |
|
|
Term
| What can destroy the parvovirus? |
|
Definition
| diluted bleach or hospital-grade disinfectants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
from crypt cell infection and leukopenia
-V & bloody diarrhea (sloughing), fetid odor
-severe dehydration, weakness, pale MM
-rapid weight loss, death |
|
|
Term
| What dogs are most prone to Parvo? |
|
Definition
| 6-12wk puppies because they're not yet vaccinated. Puppies may not develop GI signs before death. |
|
|
Term
| What K9 disease is associated with a fetid odor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which K9 disease are the villi completely "mowed down"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rots, Dobes, and Pitties generally have a poorer immune response to which K9 disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About how often does the intestinal lining turn over and produce new villi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-antibiotics (bact/somatic cell death releases toxins)
-anti-ulcer Carafate (sucralfate)
-transfusion from survivor, fluids
-immune stimulants (interferon)
-Banamine (NSAID)
-anti-diarrheals |
|
|
Term
| What drug is akin to Pepto-Bismol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What K9 disease is associated with Carafate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large amount of toxins in the blood, leading to shock and death; occurs in Parvo |
|
|
Term
| How is Parvo transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
similar to parvo, but shorter duration and less severe
-less severe dehydration/wt loss
-diarrhea might not be bloody
-death less likely |
|
|
Term
| What causes the CS of K9 corona virus? |
|
Definition
| the tips of the villi are "mowed down" but the crypt cells are not |
|
|
Term
| What pathogen causes "kennel cough"? |
|
Definition
| Bordatella bronchiseptica |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -dry cough/gag/retching (non-productive) |
|
|
Term
| What causes the CS of kennel cough? |
|
Definition
| tracheal cilia are paralyzed and can't move mucus, takes 3-4wks to regain function |
|
|
Term
| Tx for B. bronchiseptica? |
|
Definition
| antibiotics, cough suppressants, tranquilizers; wait it out because cilia grow back in 3-4wks |
|
|
Term
| What pathogen causes Lyme disease? |
|
Definition
| the spirochete Borellia burgdorferi |
|
|
Term
| "Walking freckle" refers to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Suspected source of Lyme disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A tick must ___ in order to transmit B. burgdorferi. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What K9 diseases are caused by spirochetes? |
|
Definition
| lepto and lyme (Borellia burgdorferi) |
|
|
Term
| When is tick season in IL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grab near base and pull slowly. Try to get the head, but body will eventually eject it like a splinter. |
|
|
Term
| tick's preferred attachment sites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-arthritis-like joint pain / limping
-skin rash
-depression/lethargy
-may cause kidney/heart problems |
|
|
Term
| How long does Lyme disease last? |
|
Definition
| can be acute or chronic, need to catch early |
|
|
Term
| How is Staph lysate administered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Staph lysate work? |
|
Definition
| like allergy shots; animal should build immunity to Staph infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not a vaccine, but it stimulates the immune system to build immunity to Staph skin infections |
|
|
Term
| Why would Staph lysate be used? |
|
Definition
| In dogs with chronic/recurring skin infections, as an alternative to long-term antibiotic therapy |
|
|
Term
| What pathogen causes Rabies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the rabies virus go in the body? |
|
Definition
| bite > salivary glands > nerves > CNS |
|
|
Term
| Mortality rate of rabies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-brain biopsy- look for Negri bodies
-tissues fluoresce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-a form of inclusion body, a mass within a cell
-found in brain biopsies of rabies patients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bats, skunks, raccoons, foxes |
|
|
Term
| How is rabies transmitted? |
|
Definition
-saliva in bite or cut
-organ/tissue donations
-maybe possibly through bat droppings? unknown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-not always agressive
-lethargic
-paralysis (of larynx = drooling)
-any behavior or neuro change |
|
|
Term
| What is the "dumb form" of rabies? |
|
Definition
| -lethargic, malaise, not aggressive or biting |
|
|
Term
| What animals are required to be vaccinated for rabies? |
|
Definition
| dogs; cats in some places |
|
|
Term
| What animals CANNOT receive a rabies vaccine by law? Why? |
|
Definition
wolves, wolf hybrids
-may show CS of rabies |
|
|
Term
| What animals CAN receive a rabies vaccine? |
|
Definition
| dogs, cats, ferrets, raccoons |
|
|
Term
| Where is rabies not found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cats should never receive ___(a certain vaccine). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a person is bitten by a possibly rabid animal... |
|
Definition
| if animal is healthy, 10d quarantine to watch for CS and avoid other illnesses |
|
|
Term
| If an unvaccinated animal is bitten by a rabid animal... |
|
Definition
| it should be euthanized immediately, or if owner refuses, 6mo isolation with rabies vaccine 1mo before release |
|
|
Term
| If a vaccinated animal is bitten by a rabid animal... |
|
Definition
| immediately revaccinate, stay in owner's control and observe 45d |
|
|
Term
| When is the rabies vaccine administered? |
|
Definition
| Every 1 or 3 years, but first rabies vaccine must be 1-year. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vaccinate animal > wait allotted time, infect animal > does it develop the disease? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1st challenge study; 3yr vaccine for H(A-1) virus, parvo, distemper |
|
|
Term
| some miscellaneous K9 vaccines? |
|
Definition
-melanoma canine influenza
-dental vaccine (porphyromonas) discontinued 2011 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any organism that feeds off another organism without contributing to that organism's wellbeing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do fleas congregate? |
|
Definition
| tailhead, head/neck, belly |
|
|
Term
| In what life stage are fleas visible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much do adult fleas consume? |
|
Definition
| 15x their weight in blood per day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fleas' excrement; it's curled like a comma and turns red with water |
|
|
Term
| How many eggs does a flea lay per day? Per lifetime? |
|
Definition
| 40-50/day, 2000-3000/lifetime |
|
|
Term
| A female flea must ___ before she is able to lay eggs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flea eggs are more likely to hatch in what kind of environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for flea eggs to hatch? |
|
Definition
| 2wks - 6mo, depending on environment |
|
|
Term
| How long does a flea stay in the pupa stage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pupa stage of fleas. |
|
Definition
| Spun cocoon, comes after larval stage and before adulthood |
|
|
Term
| What factors can induce the change of pupa -> flea? |
|
Definition
| vibrations (mowing lawn), heat, humidity |
|
|
Term
| How do fleas irritate the host's skin? |
|
Definition
| Their saliva irritates skin, much like a mosquito's saliva irritates ours (humans'). |
|
|
Term
| Negative effects of a flea infestation? |
|
Definition
| flea allergy, anemia (esp in young animals), tape worm transmission |
|
|
Term
| What do flea eggs look like? |
|
Definition
| small white spheres, not sticky so they fall off the animal and infest the surrounding environment |
|
|
Term
| What parasite do fleas sometimes transmit to animals? How is it transmitted? |
|
Definition
| Tapeworm - the animals swallows a whole infected flea while biting at itchy fur/skin; it develops into adult stage in the GI tract |
|
|
Term
| What do tapeworms look like in the stool? |
|
Definition
| Rarely pass whole worms, usually just segments - look like grains of rice or sesame seeds in stool or on animal |
|
|
Term
| Some animals that get tape worm do not appear to have a flea infestion. Why is this? |
|
Definition
| Better groomers ingest more fleas, so they are not apparent on skin/in coat. |
|
|
Term
| Diseases transmitted by ticks? |
|
Definition
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Ehrlichiosis, Lyme Disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grasp near head, don't squeeze body, pull slowly |
|
|
Term
| How to kill/dispose of a tick? |
|
Definition
| Squish it and put in garbage. Flush down toilet. Put in jar with tick killer. |
|
|
Term
| Why should you not squeeze the body of a tick while removing it from the skin? |
|
Definition
| It may burst, increasing the risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens. |
|
|
Term
| Female ticks may become engorged with (#) eggs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are ticks called after hatching but before their first blood meal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do newly hatched ticks reside? |
|
Definition
| on the tips of grass blades, waiting for a passing host |
|
|
Term
| How can you identify fleas on a pet? |
|
Definition
-Flea comb, dirt is red when water added
-Comb fur in several spots to see adults
-Tousle fur over a light surface, adults or flea dirt will fall off |
|
|
Term
| List the life stages of the flea, and where they occur. |
|
Definition
| eggs (laid on animal, fall into environment) > larva (usually enviro) > pupa (enviro) > adult (host) |
|
|
Term
| What things/locations must be treated to prevent flea and tick infestations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to assess the magnitude of a flea infestation? |
|
Definition
Is it a multi-pet household?
Do the animals go outside?
Are humans being bit by fleas? |
|
|
Term
| Common active ingredient of flea shampoos? |
|
Definition
| pyrethrins and derivs like permethrins |
|
|
Term
| How to use a flea shampoo? |
|
Definition
| Lather head to tail and let sit on fur 5-10 minutes. May need to repeat weekly. |
|
|
Term
| Benefits of a using a flea shampoo? |
|
Definition
-remove adult fleas so they can't bite
-remove flea dirt (so any dirt found later = new infestation)
-remove oils so sprays/dips can penetrate better
-relieve itching if shampoo contains oatmeal, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Side effect of flea spray in cats? |
|
Definition
| cats lick it, it tastes bad --> drooling |
|
|
Term
| What type of flea Tx should never be combined with other Txs? |
|
Definition
| flea spray - can cause toxicity |
|
|
Term
| Active ingredient/s of flea sprays? |
|
Definition
| pyrethrin and derivs (permethrins), maybe growth regulators |
|
|
Term
| When would a flea spray be helpful? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a growth regulator? |
|
Definition
| a substance which interrupts a flea's life cycle by preventing egg>larva and larva>pupa |
|
|
Term
| Cons of growth regulators? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pros of growth regulators? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some growth regulators. |
|
Definition
| Precor, Fenoxycarb, Nylar, Methoprene |
|
|
Term
| How should flea spray be applied to cats and kittens? |
|
Definition
| Spray towel and wrap kitty in it for several minutes. |
|
|
Term
| How should flea spray be applied to dogs? |
|
Definition
| Spray a light mist all over body, should be effective for several days. |
|
|
Term
| When should a flea dip be used? |
|
Definition
| Moderate - severe infestations |
|
|
Term
| How is a flea dip applied? |
|
Definition
| Mix as directed, soak coat thoroughly, wear protective clothing, don't rinse! |
|
|
Term
| How does a flea dip work? |
|
Definition
| Insecticide is allowed to dry on skin, killing present fleas and leaving a residual flea-killing ability. |
|
|
Term
| What can be done to make flea dips more effective? |
|
Definition
| Bathe the animal first to remove oils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Slow release of chemicals make fleas sick, some may die. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No "knock-down" effect, cats are very sensitive, collar can get caught on things and hang animal |
|
|
Term
| How should a flea collar be used on a cat? |
|
Definition
| Let it air out a few days so it's less irritating to the cat. Cut off the excess and place in the vacuum bag. |
|
|
Term
| What role should a flea collar play in the prevention and Tx of fleas? |
|
Definition
| Use as 1st line of defense, starting with no fleas |
|
|
Term
| Active ingredient of flea powders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should a flea powder be used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No hissing sound or getting wet (cats) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dusty/messy, excessive exposure when pet grooms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Imidacloprid
-monthly topical
-kills adult fleas, even if they aren't biting
-for all severities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-easy application, esp stress-free for cats
-prevention vs Tx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Fipronil
-goes into skin glands, more water resistent
-repels ticks, too |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can't bathe the animal - less useful for dogs requiring regular grooming |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Selamectin
-kills fleas, prevents HW |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Lufenuron
-systemic insecticide (but safe for animal)
-PO monthly
-birth control for fleas (does not kill adults)
-can mix with other Txs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Program (lufenuron) and Interceptor in one
-fleas and HW
-easier for owner |
|
|
Term
| What products provide protection against both fleas and ticks? |
|
Definition
| Revolution (selamectin) and Sentinel (Program + Interceptor) |
|
|
Term
| How is Program administered? |
|
Definition
| injection or in food (cats), pill (dog) |
|
|
Term
| water-based or alcohol-based flea spray |
|
Definition
| water-based is less irritating if excoriation is present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-stimulate pupa > flea, which is easier to kill
-mechanical removal of fleas and eggs |
|
|
Term
| How often should premise sprays be used? |
|
Definition
| -3wks after first treatment, then monthly or seasonally |
|
|
Term
| Ingredients of premise sprays? |
|
Definition
| flea-killing agents plus growth-regulators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Canister that once set will release a fine mist on its own in a wide area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-growth regulators
-wide dispersal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-3 hour evacuation
-only penetrates line of sight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do carpet powders work? |
|
Definition
-some actual insecticides
-kill adult fleas or weaken/dry them out |
|
|
Term
| How do professional exterminators work? |
|
Definition
-potent insecticides, generally guaranteed
-safety concerns |
|
|
Term
| Ways to control fleas in the yard? |
|
Definition
| -mow grass, lawn sprays/granules |
|
|
Term
| How does cutting the grass help treat flea infestations? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates pupa > adult, which is easier to kill |
|
|
Term
| How are lawn granules used? |
|
Definition
| Apply to lawn, wet slightly to activate. |
|
|
Term
| How do lawn sprays compare to lawn granules? |
|
Definition
| Granules last longer, but sprays penetrate better. |
|
|
Term
| Active ingredients in lawn sprays/granules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do lawn sprays/granules work? |
|
Definition
| Insecticides that kill adult fleas. Retreat in 3 weeks because pupa will have hatched. |
|
|
Term
| When treating a yard for fleas, one should do what in regards to sprays and granules? |
|
Definition
| alternate so fleas can't build up a tolerance |
|
|
Term
| How often should lawn sprays/granules be used? |
|
Definition
| First Tx > 3 wks > every 4wks or seasonally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-mow lawn regularly
-professional exterminators- potent chemicals
-regular dipping or topical Frontline |
|
|
Term
| Non-chemical method of flea prevention? |
|
Definition
| nematode lawn Tx - worms eat the fleas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-round, larger than other worms' eggs
-very resilient |
|
|
Term
| How big are adult roundworms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ingest eggs (or get thru placenta/milk) > immature migrate through organs > lungs, cough and swallow > mature in intestines |
|
|
Term
| How are roundworms usually detected? |
|
Definition
| Find eggs in stool, generally not worms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ingestion of eggs or through placenta/mammary glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -routine -pyrantel or comparable, dead worms in stool in 24hrs -retreat 2-3wks (larva > adult) |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take a roundworm larva to become an adult? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -oval with little cluster inside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anemia- very well-developed mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stool contains eggs > hatch into larva > penetrate skin > migrate through organs > lungs, swallowed > develop into adults |
|
|
Term
| How big are adult hookworms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 Tx pyrantel, 2wks apart |
|
|
Term
| Order of digestive organs |
|
Definition
| esophagus > stomach > small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) > large intestine (cecum, ascending/transverse/descending/sigmoid colon) |
|
|
Term
| Where do adult whipworms reside? |
|
Definition
| Between small and large intestines in cecum (1st part of lg) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How big are adult whipworms? |
|
Definition
| 1-2" long but hard to see in stool; one end tapers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3 consecutive days of a special med; they are very resistant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eggs in stool are digested > larve > adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ingestion of eggs from stool |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rarely see worms, despite length. Eggs in fecal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ingestion of flea with larva inside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Treat fleas too! Injection or single pill |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Looks similar to roundworm egg, but much smaller. Oval, dark cluster inside. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protozoan that parasitizes intestinal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to prevent intestinal parasites? |
|
Definition
| Clean up poop, regular stool samples, preventive meds, wash hands |
|
|
Term
| abbreviation of common cat vaccines |
|
Definition
FDRC-C
(feline distemper rhinotracheitis calici chlamydia) |
|
|
Term
| What type of pathogen causes feline distemper? |
|
Definition
| A parvovirus, which is non-enveloped. |
|
|
Term
| Another name for feline distemper? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is feline distemper destroyed? |
|
Definition
| special disinfectants, bleach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bloody diarrhea, vomiting, low WBCs, severe dehydration, severe fever (104-107), death, cerebellar hypoplasia (kittens infected in-utero) |
|
|
Term
| What feline disease is associated with cerebellar hypoplasia? |
|
Definition
| feline distemper aka panleukopenia |
|
|
Term
| What is cerebellar hypoplasia? |
|
Definition
| Underdeveloped cerebellum - ataxia, retinal/optic damage |
|
|
Term
| What happens if a cat becomes anorexic? |
|
Definition
| Hepatic lipidosis aka Fatty Liver |
|
|
Term
| What is hepatic lipidosis? |
|
Definition
| When a cat stops eating, the liver starts metabolizing fats for energy. This is inefficient and the liver stops working -> icterus, death |
|
|
Term
| Tx for hepatic lipidosis? |
|
Definition
| forcefeed, supplement with NutriCal, fluids; month duration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is feline distemper transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pathogen causes feline rhinotracheitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does feline herpes virus last in the environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is feline rhinotracheitis transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Feline herpes virus comes in two forms: |
|
Definition
"venereal" - abortions
respiratory - herpetic ulcers of cornea, nose/throat (less than calici) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which feline disease is associated with ptyalism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sneezing, purulent rhinitis, ulcers of throat/mouth/eyes, ptyalism, severe conjunctivitis |
|
|
Term
| Vaccine for feline herpes? |
|
Definition
| Yes, but may still get milder symptoms of the disease. |
|
|
Term
| How can feline herpes be destroyed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ulcerative stomatitis (severe mouth/throat ulcers), serous nasal discharge, mild conjunctivitis (less than herpes), diarrhea, limping kitty syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What is limping kitty syndrome? |
|
Definition
| acute arthritis in kittens from calici virus |
|
|
Term
| How is feline calici destroyed? |
|
Definition
| it's non-enveloped, so resistant to disinfectants |
|
|
Term
| How long can calici survive in the environment? |
|
Definition
| on fomites for several days |
|
|
Term
| How is feline calici transmitted? |
|
Definition
| cat-to-cat contact more than aerosolization |
|
|
Term
| What does VS-FCV stand for? |
|
Definition
| Virulent Systemic Feline Calici Virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| face and limb edema/skin sloughing, URTI, pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| What groups are most at risk of VS-FCV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutated form of calici virus |
|
|
Term
| What causes feline chlamydia? |
|
Definition
| Chlamydophila felis (fka C. psittaci) |
|
|
Term
| Another name for feline chlamydia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which letter of the vaccine abbreviation relates to feline chlamydia? |
|
Definition
| P(neumonitis) or C(hlamydia) |
|
|
Term
| How is feline chlamydia transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibiotics - chloramphenical works great but causes aplastic anemia in humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone marrow production shuts down; can result from chloramphenical absorption through human skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conjunctivitis, chemosis (balloon-like conjunctiva, more in kittens), ocular discharge, runny nose, URTI, bronchitis |
|
|
Term
| Which feline disease is associated with chemosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| balloon-like swelling of the conjunctiva |
|
|
Term
| Feline URTI complex - how to treat |
|
Definition
| -clean nose -force feed -soft, stinky, warmed-up foods -anti-herpes meds (shortens outbreak) |
|
|
Term
| Scientific name for Heart Worm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What group does Dr. Keller recommend we use for HW information? |
|
Definition
| American Heartworm Society |
|
|
Term
| What worm is like "spaghetti"? |
|
Definition
| heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis |
|
|
Term
| Where do adult HWs reside? |
|
Definition
| right ventricle and pulmonary artery |
|
|
Term
| HW has a greater incidence in areas of high heat and humidity. Why? |
|
Definition
| It is spread by mosquitoes, and they like heat/humidity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. mosquito carries larva, infects dog upon biting it
2. larvae migrate to heart (months)
3. mature into adults, live in RV/PA
4. females mate and release (6mo) microfilaria
5. mosquito bites dog, microfilaria mature to larvae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
babies = microfilaria - made by adult
adolescents = larvae, happens in mosquito |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HW babies made by the adult worms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in mosquito, microfilaria turn into larvae |
|
|
Term
| What does a HW test detect? |
|
Definition
| antigen only found in the adult female |
|
|
Term
| false negative HW (looking for antigen) |
|
Definition
| prepatent period, or no adult females |
|
|
Term
| false negative HW (looking for microfilaria) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is the prepatent period for HW? |
|
Definition
| 6 mos (time it takes to make babies) |
|
|
Term
| What happens to animals infected with HW (if not treated)? |
|
Definition
| heart and lung failure, death |
|
|
Term
| HW Preventatives (active ingredients) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HeartGuard and Iverhart contain... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HeartGuard, Iverhart (monthly chewables) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Milbemycin oxime AND lufenuron(Program) |
|
|
Term
| Milbemycin oxime AND lufenuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "birth control for fleas"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ProHeart, Advantage Multi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Moxidectin AND Imidacloprid |
|
|
Term
| reasons for recommending parasite preventatives year-round |
|
Definition
-common intestinal parasites
-increased compliance
-animals travel year-round
-retroactive efficacy as safeguard for missed life stages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occult- test for antigen/antibodies
Microfilaria |
|
|
Term
| tests involving killed, stained microfilaria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tests involving live microfilaria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| test for HW antigen/antibody |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-blood in tube
-add formalin to lyse cells
-pellet/supernate
-dye and place on slide
-easy to find microfilaria bc concentration/dead(not moving)/no RBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-blood in tube through filter
-stain filter
-lyses RBCs, concentrates microfilaria |
|
|
Term
| microfilaria that is not a HW |
|
Definition
| Dipetalonema reconditum NOW CALLED Acanthocheilonema reconditum |
|
|
Term
| Where does A. reconditum reside? |
|
Definition
| adults in connective tissue, no symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What % of dogs with HW do not have microfilaria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can a HW-infected animal have a +occult but -MF test? |
|
Definition
-all female HW infection
-prepatent (too early for mating)
-currently taking a preventative (kills MF, not adults)
-post microfilaricide Tx
-cats' immune system kills MF, so they only have adult HWs |
|
|
Term
| What could cause a false - occult test? |
|
Definition
-light infection (1-2 worms)
-immature females (no gravid uteruses producing Ag)
-only male worms
-incorrect interpretation of color change
-incorrect storage/use of test |
|
|
Term
| How must a HW occult test be stored/used? |
|
Definition
| Store in the refrigerator, warm before use. |
|
|
Term
| When to occult test for HW? |
|
Definition
| Start puppies <7 mo age on preventative, then test after 4-7mo to detect any infection acquired in first few months of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart failure, cough (worse at night), syncope, dyspnea, death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -heavy burden of HW -RV/PA but also RA and Vena Cava -blood from liver backs up -ascites -hepatomegaly, icterus -hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria -animal usually dies within days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Immiticide (melarsomine)
-Doxycycline - kills bacteria in HW digestive tract
-steroids (pred/dexamethasone) for inflammation (controversial) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| melarsomine; injection to kill adult HWs; pretty expensive >$100/shot |
|
|
Term
| obligate intracellular parasite of HW? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what point in the Tx plan for HW is doxycycline started? |
|
Definition
| 1st step along with HW preventative; doxy is given 4 wks before starting melarsomine |
|
|
Term
| When is the first Immiticide injection given? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is given along with the first Immiticide injection? |
|
Definition
| prednisone to keep down inflammation from dying worms |
|
|
Term
| When is the second Immiticide injection given? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the third Immiticide injection given? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the first MF test taken after initiating HW Tx? |
|
Definition
| D120 (1mo after last injection) |
|
|
Term
| When is an MF test AND occult test taken after initiating HW Tx? |
|
Definition
| D271 (6mo after last injection) |
|
|
Term
| Following the Tx plan of the American Heartworm Society, what % of HW are cleared? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Immiticide administered? (site, prep/protocol) |
|
Definition
-IM injection - epaxial
-shave fur = see swelling, don't give next injection in same place |
|
|
Term
| What medicine was previously used to Tx HW? |
|
Definition
-Caparsolate given IV over several days
-perivascular leakage = tissue sloughing
-hot pack over injection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surgical removal using fluoroscopy |
|
|
Term
| Why is Immiticide administered IM? |
|
Definition
| to release arsenic slowly to minimize harm to pt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Usually 5-15% of whatever the occurrence in dogs in that given area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vomiting, coughing, cardiac/resp signs like asthma |
|
|
Term
| What does HARD stand for? |
|
Definition
| Heartworm-Associated Respiratory Disease |
|
|
Term
| What species does HARD afflict? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe a HW infection in cats |
|
Definition
-low worm burden
-immune system kills MF, so only adults present
-adult HWs live 2-3 yrs |
|
|
Term
| What demographic of cats is most likely to be HW+? |
|
Definition
| indoor cats, because they have less exposure and thus less immunity to HW |
|
|
Term
| HW Ab tests confirm ___, not ___. |
|
Definition
| exposure, current infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no approved Tx, can't use arsenic on cats |
|
|
Term
| HW preventatives for cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HW preventatives for ferrets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for a HW microfilaria to develop into a larva? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scientific name of ear mite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scientific name of a very stinky yeast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coughing, heart failure, dyspnea, death, Caval syndrome |
|
|
Term
| How long is exercise restricted in HW Tx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What may be given to prevent clots during HW Tx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why would aspirin be given during HW Tx? |
|
Definition
| prevent clots, relieve pain |
|
|
Term
| Serious SE of arsenicals? |
|
Definition
-cough
-depression
-pyrexia
-dyspnea
-thromboembolism
-death |
|
|
Term
| Test cats for HW if they experience persistent ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| active ingredient of Kwikstop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on ends of wooden sticks, used to stop bleeding from nail trims |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| funnel sound into ear canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| air filled cavity, bony capsule enclosing middle and inner ear |
|
|
Term
| What leads from bulla to back of mouth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs that an animal is scratching at its ear? |
|
Definition
-hair loss on flap or base
-excoriation at edges or opening
-aural hematoma |
|
|
Term
| What is an aural hematoma? |
|
Definition
| bleeding between layers of skin and cartilage in the pinna - nowhere else for blood to go, so layers separate |
|
|
Term
| aural hematoma correction |
|
Definition
-pressure wrap
-surgically stitch layers together
-aspirate (will recur probably) |
|
|
Term
| Signs of an ear infection? |
|
Definition
-foul odor
-scratching/rubbing ears
-redness, ulceration
-discharge/debris
-head shaking |
|
|
Term
| Obtain ear samples for culture using a ___ ___. |
|
Definition
| culture swab (sterile swab, individually wrapped) |
|
|
Term
| How many cytology slides per ear? |
|
Definition
| 2: can leave one naked, stain the other |
|
|
Term
| When should you examine slides for ear mites? |
|
Definition
| Before staining, because stain may kill them. |
|
|
Term
| Medical term for ear wax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Classic symptoms of ear mites? |
|
Definition
-coffee-ground appearance of debris
-itchy ears |
|
|
Term
| Types of bacteria found in the ear? |
|
Definition
| rods, cocci, spirochetes (rare), yeast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus, Streptococcus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high-power field, 40x (microscopy) |
|
|
Term
| Estimates of bacterial counts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Classic appearance of yeast? |
|
Definition
| "footprint" describes budding appearance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-exact count at HPF
-estimates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| apocrine (cerumen) glands in epithelium |
|
|
Term
| surgical Tx of chronic/recurrent ear infections |
|
Definition
| later ear ablation and bulla osteotomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remove vertical ear canal to prevent debris build-up and heat, increase air flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opening up of the bulla, the bony air-filled cavity enclosing inner and middle ear |
|
|
Term
| animals with hirsute external ear canals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| animals with pendulous ears |
|
Definition
| basset hounds, spanials, retrievers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal narrowing of a bodily canal/passageway |
|
|
Term
| breed prone to stenosis of the ear canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs of middle/inner ear infection? |
|
Definition
-head tilt
-nystagmus
-anorexia
-ataxia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allergic hypersensitivity response affecting parts of the body not in direct contact with allergen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a malignant disease of the WBCs |
|
|
Term
| #1 cause of disease-related cat death |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bites, mating, vertical transmission |
|
|
Term
| Early vaccines for ___ caused CS and death. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FeLV was first discovered in the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vaccinating for FeLV does / does not cause a positive FeLV test. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bodily fluid is tested for FeLV? |
|
Definition
| saliva is inaccurate - use blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ELISA in-house
IFA send to lab |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme linked immunosorbant assay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the ELISA test for FeLV. |
|
Definition
-in-house
-watch for color change
-usually tests for antigen
-screening test
-highly sensitive |
|
|
Term
| Describe the IFA test for FeLV. |
|
Definition
-sent out to lab
-usually tests for antibodies
-finds intracellular (bone marrow) infection
-more likely to be false+
-use as follow-up test to +ELISA |
|
|
Term
| When is an IFA for FeLV performed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is an ELISA for FeLV performed? |
|
Definition
| as young as possible but not <9wks old |
|
|
Term
| 3 outcomes for FeLV+ cat? |
|
Definition
1- develops immunity & clears virus
2- becomes latent carrier and tests -
3- becomes viremic, infected, shows CS |
|
|
Term
| 3 basic groups of FeLV CS? |
|
Definition
-malignant tumor formation
-leukemia
-anemia, immune suppression, viremia, CS of any secondary disease (often gingivitis with otherwise healthy-looking mouth) |
|
|
Term
| Lifespan of a cat that is viremic and showing CS of FeLV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does a FeLV+ cat shed the virus? |
|
Definition
| when it is viremic, infected, and showing CS |
|
|
Term
| Lifespan of a cat that tests positive without showing CS of FeLV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-naturally produced by body to fight viruses, cancer
-dubious efficacy against FeLV |
|
|
Term
| Why might clients want to use interferon for their FeLV+ cat? |
|
Definition
| inexpensive, given PO, no SEs = no harm done even if it doesn't help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 shots after 12wks of age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-test kittens before ownership
-vaccinate 2x after 12wks
-indoors |
|
|
Term
| Why is testing an adult cat for FeLV not very accurate? |
|
Definition
| If an adult tests -, it may have had no exposure to FeLV, been exposed but cleared the infection, or been exposed and went latent |
|
|
Term
| vaccine-associated sarcoma |
|
Definition
| development of an aggressive cancerous growth at the site of a previous vaccine injection |
|
|
Term
| Where is FeLV vaccine injected? |
|
Definition
| Left rear leg as low as possible, SQ |
|
|
Term
| Via what route is FeLV vaccine administered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| post-vaccine sarcoma occurs in __ of __ cats. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feline infectious peritonitis |
|
|
Term
| FIP is caused by a __virus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feline enteric corona virus |
|
|
Term
| Confusion about FIP pathogen? |
|
Definition
| Is it a mutated GIT corona virus, or a different corona virus? |
|
|
Term
| Type of immune response in FIP+ cat? |
|
Definition
| cell-mediated as opposed to humoral (Abs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-GIT corona virus is transmitted and mutates into FIP
-saliva, ?feces?
-hissing, grooming, dishes, toys, bedding, bites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -live for several days or weeks depending on environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| FIP is labile - typical disinfectants kill it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In general, <1%. In multi-cat household, 10-20% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wet/effusive, dry/noneffusive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-usually kittens
-ascites (potbelly) or pleural effusion
-straw-colored fluid
-death w/in weeks |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-usually adults
-lesions in organs, brain, blood vessels
-wasting
-neurologic signs
-vague signs, death w/in a year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-blood tests titer = inaccurate, just tests for exposure to any corona virus
-aspirate straw-colored fluid from potbelly
-post-mortem biopsy (liver, intest. lining, blood vessels) |
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|
Term
| The CS of FIP in adults may be mistaken for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
**intranasal**
2 shots after 16wks old |
|
|
Term
| FIP vaccine is given __ because... |
|
Definition
| IN because it is only effective when < body temp |
|
|
Term
| Physical barriers against microbes? |
|
Definition
-skin
-self-cleaning (tears, urination)
-normal flora |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-antibody production (humoral)
-cell-mediated destruction of infected cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-receiving Abs from a donor rather than producing your own in response to pathogen
-maternal- from mother to offspring
-lasts 4-6 weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-body makes own Abs in response to specific Ag
-longer-lasting, perhaps life-long
-from disease, vaccination, blood transfusion, etc |
|
|
Term
| How many weeks after birth is a baby's lowest antibody concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do we vaccinate kittens and puppies? Why at this time? |
|
Definition
~6 wks = lowest concentration of antibodies in their blood
-if you vaccinate before this, mother's Abs prevent strong immune response
-if you vaccinate after this, baby might be sick already |
|
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Term
| Side Effect vs. Adverse Reaction |
|
Definition
SE: expected and anticipated response to a med/vaccine that can last for days after administration, such as inflammation/pain/pyrexia
AR: overreaction of the immune system that goes beyond SEs and occurs within minutes - hour of administration |
|
|
Term
Vaccine Administration
IM vs SQ vs IN |
|
Definition
IM:
-stronger, fast immune response
-more pain
-greater risk of nerve damage
SQ:
-weaker, slower response
-less pain
-less risk of injuring deeper tissue
IN:
-fastest response, but doesn't last as very long
-no risk of damaging nerves or deep tissue |
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