Term
| What are the indications for Dexamethasone? |
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Definition
Indications:
Potent anti-inflmmatory, immune suppression, hypoadrenocorticism, shock, pituitary-adrenal axis testing, ophthalmic conditions |
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Term
| What are the side effects of Dexamethasone? |
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Definition
Side effects:
PU/PD, polyphagia, dull dry hair coat, weight gain, panting, vomiting, diarrhea, elevated liver enzymes, pancreatitis, GI ulcers, lipidemias |
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Term
| Indications for Prednisone |
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Definition
indications;
Hypoadrenocorticism, anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, immune system suppression, antineoplastic chemotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
side effects:
PU/PD, polyphagia, Cushing's syndrome, hepatopathy, opportunistic infections, muscle wasting, CT and skin fragility |
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Term
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Definition
indications:
hypoadrenocorticism, anti-inflammatory, anti-pruritic, immune suppression, chemotherapy, inflammation of the eyelids/conjunctiva/sclera/cornea/anterior segment of eye |
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Term
| Prednisolone side effects |
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Definition
side effects:
PU/PD, polyphagia, Cushing's syndrome, hepatopathy, opportunistic infections, muscle wasting, CT and skin fragility |
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Term
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Definition
indications:
skin & soft tissue infections, UTI, canine periodontal disease
(binds to beta-lactamases and penicillinases produced by Staph spp.) |
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Term
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Definition
side effects:
Vomiting, allergic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
indications:
Gastric, abomasal and duodenal ulcers, uremic gastritis, stress-related or drug induced erosive gastritis, esophagitis, duodenal & esophageal reflux |
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Term
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Definition
side effects:
vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia
bradycardia
IV hemolysis (in cats when given IV) |
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Term
| How does dexamethasone differ from prednisolone/prednisone? |
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Definition
| longer acting, more potent, no mineralocorticoid activity |
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Term
| when would you choose dexamethasone over pred? |
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Definition
pituitary-adrenal testing (ie- low or high dose dex-suppression test)
Debatable/controversial: emergencies for anaphylactic reactions, spinal cord trauma, or shock |
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Term
| In what situation would prednisolone be chosen over prednisone? |
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Definition
| Cats- cats can not efficiently convert prednisone to its active form prednisolone in the liver. |
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Term
| when would you choose prednisone/olone over dexamethasone? |
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Definition
anti-inflammatory/ antipruritic
immunosuppressive diseases |
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Term
| Metronidazole indications |
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Definition
indications:
Giardia (dogs and cats), enteric and systemic anaerobic infections, other parasites (trichomonas and Balantidium coli); GI disorders- immunomodulatory effect? |
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Term
| Metronidazole side effects |
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Definition
side effects:
Dogs: neurologic disorders (dose-relaed), lethargy, weakness, neutropenias, hepatotoxicity, hematuria, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, teratogenic
Cats: vomiting, inappetance, hepatotoxiciy, CNS toxicity, teratogenic
overdose/toxicity: anorexia, vomiting, depression, mydriasis, nystagmus, ataxia, head-tilt, deficits of proprioception, joint knuckling, disorientation, tremors, seizures, bradycardia, rigidity, stiffness |
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Term
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Definition
indications:
treat infections caused by: borrelia, leptospira, rickettsiae, chlamydia, mycoplasma, bartonella, bordatella |
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Term
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Definition
side effects:
vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, staining of teeth; oral pill implicated in causing esophageal strictures
contraindicated in pregnant or nursing animals |
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Term
| What are some alternate drugs for Metronidazole? |
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Definition
Tylosin
Oxytetracycline
Fenbendazole |
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Term
| Phenobarbital indications |
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Definition
indications:
epilepsy, seizures, status epilepticus |
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Term
| Phenobarbital side effects |
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Definition
side effects:
Dogs: anxiety or lethargy, depression, sedation, ataxia, PD/PU, polyphagia, hepatotoxicity, increased liver enzymes
Cats: ataxia, lethargy, polyphagia, weight gain, PU/PD |
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Term
| What are some alternate drugs for Phenobarbital? |
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Definition
Potassium bromide
diazepam (IV only)
Carbamazepine
Phenytoin
Valproic Acid
Gabapentin
Chlorazepate
Zonisamide |
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Term
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Definition
indications:
immunosuppressive
Dogs: IMHA, immune-mediated glomerulopathy, myasthenia gravis, chronic atrophic gastritis, chronic active hepatitis, ITP, autoimmune skin diseases, SLE, severe/refractory IBD, rheumatoid arthritis, ocular fibrous histiocytomas, to prevent rejection of MHC-matched renal allografts in dogs
Cats: not recommended (bone marrow suppression risk) |
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Term
| Azathioprine side effects |
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Definition
side effects:
Bone marrow suppression (especially in cats), GI upset, poor hair growth, acute pancreatitis, hepatotoxicity; susceptible to infections or neoplastic illnesses with long term use; rapid withdrawal can lead to a rebound hyper immune response in dogs w/ IMHA |
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Term
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Definition
indications:
Ophthalmology (ocular inflammation, keratoconjunctivitis sicca); Dermatology & Immune-mediated disorders (atopic dermatitis, anal furunculosis, SLE, ITP, IMHA, pemphigus, rheumoatoid arthritis); reduce rejection of allografts in dogs and cats |
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Term
| Cyclosporine side effects |
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Definition
side effects:
GI (vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia), nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity; long term use may predispose to bacterial or fungal infections; long term use w/ steroids may predispose paient to develop neoplastic diseases; increased hair growth in cats |
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Term
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Definition
indications:
broad spectrum anti-emetic: effective in inhibiting emesis associated with cancer chemotherapy, motion sickness, parvo infections, gastroenteritis, and renal disease |
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Term
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Definition
side effects:
excessive drooling, lethargy, vomiting not due to motion sickness; caution in dogs with hepatic dysfunction |
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Term
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Definition
| Antiemetic and appetite stimulant: trx of chemo induced nausea and vomiting, anorexia assoc w/ renal disease, CHF, GI disorders, liver disease, neoplasia |
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Term
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Definition
side effects:
sedation, vocalization, increased affection in cats, hypotension, tachycardia |
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Term
| Florinef (Fludrocorisone Acetate)indications |
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Definition
indications:
Treatment of adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison’s dz.); adjunctive therapy of hyperkalemia. |
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Term
| Florinef (Fludrocortisone Acetate) side effects |
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Definition
side effects:
overdose or too quick of a withdrawal: hypertension, edema, hypokalemia, weight gain |
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Term
| DOCP (Desoxycorticosterone pivalate)indications? |
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Definition
indications:
adrenocortical insufficiency (addison's) in dogs
extralabel for Addison's in cats |
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Term
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Definition
side effects:
overdose: PU?PD, hypernatremia, hypertension, edema, hypokalemia, cardiac enlargement, irritation at injection site |
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Term
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Definition
indications:
-pituitary dependent Cushing's or adrenal dependent cushings in dogs; and feline pituitary-dependent cushing's
-dogs w/ alopecia x
-adult onset alopecia in malamutes |
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Term
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Definition
side effects:
Dogs: lethargy, mild electrolyte abnormalities, vomiting, diarrhea, inappetance (due to steroid withdrawal) |
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Term
| Enrofloxacin and Marbofloxacin indications |
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Definition
indications:
Activity against gram positive and gram-negative bacilli and cocci (*reserve for more resistant infections- esp. gram negative)
including: Staph (inc. MRSA), mycoplasma, mycobacteria, pseudomonas, klebsiella, E. coli, Enterobacter, campylobacter, shigella, salmonella, haemophilus
**not effective against anaerobes and not recommended for strep |
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Term
| Enrofloxacin and Marbofloxacin side effects |
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Definition
side effects:
cartilage abnormalities in young animals (RARE); GI upset, elevated hepatic enymes, ataxia, seizures, depression, lethargy, nervousness, hypersensitivity reactions or crystalluria,
cats: ocular toxicity (high doses) and aggression
- not seen with marbofloxacin |
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Term
| Metoclopramide indications |
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Definition
indications:
GI motility agent, antiemetic (dogs)
clinical uses: GI stasis disorders, delayed gastric emptying, esophagitis, gastroesophageal reflux, antiemetic
uncommon uses: induce milk let down for secondary agalactia; increase bladder contractility |
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Term
| Metoclopromide side effects |
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Definition
side effects:
Dogs: changes in mentation and behavior (restlessness, involuntary spasms, aggression, hyperactivity, drowsiness/depression), constipation
cats: frenzied behavior, disorientation, constipation
overdose: sedation, ataxia, agitation, nausea, vomiting |
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Term
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Definition
indications:
gastroduodenal ulcer and erosion trx and prevention (caused by ulcerogenic drugs and exercise-induced gastritis) |
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Term
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Definition
side effects:
GI upset, UTIs, proteinuria, CNS disturbances |
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Term
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Definition
indications;
gastric-acid related pathologies; H. pylori infections |
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Term
| pantoprazole side effects |
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Definition
side effects:
GI upset, IV injection site reaction; overall drug is well tolerated in small animals |
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Term
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Definition
indications:
esophageal reflux, esophagitis, primary gstric stasis disorders
constipation and megacolon (in cats)
urine retention disorders (enhances detrusor muscle contraction) |
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Term
|
Definition
side effects:
GI upset, cardiac arrhythmias
overdose: lethargy, ataxia, hyperthermia, hypersalivation, muscle fasiculations, agitation, abnormal behavior, possibly seizures (dogs) |
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Term
| Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SMZ/TMP) indications |
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Definition
Gram + infections: most Strep, Staph (MRSA, MRSI), nocardia
Gram - infxns: enterobacteriaceae family (NOT pseudomonas)
protozoa: coccidia, toxoplasma, pneumocystis
little activity against anaerobes
susceptible infxns: bacterial UTI, pyoderma, soft tissue infxns, acanthamebiasis, systemic infxns, bacteremia, toxoplasmosis, neospora, hepatozoon canis & americanum, coccidiosis, pneumocystosis |
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Term
| Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SMZ/TMP) side effects |
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Definition
side effects:
Dogs: KCS, hypersensitivity, acute neutrophilic hepatitis w/ icterus, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, fever, hemolytic anemia, urticaria, polyarthritis, facial swelling, PD/PU, crystalluria, hematuria, cholestasis, hypothyroidism, anemias, agranulocytosis, idiosyncratic hepatic necrosis in dogs
cats: anorexia, crystalluria, hematuria, leukopenias & anemias |
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Term
|
Definition
indications:
Gram + infxns
variable for gram - infxns
sepsis, sx prophylaxis, systemic infxns, orthopedic infxns
In Vitro efficacy: excellent against B-hemolytic strep and pasteurella; good against klebsiella, obligate anaerobes, E. coli, Proteus, staph pseudointermedius and schleiferi; fair against staph aureus; resistant against bordatella, enterobacter, entercoccus, pseudomonas |
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Term
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Definition
side effects:
GI upset, hypersensitivity rxns (rashes, urticaria, angioedema, fever), renal (proximal tubular damage
high doses/ prolonged use: neurotoxicity, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hepatitis, positive coomb's test, interstitial nephritis and tubular necrosis |
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Term
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Definition
indications:
feline hyperthyroidism
prophylactic prevention of Cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in dog |
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Term
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Definition
side effects:
GI upset, depression, eosinophilia, leukopenia, lymphocytosis w/in first 8wks of trx
Rare: self-induced excoriations, bleeding, hepatopathy, thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, positive direct antiglobulin test, acquired myasthenia gravis
high levels in pregnant queens-> may induce hypothyroidism in kittens |
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Term
|
Definition
indications:
diuretic
trx of: congestive cardiomyopathy, pulmonary edema, hypercalcuric nephropathy, uremia, adjunctive therapy in hyperkalemia, antihypertensive agent |
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Term
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Definition
side effects:
dehydration, GI upset, anemia, weakness, restlessness, may induce fluid and electrolyte abnormalities, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, ototoxicity |
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Term
| Levothyroxine indications |
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Definition
indications:
thyroid hormone for hypothyroidism |
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Term
| Levothyroxine side effects |
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Definition
side effects:
no adverse effects at appropriate dose
thyrotoxicosis (at high doses) |
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Term
| PPA (Phenylpropanolamine)indications |
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Definition
indications:
treatment of urethral sphincter hypotonus/incontinence, and retrograde ejaculation
other: nasal decongestion, mild bronchodilator |
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Term
| PPA (Phenylpropanolamine) side effects |
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Definition
side effects:
restlessness, anxiety, irritability, urine retention, tachycardia, cardiac effects (hypertension), appetite suppression/anorexia, CNS excitement |
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Term
| Ursodeoxychlic acid indications |
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Definition
indications:
adjunctive therapy for medical management of cholesterol containing gallstones, patients with chronic liver disease (cholestasis).
slow progression of inflammatory hepatic disorders (autoimmune hepatitis, acute hepatotoxicity) |
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Term
| Ursodeoxycholic acid side effects |
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Definition
side effects:
none; well tolerated in dogs and cats |
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Term
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Definition
indications:
hypertension in cats (drug of choice) |
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Term
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Definition
side effects:
hypotension and inappetance absent in cats (due to slow onset of action)
cats: azotemia, lethargy, hypokalemia, reflex tachycardia, weight loss
dogs: gingival hyperplasia (w/ long term use) |
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Term
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Definition
indications:
neutraceutical for adjunctive trx of liver diesease, osteoarthritis, or acetominophen toxicity in small animals |
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Term
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Definition
side effects:
immediate post dose anorexia, vomiting, and anxiety have been reported |
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Term
|
Definition
indications:
-vasodilator (heart failure, hypertension)
-trx for mitral regurgitation, left to right shunts, feline DCM
-adjunct trx for chronic renal failure, PLN |
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Term
|
Definition
side effects:
GI upset, weakness, hypotension, renal dysfunction, hyperkalemia, exercise intolerance,
-lethargy and inappetance in cats |
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Term
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Definition
indications:
heart failure (DCM, mitral valve disease, HCM), hypertension, chronic renal failure, protein-losing, glomerulonephropathies, hypertension, proteinuria, vasodilator |
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Term
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Definition
side effects:
GI upset, hypotension, renal dysfunction, hyperkalemia |
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Term
|
Definition
indications:
systemic mycoses (aspergillosis, cryptococcal meningitis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis), superficial candidiasis, dermatophytosis |
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Term
| Itraconazole side effects |
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Definition
side effects:
Dogs: anorexia, hepatic toxicity, ulcerative skin lesions/vasculitis, limb edema
Cats: GI upset, weight loss, hepatotoxicity, depression |
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