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| What is the infective larval stage of nematodes? |
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| an association between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other does not derive benefit or harm |
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| an association between two organisms in which both organisms benefit |
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| an association between two organisms in which one organisms benefits to the other organism's harm |
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| the organism which shelters the sexual adult stages of a parasite |
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| the organism which shelters the immature/asexual/larval stages of a parasite |
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| an organism in which a parasite resides without multiplying or developing; also called transport host |
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| a relationship between two organisms living in close physical association |
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infection: internal parasites
infestation: external parasites |
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| The 5 small animal internal parasite groups covered in class: |
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Definition
-Nematodes (rounds)
-Cestodes (tapes)
-Trematodes (flukes)
-Protozoa
-Acanthocephalans (thorny-headed) |
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| Adult male and female nematodes mate in ___. |
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| Nematode eggs are shed in ___. |
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| What occurs between each larval stage in the nematodes? |
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| Dirofilaria immitis is a type of ____. |
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| Lungworms are a type of ____. |
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| Pinworms are a type of ____. |
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| Stomach worms are a type of ____. |
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| Strongyles are a type of ____. |
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| Trematodes always have a ____ life cycle. |
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| Where do nematode larval stages form? |
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Definition
DIRECT LIFE CYCLE: the environment- egg is laid in feces, L1 forms f/ovum's cytoplasm and then hatches out
INDIRECT: inside IH-
egg with L1 inside eaten by IH, hatches out inside IH, L1 -> L2 -> L3 inside IH, IH is eaten by DH (or bites DH if it's a mosquito/arthropod) |
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Definition
-L1 forms from ovum's cytoplasm
DIRECT: -L1 hatches out in the environment
-free-living, microbivorous (eats fecal bacteria)
INDIRECT: L1 inside ovum is eaten by IH, L1 hatches and molts to L2 -> L3 inside IH, DH then eats or is bitten by IH and is infected with L3 |
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| Term for an organism that feeds on microorganisms, particularly bacteria? |
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| In nematodes, the stage that passes from the DH is ____ the stage that infects the DH. |
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Definition
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| Where do nematode larva develop from L2 -> L3? |
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Definition
DIRECT: usually in the environment, but it can happen inside the ovum
INDIRECT: inside IH (L1 -> L2 also occur in IH) |
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Definition
| no digestive tract, just absorb nutrients directly through body wall |
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| Where on a tape are the younger proglottids? |
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Definition
| New segments form at the neck |
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| Tapes always have what kind of life cycle? |
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Definition
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| Where do tape eggs form larval stages? |
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Definition
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| Special feature of tape eggs? |
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Definition
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| How do animals get infected with tapes? |
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Definition
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| A tape's gravid proglottid releases ___. |
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Definition
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| Once a tapeworm oncosphere is inside the IH, what happens? |
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Definition
| outer coating dissolves in GIT, exposing hexacanth embryo which attaches to peritoneal lining and becomes a cysticercus |
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Term
| What is the infective stage of all cestodes? |
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Definition
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| How does a DH get infected with tapes? |
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Definition
| DH eats IH with cysticercus in GIT, cysticercus migrates to TO and becomes an adult |
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| Where in the tape worm are the eggs? |
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Definition
| only in the very last segment |
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| How do you tell Dipylidium apart from Taenia? |
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Definition
| Dipylidium proglottids contain egg packets filled with onchospheres. Taenia contains free onchospheres. |
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| What genus and species of tapeworm has proglottids with egg packets full of oncospheres? |
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| What genus and species of tapeworm has proglottids full of single oncospheres? |
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| Terms for the suckers on trematodes? |
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Definition
cranial sucker "mouth"
ventral sucker "acetabulum" |
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| What is the first IH of all trematodes? |
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Definition
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Definition
| with suckers; have complete digestive tract |
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| 4 organelles of locomotion found in protozoa? |
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Definition
-flagella
-cilia
-pseudopod
-undulating ridges |
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| Describe the appearance of a roundworm egg. |
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Definition
-thick shell
-mammalated or smooth |
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| CS of transdermal hookworms? |
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Definition
| alopecia of the front legs because the animal keeps scratching at migrating larvae |
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| Which parasite is described as "a disease of filth"? |
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| a form of asexual reproduction in which a female can fertilize her own eggs, essentially creating clones of herself; seen in Strongyloides |
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| Filaroides are more commonly known as ___. |
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| What animals can be infected with Filaroides? |
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| How do you Dx Filaroides? |
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Definition
-tracheal wash/swab under anesthesia
-send sample to pathologist for ID (larva could be other nematode in migration) |
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| Where do adult Filaroides reside? |
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Definition
| they make cysts in the tracheal mucosa |
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| Describe how Filaroides is contracted and reaches its TO. |
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Definition
-L1 is infective!!!
-female passes L1 to babies via regurgitated food
-L1 travels f/pup's stomach to liver via lymphatics/portal vein
-molts L1->L2->L3 in liver
-tracheal migration |
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| Special feature of Trichuris eggs? |
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Definition
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| Which nematode changes from L1->L2->L3 all within the egg? |
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Definition
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| How is Trichuris contracted? |
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Definition
| Animal eats an egg containing L3, which hatches inside and burrows into the cecum mucosa and becomes an adult |
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| Common name for Capillaria? |
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Definition
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| Life cycle of Capillaria? |
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Definition
L1 ova shed in urine. In the soil, L1->L2->L3.
The rest is unknown! |
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| Describe the appearance of a Capillaria egg. |
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Definition
-similar to whipworm's egg
-"dumpy barrel"
-brown in color |
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| How many hooks are on a tapeworm? |
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Definition
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| A tape's hooks are collectively referred to as the ___. |
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Definition
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| What is the term for a tape's head? What anatomical features are included in this? |
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Definition
| scolex- consists of suckers and the rostellum (hooks) |
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| IH of Dipylidium caninum? |
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| How do you prepare a slide of a tape proglottid? |
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Definition
-place proglottid on a slide with a drop of saline on the other end
-using a 22/24 needle, smear the proglottid contents to the saline drop
-cover drop with coverslip |
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| Why is it important to differentiate between Taenia and Dipylidium? |
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Definition
| So you can tell your client how to prevent their pet from getting reinfected. IHs are different for each! |
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| If you find a small parasite egg on high-dry, it is likely a ____. |
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| What parasite is even smaller than coccidia? |
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Definition
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| Genera of Coccidia? What's the difference? |
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Definition
Eimeria - herbivores
Isospora - carnivores |
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| Infective stage of coccidia? |
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Definition
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| What happens to GIT cells invaded by coccidia? |
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Definition
| ALL of the invaded cells will DIE |
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| What stage of coccidia is shed in the feces? |
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Definition
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| Name some genera of ascarids: |
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Definition
| Toxocara, Toxascaris, Baylisascaris |
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Definition
Taenia
Dipylidium
Echinococcus |
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Eimeria
Isospora
Toxoplasma
Neospora |
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| What is the basic life cycle of round worms? (hint: name it, don't describe it) |
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Definition
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| What secondary illness may result from a roundworm infection? |
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Definition
| verminous pneumonia from migrating larvae |
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| Prepatent period of ascarids? |
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Definition
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| How are ascarids contracted? |
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Definition
-eat an egg containing L3
-trans-mammary
-trans-placental |
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| What parasite sheds larvated eggs or already-hatched larvae? |
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Definition
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| When doing a differential Dx on a coughing kitten/puppy, what should you consider? |
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Definition
-tracheal migration of roundworms
-do a fecal! |
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Definition
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| What is the infective stage of Dirofilaria immitis? |
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Definition
| they are nematodes, so L3 |
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Definition
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| How long can D. immitis MF live in the blood? How long can adults live in the body? |
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Definition
MF- 2 years
adults- 7 years |
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| Prepatent period of Dirofilaria? |
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Definition
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| Heartworms do not lay eggs... describe how they reproduce and infect. |
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Definition
-female gives birth to copies of herself
-prelarval MF in bloodstream
-MF can cross placenta
-mosquito ingests MF, it develops into L1->L2->L3
-mosquito bites DH and infects it with L3 |
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| Where do heartworm L3s reside? |
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Definition
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| Where do adult heartworms reside? |
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Definition
| right ventricle and pulmonary artery |
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| Heartworm SNAP tests detect what? |
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Definition
| antigen from adult female HW uterus |
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| What coccidians can infect the dog or cat? |
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Definition
-Isospora and Toxoplasma spp
-NO Eimeria spp!! |
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| Prepatent period of Coccidians? |
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| What type of parasite is always host-specific? |
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Definition
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| Due to public health importance, it is vital to distinguish ____ from Toxocara. |
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Definition
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| Describe the egg of Baylisascaris procyonis. |
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Definition
| ovoid, brown, finely pitted |
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| What happens when a host other than a raccoon contracts B. procyonis? |
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Definition
-visceral larva migrans
-larvae actively migrate to lungs -> pulmonary hemorrhages
-larvae may enter eyes, brain, body tissues |
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| What parasite is associated with OLM and NLM? |
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| Scientific name for the raccoon large roundworm |
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