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Ruminant Anatomy
Quiz 4
288
Anatomy
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11/20/2010

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Term
Compared to the dog, is the skin of larger ungulates thicker or thinner?
Definition
Thicker
Term
Is the subcutis of ruminants softer or firmer? More or less mobile?
Definition
Firmer & Less Mobile
Term
What is another name for the subcutis?
Definition
Hypodermis
Term
Compared to other domestic ungulates (incl. horse), is bovine skin thinner or thicker?
Definition
Thicker
Term
In ruminants, _____ surfaces of the limbs, & _____ surfaces of the trunk are much thicker.
Definition
Extensor; Lateral
Term
What are areas of major thickness in the bovine? Pig? Horse?
Definition
Dewlap; V surface of neck; D surface of tail
Term
What may accumulate in the subcutis? Especially in what animal?
Definition
Fat; Pigs (Panniculus Adiposus)
Term
What is a difference in the subcutis of stallions?
Definition
Fat deposits in subcutis in crest of neck
Term
What is a difference in the subcutis of zebu/Bos indicus breeds of cattle?
Definition
Fat deposits in hump
Term
What is a difference in the subcutis of fat-tailed sheep?
Definition
Fat deposits in the tail
Term
What animals have wattles or tassels? What is another name for them? What is their function?
Definition
Usually goat (rarely sheep & pig); Appendices colli; Unknown
Term
Describe the wattles/tassels/appendices colli of the goat.
Definition
Elongated, Narrow, ~15cm long, Cartilage bar containing skin derivatives; Project vertically, Cd to angle of jaw
Term
What animal has cutaneous sinuses/pouches? What are they? Name them.
Definition
Sheep; Diverticula or out-pocketing of the skin w/ glands in their walls; Infraorbital, Inguinal, Interdigital
Term
Describe the infraorbital sinus.
Definition
Lies rostral to the eyes, waxy, straw-colored secretion
Term
Describe the inguinal sinus.
Definition
On either side of the scrotum or mammary gland; Shallow; Secretions stain hairs & skin of the area
Term
Describe the interdigital sinus.
Definition
All 4 limbs; Curved tube @ ~prox interphalangeal jt; Waxy but colorless secretions
Term
How is the facial profile of the goat? Sheep?
Definition
Concave; Convex
Term
Can the difference btw a goat & sheep be determined by wool?
Definition
No
Term
Where are the horn glands? What animals have them?
Definition
Cd part of horn; Goat & Sheep
Term
Where are the Cd/Coccygeal Glands? What animals have them?
Definition
D aspect of root of tail; Carnivores
Term
Where are the subCd glands? What animals have them?
Definition
2 glands under base of tail; Goats (Buck taint?)
Term
What animals have preputial glands?
Definition
All spp
Term
What type of secretions do the preputial glands produce?
Definition
Waxy
Term
What are the mammary glands? What animals have them?
Definition
Modified sweat glands; All mammals
Term
What type of innervation do the mammary glands have?
Definition
Sympathetic
Term
Describe the foot pads.
Definition
Digital pads (tori digitalis); Distal ends of digits; Hoof pads or bulbs
Term
What is another name for the metacarpal/metatarsal pads?
Definition
Tori metacarpeus/metatarseus
Term
Describe the carpal & tarsal pads. What is another name for them?
Definition
Modified; development varies from sp to sp; Tori carpeus/tarseus
Term
What is another name for horns?
Definition
Cornua
Term
What are horns/cornua derivatives of?
Definition
Skin
Term
What is disbudding?
Definition
Removing germinal tissue so the horn does not grow
Term
What do the horns develop from?
Definition
Cornual process of frontal bone
Term
What is the horn process covered by?
Definition
Cornual dermis @ the base of the horn
Term
Generally, how does the ruminant's ligamentum nuchae compare to that of the horse?
Definition
Similar
Term
How does the ruminant's ligamentum nuchae (laminar part) differ from that of the horse?
Definition
Cr part paired; Cd part unpaired
Term
What is unique about the ligamentum nuchae of the ox?
Definition
Extends well into the thoracic region & slants ventrolaterally over the summits of the sp's (therefore friction over spine summits is not as great as in the horse)
Term
How does the ligamentum nuchae attach to the sp's in the ox?
Definition
In a tangential manner
Term
What is the laminar part of the ligamentum nuchae divided into?
Definition
Cr & Cd parts
Term
Why is the Cr lamina nuchae paired? Why is the Cd unpaired?
Definition
Funiculus nuchae is paired; Only 1 sp, in median plane
Term
What is the laminar part of the ligamentum nuchae divided into?
Definition
Cr & Cd parts
Term
Why is the Cr lamina nuchae paired? Why is the Cd unpaired?
Definition
Funiculus nuchae is paired; Only 1 sp, in median plane
Term
How do the mm. of the pectoral girdle of ruminants compare to those of the horse & dog?
Definition
Generally similar
Term
What are the parts of the rhomboideus m. in the horse & ox?
Definition
Cervical & Thoracic
Term
What part of the rhomboideus m. is particularly large in the Bos indicus breeds of cattle? Give some examples of the zebu breeds.
Definition
Rhomboideus cervicis m. (forms hump lying over the withers); Brahman, Afrikander
Term
What are the parts of the brachiocephalicus m?
Definition
Cleidobrachialis & Cleidocephalicus
Term
What muscle makes up the bulk of the zebu hump?
Definition
Rhomboideus cervicis
Term
The cleidocephalicus m. has ___ part(s) in horses. In bovine/ovine/pig, the parts are: ______.
Definition
1; Cleidooccipitalis & Cleidomastoideus
Term
In sheep, what does the tendon of insertion of the cleidomastoideus m. fuse with?
Definition
Sternocephalicus m.
Term
Is the sternocephalicus m. an extrinsic m. of the TL?
Definition
No
Term
What animals have 2 divisions of the sternocephalicus? What are they? What animals have an undivided sternocephalicus?
Definition
Ox, Goat, Carnivore; Sternomastoideus & Sternomandibularis; Sheep & Horse
Term
In what animals is the subclavius m. well developed? Absent? Vestigial?
Definition
Horse & Goat; Carnivores; Ox
Term
What is the subclavius m. attached to in the ox?
Definition
M surface of brachiocephalicus m.
Term
Comment on the visceral space of the neck in ruminants compared to the horse & dog.
Definition
Same
Term
What is "sweet bread?"
Definition
Thymus Gland
Term
What age group has a larger thymus gland?
Definition
Young animals
Term
What is the direction of growth of the thymus gland?
Definition
Cr-Cd
Term
Describe the lobes of the thymus in ruminants.
Definition
2 cervical lobes VL to trachea, from rib 1 to larynx; linked by an intermediate lobe/isthmus to the thoracic lobes in V Mediastinum
Term
At full regression, what part of the thymus disappears in ruminants?
Definition
Cervical part disappears; Cd part is fibrotic
Term
Describe the thymus of the ox.
Definition
Large & Lobulated in young; Extends from larynx to pericardium
Term
What are the deep cervical ln groups?
Definition
Cr, Middle, Cd
Term
Where are the deep cervical lnn most likely to be found?
Definition
Cd group
Term
Where are the Cr & Middle groups of deep cervical lnn?
Definition
Lie on trachea, & CrD to thyroid glands in ox
Term
What animals lack Cr & Middle groups of deep cervical lnn?
Definition
Small ruminants & pig
Term
Describe the Cd group of deep cervical lnn.
Definition
Well-devo in all domestic mammals (except dog); @ Thoracic inlet, V to trachea
Term
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Definition
Cd to larynx, on the sides of the trachea
Term
How many lobes does the thyroid have? What is the color?
Definition
Bilobed; Red-brown
Term
What animals have a glandular thyroid isthmus? Fibrous?
Definition
Ox, Pig, Dog; Sm rum's, Horse, Cat
Term
What is the shape of the body of the thyroid in small animals?
Definition
Oval
Term
Describe the body of the thyroid in the ox.
Definition
Lobulated & Flattened
Term
In non-bovine animals, describe the body of the thyroid.
Definition
Smooth-surfaced
Term
What is unique about the carotid sheath contents in ruminants?
Definition
Content as in the horse + Internal Jugular v. (V'ly)
Term
What v. is used for IV inj. in lg animals? Therefore, ____ is important.
Definition
Ext. Jugular v; Topography
Term
Where does the external jugular v. lie in ungulates?
Definition
In a muscular groove (jugular groove/sulcus jugularis)
Term
What borders the jugular groove in ox/goat?
Definition
Cleidomastoideus m. D'ly; Sternomandibularis m. V'ly; Sternomastoideus m. M'ly
Term
What borders the jugular groove in sheep?
Definition
D border: Cleidomastoideus
V: Sternocephalicus
Cr: no muscular border
Term
Where are the superficial cervical ln(n)?
Definition
Lie CrD to shoulder jt; under cover of brachiocephalicus & omotransversarius; Developed in all domestic spp; Palpable
Term
What type of tube is the esophagus?
Definition
Musculomembranous
Term
Where is the esophagus located?
Definition
Left Cd neck region, close to surface of neck (Sx intervention in this area)
Term
What is the muscular nature of the esophagus in ruminants?
Definition
Entirely lined by striated m. (voluntary)
Term
Why is topography of the esophagus important?
Definition
Blockage --> Bloat
Term
How many flexions are along the curved path of the esophagus?
Definition
3
Term
What is the 1st flexion of the esophagus?
Definition
D curvature; @ junction btw head & neck (specifically btw pharynx & esophagus)
Term
What is the 2nd flexion of the esophagus?
Definition
V curvature; @ Thoracic inlet, D concavity
Term
What is the 3rd flexion of the esophagus?
Definition
D curvature; in middle of thoracic cavity, over base of heart, btw tracheal bifurcation; D convexity & permanent flexion
Term
What surrounds the 3rd flexion of the esophagus?
Definition
Great blood vessels
Term
Which flexions of the esophagus are/are not permanent?
Definition
1 & 2 are not; 3 is
Term
What happens to the non-permanent flexures when the animal lowers its head (at grazing)?
Definition
Obliterated
Term
What are the most common sites of obstruction in the ox?
Definition
Junction btw pharynx & esophagus; Thoracic Inlet; Esophageal Hiatus
Term
What are the most common sites of obstruction in the dog?
Definition
Esophageal Hiatus; Region Cr to base of heart
Term
What are the 4 sites of esophageal obstruction?
Definition
Junction btw pharynx & esophagus; Thoracic inlet; Cr to base of heart; Esophageal Hiatus/Hiatus Esophageus
Term
What are the crowding structures in esophageal obstruction Cr to the base of the heart?
Definition
Esophagus, Trachea, Large blood vessels (Hence, Vascular Ring Dz)
Term
Where is expansion of the esophagus very limited?
Definition
Esophageal hiatus
Term
What are the main parts of the larynx?
Definition
Vestibule, Glottis, Infraglottic Cavity
Term
What are the cartilages of the larynx?
Definition
Cricoid, Arytenoid, Thyroid, Epiglottic
Term
What aspects of the thorax are similar among spp? Different?
Definition
Walls & boundaries; Shape & volume
Term
What encloses the thoracic cavity?
Definition
Thorax
Term
What encloses the thoracic cavity?
Definition
Thorax
Term
What does the adb cavity make into the thorax?
Definition
Incursion, thus reducing the volume of the thorax, though not externally
Term
Where is the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection in the ox?
Definition
Curvature from 7th or 8th costochondral junction to mid portion of the 11th rib, & to the angle/prox part of the last rib
Term
The diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection is ____, esp. in bovine.
Definition
Steep
Term
What is the relation of the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection to the costal arch in the ox?
Definition
Relatively far apart, so that the pleural cavity is in contact w/ a much restricted part of the Cd thoracic wall
Term
Where is the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection in the sheep?
Definition
Gently curves from 9th costochondral junction to middle of last rib, & from there to Cr border of tp of L1
Term
Where is the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection in the goat?
Definition
Gentle curve from level of 6th costochondral junction up to V border of last rib
Term
In the ox, sheep, & goat, where does the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection terminate?
Definition
12th ICS
Term
What animals have thick, intact mediastinal pleura? What is it supported by?
Definition
Ox & Goat; Submesothelial CT
Term
In what animal does the mediastinum display an occasional opening?
Definition
Sheep
Term
Which lung is relatively larger in all domestic mammals?
Definition
R
Term
What does the relative largeness of the R lung do to the Cd mediastinum?
Definition
Displaces it to the left of the median plane
Term
What relationship is important in hardware dz in the bovine?
Definition
Accessory lobe of R lung & mediastinal recess are related Cd'ly to the region of the reticulum
Term
What is another name for hardware dz?
Definition
Traumatic Reticulitis
Term
What is thoracocentesis?
Definition
Withdrawal of abnormally high amt of fluid in the thorax
Term
What are the cupula pleurae?
Definition
Cr limit of the pleural sacs
Term
Which cupula pleura(e) extend(s) beyond the 1st rib in ruminants?
Definition
R sac only
Term
How far does the R sac of the cupula pleura extend beyond the 1st rib in the bovine? Sheep?
Definition
60-70mm/6-7cm; Similar to bovine
Term
Where is thoracocentesis performed in ruminants? Horse? Dog?
Definition
6th or 7th ICS; 7th; 7th or 8th
Term
What is the lung structure in ruminants?
Definition
Well-lobated; well-fissured
Term
What are the main lobes of the R lung in ruminants?
Definition
Cr, Middle, Cd, Accessory
Term
What is the R Cr lung lobe further divided into in ruminants?
Definition
Cr & Cd parts (Cranio-Cr & Caudo-Cr)
Term
What bronchus supplies the R Cr lobe in ruminants & pigs?
Definition
Tracheal Bronchus
Term
What does the Tracheal Bronchus predispose?
Definition
R Cr Lobe to infection & inhalation pneumonia
Term
What are the main lobes of the L lung?
Definition
Cr & Cd
Term
What is characteristic of the lungs in bovine?
Definition
Well-lobated & Well-lobulated
Term
Describe lung lobulation in the ox.
Definition
Very clearly defined by thick CT
Term
Describe lung lobulation in sheep/goats.
Definition
Lobules are small, & lobulation is poorly defined
Term
What animal has the worst lung lobulation?
Definition
Horse
Term
What is the shape of the lung in the ox?
Definition
Basal edge is relatively straight, extending from 6th costochondral junction to V border of epaxial mm in 11th ICS
Term
What is the relative size of the clinical lung field in the ox?
Definition
Small
Term
What is the shape of the lung in sheep & pigs?
Definition
Basal edge ascends Cd'ly more gently, from 6th costochondral junction to angle of rib 11
Term
Where is the cardiac notch of ruminants in the L lung?
Definition
Extends from 3rd to 5th ICS
Term
Where is the cardiac notch of ruminants in the R lung?
Definition
btw 3rd & 4th ICS
Term
What are the lung fields?
Definition
Cr & Cd
Term
Where is the Cr lung field?
Definition
Cr to TL in 1st 3 ICS
Term
Which lung field is of greater significance?
Definition
Cd
Term
What is the Cd lung field bounded by?
Definition
Tricipital line Cr'ly, Epaxial mm D'ly
Term
Why is the Cr lung field of less significance?
Definition
Inaccessible (covered by TL)
Term
Where is the basal border of the lung?
Definition
3-4cm above actual border of lung which is too thin & straight
Term
What are the major blood vessels of the thorax?
Definition
Azygous vv.
Term
What do the azygous vv drain?
Definition
Cr lumbar area & thoracic wall by means of the lumbar vv & D intercostal vv, respectively.
Term
What do the azygous vv also anastomose with?
Definition
Venous network in the vertebral canal, as well as the Cd VC
Term
Do the azygous vv have valves?
Definition
No; Valveless
Term
Describe the azygous vv embryologically & later in development.
Definition
L & R present in all spp; One v. subsequently develops fully/other disappears completely or regresses partially
Term
Which azygous v. develops fully in ruminants & pigs?
Definition
L
Term
In what ruminants is the R azygous v. occasionally fully present?
Definition
Sheep & Goat
Term
Where does the L azygous descend & open into?
Definition
Descends @ 6th rib level into RA where it opens into coronary sinus
Term
What wrt the azygous vv. may develop partially in ox & pig?
Definition
a small R Cr portion "Hemi-azygous" (descends @ 6th rib level to open into terminal part of Cr VC)
Term
Where does the heart lie in all domestic spp?
Definition
Btw ribs 3-6, virtually median, although apex is Cd-V inclined to left
Term
Where is the heart placed in ruminants? Pig & Dog?
Definition
Vertically; 45 degrees
Term
Where is the cardiac field in ruminants?
Definition
Left side, ICS 3-5
Term
What is the cardiac skeleton?
Definition
CT that separates the atria from ventricles, but surrounds AV & arterial openings, as fibrous rings (anuli fibrosi)
Term
What do the fibrous rings surrounding the aorta contain?
Definition
2 cartilages (cartilago cordis)
Term
What happens with age to the cartilago cordis?
Definition
They ossify to become ossa cordis (formed early in the ox from the cartilages)
Term
What are the grooves/sulci of the heart in the ox?
Definition
Paraconal, Subsinuosal, & Intermediate
Term
Which heart groove of the ox is not present in the horse?
Definition
Intermediate
Term
Where is the intermediate groove/sulcus of the heart?
Definition
Cd surface of LV
Term
What attaches the pericardium to the sternum in ruminants & horses?
Definition
2 separate sternopericardiac ligg
Term
Where is pericardiocentesis performed in horses & ruminants?
Definition
4th ICS @ level of costochondral junction
Term
What is given off by the brachiocephalic trunk?
Definition
L & R Subclavian, Bicarotid Trunk
Term
wrt the Ascending Aorta in ruminants & horses, what major artery runs Cr'ly?
Definition
Brachiocephalic Trunk
Term
Which coronary a. is larger in ruminants, & is the major blood supply to the heart? What other animal has the same?
Definition
L Coronary a.; Dog
Term
Name the mediastinal lnn.
Definition
Cr, Middle, Cd
Term
Which mediastinal ln is present in all spp?
Definition
Cr
Term
Where are the Cr Mediastinal ln? What animal are they large in?
Definition
in Cr Mediastinum; around trachea, esophagus, & lg blood vessels; Ox
Term
Where are the middle mediastinal ln? What animal has none? How many are in the ox?
Definition
base of heart, R of aortic arch, trachea & esophagus; Pig; 1-5 (may be lg)
Term
Where are the Cd mediastinal ln? Describe them in the ruminant.
Definition
Cd Mediastinum, btw aorta (D) & esophagus (V); Single & Quite Large
Term
What are the bronchial lnn? Name them.
Definition
Tracheobronchial group of lnn; Left, Right, Middle, & Cranial Tracheobronchial
Term
What animals have the Left Tracheobronchial ln?
Definition
All spp
Term
What animals have the Right Tracheobronchial ln?
Definition
Ox (Absent in Sheep)
Term
What animals have the Middle Tracheobronchial ln?
Definition
Inconstant in ox; Absent in sheep
Term
Where is the left tracheobronchial ln?
Definition
btw Aortic Arch & Pulmonary a.; Cr to left bronchus
Term
Where is the middle tracheobronchial ln?
Definition
DCd to the tracheal bifurcation
Term
What animals have Cr Tracheobronchial ln?
Definition
Ruminants & Pigs
Term
What is the Cr Tracheobronchial ln associated w?
Definition
Tracheal Bronchus
Term
Where is the Cr tracheobronchial ln?
Definition
Cr to Tracheal Bronchus
Term
What is lymphadenitis?
Definition
Enlarged lnn
Term
What happens when the Left Tracheobronchial ln is enlarged?
Definition
Puts pressure on L Recurrent Laryngeal n. as it is pressed against the pulsating aorta; May cause roaring
Term
What happens w/ the Cd mediastinal ln in bovine TB or lymphadenitis?
Definition
Compresses esophagus; Could cause choking or damage to the vagal trunks
Term
What lnn are examined @ meat inspection?
Definition
L (+/- R), Middle, Cr Tracheobronchial; Pulmonary; Cr, Middle, Cd Mediastinal; Thoracic aortic
Term
What are the 3 unpaired aa. off the abdominal aorta?
Definition
Celiac, Cr & Cd Mesenteric aa.
Term
Is the abdominal wall clinically important in the bovine?
Definition
Yes, wrt Sx & some other procedures
Term
What is the paralumbar fossa?
Definition
a concavity immediately Cd to the last rib; Prominent in ruminants
Term
What is the location of incision for C-section in ruminants?
Definition
Paralumbar fossa
Term
What animal has no preputial mm?
Definition
Horse
Term
What is the function of the preputial mm?
Definition
Protraction/Retraction of the prepuce
Term
What is contained in the superficial fascia of the trunk?
Definition
Cutaneous m.
Term
Describe the Cr preputial mm in ruminants. What are they derived from?
Definition
Well-devo; Cutaneous Trunci
Term
What is the origin of the Cd preputial mm?
Definition
Deep fascia
Term
What covers the EAO?
Definition
Deep fascia of trunk
Term
What is the deep fascia of the trunk known as? Why?
Definition
Yellow abdominal tunic; yellow elastic content
Term
What does the deep fascia of the trunk surround completely? What does it cover the external surface of?
Definition
EAO, IAO; TA, RA
Term
Where is the Costoabdominal n? What do they innervate?
Definition
T13; V cutaneous nn; supply preputial skin & mucous membrane or prepuce
Term
Where are the D Cutaneous nn? What do they innervate?
Definition
Emerge btw longissimus & iliocostalis mm; Innervate skin of D 1/3 of abd
Term
What are the V br's of the lumbar spinal nn important in?
Definition
abd mm in ruminants - supply DL wall
Term
In local anesthesia of the flank region, what must be blocked?
Definition
V br's of T13-L2
Term
Where is the V br of T13 blocked?
Definition
Under tip of L1 tp (incision btw L13 & L1 nn)
Term
Where is the V br of L1 blocked?
Definition
Below tip of L2 tp
Term
Where is the V br of L2 blocked?
Definition
V to tip of L4
Term
Where is the V br of L3 blocked?
Definition
Close to vertebral bodies
Term
What is another name for L1? L2? L3?
Definition
Iliohypogastric; Ilioinguinal; Genitofemoral
Term
How do L1, L2, & L3 course?
Definition
Cd'ly
Term
How many L vert does the dog have?
Definition
7
Term
What type of block is done on L3 to anesthetize the mammary gland?
Definition
Paraverterbal
Term
What do V Cutaneous nn from T13, L1, L2 emerge near? What do they supply in the bull?
Definition
V midline; V abdominal skin, prepuce & scrotum
Term
What do the V cutaneous nn of the genitofemoral n innervate in the bull?
Definition
Prepuce, Scrotum, inguinal skin
Term
In the cow, what do L1 + 2 supply?
Definition
Skin of Cr surface of udder/mamma
Term
What does L3 supply in the cow?
Definition
Skin of middle part of udder & all glandular tissue of the udder
Term
Where are the subiliac lnn in ruminants situated?
Definition
Cr border of tensor fasciae latae m., prox to stifle jt
Term
What type of stomach do ruminants have?
Definition
Compound
Term
What are the components of the fore-stomach/proventriculus?
Definition
Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum
Term
What is the true stomach?
Definition
Abomasum
Term
What are the fermentation chambers of the stomach? What do they form?
Definition
Rumen & Reticulum; Biologic unit: Ruminoreticulum
Term
What separates the ruminoreticulum from the abomasum?
Definition
a lock-gate, the Omasum
Term
Where does the most forestomach activity occur?
Definition
Ruminoreticulum
Term
Where is the rumen?
Definition
Left of median plane; Extends from diaphragm to pelvic inlet; From hypaxial lumbar mm (D) to abd floor (V) (attaches to lumbar mm)
Term
What are the main surfaces of the rumen?
Definition
Parietal (L) & Visceral (R)
Term
What are the main curvatures of the rumen?
Definition
D & V
Term
What are the extremities of the rumen?
Definition
Cr & Cd
Term
What divides the D from V sac of the rumen?
Definition
L & R Longitudinal grooves; Cr & Cd Transverse grooves
Term
What branches D'ly from the longitudinal grooves? Which one is better developed?
Definition
L & R Accessory grooves; L
Term
What demarcates blind sacs of the rumen? What are the blind sacs?
Definition
D & V Coronary grooves; CdD & CdV blind sacs
Term
What is btw the rumen & reticulum?
Definition
Ruminoreticular groove
Term
What is the insular ruminis bounded by?
Definition
R Longitudinal & Accessory grooves
Term
What is the atrium ruminis?
Definition
Cr part of D sac
Term
What is the recessus ruminis?
Definition
Cr part of V sac
Term
What are the external grooves of the rumen defined as internally?
Definition
Raised pillars or columns
Term
Pillars are devoid of ____ with ____ exception(s).
Definition
Papillae; 1
Term
What are the ruminal pillars/columns?
Definition
Infoldings of the ruminal wall, minus serosa
Term
In the ruminoreticulum, where does the serosa invest?
Definition
External suraces of the rumen & reticulum, except at the grooves (reflected as omentum), & D'ly @ attachment of rumen to abd roof
Term
What does the investment of the serosa in the reticulorumen/abd roof do?
Definition
Increases latitude for mvmt during contraction
Term
When is it important to know the positions & extent of ruminal pillars?
Definition
Fore-stomach exploration, following ruminotomy
Term
Which pillar is highly papillated?
Definition
Ruminoreticular Fold
Term
Name the ruminoreticular pillars/columns.
Definition
Cr & Cd Pillars, R/L Longitudinal Pillars; Ruminoreticular fold
Term
What is the corresponding groove of the Cr pillar?
Definition
Cr groove
Term
What is the corresponding groove of the Cd pillar?
Definition
Cd groove
Term
What is the corresponding groove of the R/L Longitudinal Pillars?
Definition
R/L Longitudinal Grooves
Term
What is the corresponding groove of the ruminoreticular fold?
Definition
Ruminoreticular Groove
Term
What is the shape of the ruminoreticular groove?
Definition
U-shaped
Term
Which pillar is incomplete?
Definition
R
Term
What is the intraruminal ostium/opening?
Definition
Large opening encircled by most of the pillars btw D & V ruminal sacs of rumen
Term
What is the ruminoreticular ostium?
Definition
Opening btw rumen & reticulum
Term
Where is trocarization/ruminal paracentesis performed?
Definition
Central part of the paralumbar fossa
Term
What is ruminal palpation, percussion, & auscultation done for?
Definition
Ruminal contraction & sounds of ruminal content (usually gas in the D sac: cause fluid-moving sounds)
Term
Give an example of a ruminotomy.
Definition
Hardware dz
Term
Where are ruminotomies?
Definition
Paralumbar fossa into the D (+/- CdD blind) sac
Term
What are fistulations used in?
Definition
Rumen physiology experiments
Term
How many ruminal contractions should be heard per minute?
Definition
2 (3)
Term
In ruminants, where does the superficial layer of the greater omentum extend?
Definition
Greater curvature of abomasum & V border of duodenum, up to Cd flexure, running V'ly & to left of median plane to attach to L longitudinal groove of rumen
Term
What are the 2 leaves of the greater omentum?
Definition
S & D
Term
Where does the uterus lie in late pregnancy?
Definition
Supraomental recess
Term
Where does the deep leaf of the omentum run?
Definition
Cr'ly, attaching to R Ruminal longitudinal groove, up to R surface of atrium ruminis; subsequently moves to R, upwards to abd roof, & attaches to superficial leaf & V surface of descending duodenum, up to Cd duodenal flexure
Term
What is the epiploic foramen?
Definition
Opening into omental bursa
Term
What is inside the omental bursa?
Definition
Nothing
Term
What is the lesser omentum a remnant of?
Definition
Ventral Mesogastrium
Term
Describe the lesser omentum of the pig.
Definition
Similar to that of Dog
Term
Where does the lesser omentum extend in ruminants?
Definition
From lesser curvature of abomasum to curvature & neck of omasum, & D'ly to visceral surface of liver
Term
Where does the lesser omentum extend in ruminants?
Definition
From lesser curvature of abomasum to curvature & neck of omasum, & D'ly to visceral surface of liver
Term
What does the reticulum look like?
Definition
Honeycomb
Term
What is the most Cr segment of the forestomach?
Definition
Reticulum
Term
What are the surfaces of the reticulum?
Definition
Diaphragmatic (Cr) & Visceral (Cd)
Term
What is the fundus of the reticulum?
Definition
Free V part
Term
What is the reticular groove a portion of?
Definition
Gastric Groove
Term
Describe the mucosa of the reticulum.
Definition
Thrown into cells (honeycombed) reticular cells (cellulae reticuli); Lined by conical reticular papillae (papillae reticuli)
Term
Where is the reticulum auscultated?
Definition
V aspects of left 6th/7th ICS
Term
What is the gastric groove?
Definition
A direct route running from the cardia (esophageal opening) to the pylorus of the abomasum
Term
What does the gastric groove consist of?
Definition
3 segments linking the forestomach w/ the glandular stomach
Term
Name the 3 segments of the gastric groove.
Definition
Reticular Groove, Omasal Groove, Abomasal Groove
Term
What normally happens to a bolus of grass?
Definition
Falls through the cardia into the atrium of the rumen
Term
Where does milk run in young ruminants?
Definition
From cardia through gastric groove into abomasum
Term
Which segment of the gastric groove is best developed?
Definition
Reticular groove
Term
Where does the reticular groove extend?
Definition
V'ly from cardia, on lesser curvature (R wall) of reticulum to the reticulo-omasal orifice
Term
What does the reticular groove comprise?
Definition
a floor of the reticular groove & 2 lips (L & R)
Term
Describe the reticular groove in sucklings.
Definition
The lips form a tube or tunnel that bypasses the rumen, reticulum, & omasum, & thus transports milk from the esophagus directly into abomasum
Term
What is the action of the reticular groove in young? In adults?
Definition
Neurohumoral; Iatrogenically controlled by oral admin of salts (copper sulfate sol'n in sheep/10% sodium bicarbonate in cattle)
Term
Is the gastric groove involved in swallowing? Regurgitation? Eructation? Transport of Fluid?
Definition
No, No, No; Yes
Term
What are the parts of the abomasum?
Definition
Parietal & Visceral surfaces, Fundus, Body, Greater & Lesser curvatures, Pyloric part, Pylorus
Term
What is another name for the omasum?
Definition
Manyplies
Term
Where is the omasum?
Definition
R of median plane
Term
What is the shape of the omasum?
Definition
Spherical & Flattened from the sides
Term
What are the surfaces of the omasum?
Definition
Parietal & Visceral
Term
Describe the curvature of the omasum.
Definition
Convex & on the right
Term
Where is the base of the omasum?
Definition
Left, CrV
Term
What is the omasum largely covered by?
Definition
Lesser omentum on the R
Term
What is located internally @ the omaso-abomasal orifice?
Definition
Transverse Omasal Pillar
Term
What guards the omaso-abomasal opening?
Definition
2 mucosal folds (abomasal vela)
Term
What are the spaces btw the omasal leaves?
Definition
Interlaminar Recesses
Term
Describe the omasal laminae. How many are in the sheep? Ox?
Definition
Leaf-like, Sickle-shaped, of variable length; ~90; ~100
Term
Where is the omasal groove? What does it join together?
Definition
Base of omasum; Reticulo-omasal ostium to Omaso-abomasal ostium
Term
The mucosa of the abomasum contains part of the ______.
Definition
Gastric groove
Term
Describe the abomasal folds.
Definition
Large, oblique folds in the fundus & body (lesser curvature has no folds but forms abomasal groove)
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