Term
| Does the ANS control voluntary or involuntary? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the ANS control? |
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Definition
| controls the smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands |
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Term
| What are the two major divisions of the ANS? |
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Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Term
| The parasympathetic system is also referrered to as what? |
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Definition
| also referred to as nicotinic and muscarinic |
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Term
| The sympathetic system is also referred to as what? |
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Definition
| also referred to as adrenergic |
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Term
| Where do sympathetic fibers originate from? |
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Definition
| thoracic and lumbar part of the spinal cord |
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Term
| Where do parasympathetic fibers orginate from? |
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Definition
| sacral spinal nerves and several of the cranial nerves |
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Term
| What is the 10th cranial nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the vagus nerve do? |
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Definition
| supplies fibers to most of the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavity |
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Term
| The vagus nerve is a major nerve for which part of the nervous system? |
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Definition
| the parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| What supplies nerves to the rectal and bladder areas? |
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Definition
| the sacral parasympathetic nerves |
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Term
| What is the function of the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
1. maintain the homeokinesis or steady state
2. mainly controls the functions which are carried on below the level of consciousness |
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Term
| The following functions are important functions of which part of the ANS? |
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Definition
-Dilates the pupil
-Increases the heart rate
-Increases the force of contraction of heart muscles
-Decreases the motility of intestine
-Dilates the bronchi in lungs
-Constricts the sphincter of urinary bladder |
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Term
| The following functions are important functions of which part of the ANS? |
|
Definition
-Constricts the pupil
-Decreases the heart rate
-Decreases the force of contraction of heart muscles
-Increases the motility of intestine
-Constricts the bronchi in lungs
-Dilates the sphincter of urinary bladder |
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Term
| Drugs that effect epinephrine are called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs that effect acetylcholine are called what? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What are neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
| substances that will initiate activity in the neuron |
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Term
| What are neurotransmitters for the sympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
| Epinephrine and norepinephine |
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Term
| What are neurotransmitters for the parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
| acetylecholine, muscarine and nicotine |
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Term
| What are the types of receptors in the Sympathetic NS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during alpha receptor stimulation? |
|
Definition
1. vasoconstriction of arterioles
2. myocardial excitement
3. splenic contraction
4. iris dilation |
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Term
| What happens during beta 1 excitation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during beta 2 excitation? |
|
Definition
1. vasodilatation
2. bronchial relaxation |
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Term
| What are examples of drugs that are adrenergics? |
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Definition
| Epinephrine USP, isoproteronol (Isuprel), albuterol (Ventolin), phenylpropanolamine (PPA) |
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Term
| What are the clinical uses for Epinephrine? |
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Definition
| cardiac arrest, to prolong the effects of local anesthetics, local hemostasis, anaphylactic shock, bronchodilation in cases of asthma |
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Term
| What are symptoms of Epinephrine toxicity? |
|
Definition
a. cardiac arrhythmias
b. pulmonary edema
c. dyspnea
d. sharp rises in blood pressure |
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Term
| What are the clinical uses of isoproteronol (Isuprel)? |
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Definition
| heart block (causes elevation of heart rate) |
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Term
| What are clinical uses of albuterol? |
|
Definition
| bronchodilator by oral use or nebulization |
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Term
| What are the cautions of use for albuterol? |
|
Definition
a. patients with existing cardiac arrhythmias
b. epilepsy
c. hyperthyroidism
d. hypertension |
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Term
| What are adverse reactions to albuterol? |
|
Definition
a. related to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
1. tachycardia
2. hypertension
3. agitation |
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Term
| What is the clinical use of phenylpropanolamine (PPA)? |
|
Definition
| used for hormonal induced urinary incontinence by increasing the utethral sphincter tone |
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Term
| What are side effects of phenylpropanolamine (PPA)? |
|
Definition
a. anorexia
b. restlessness
c. irritability
d. tachycardia
e. cardiac arrhythmias
f. hypertension |
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Term
| What are specific drugs that are antiadrenergic? |
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Definition
| Acepromazine and other phenothiazine tranquilizers |
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Term
| What does Acepromazine protect against? |
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Definition
| will protect the heart against the epinephrine induced arrhythmias |
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Term
| What can Acepromazine possibly lower? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What kind of drug is propanolol (Inderal)? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What are clinical uses of propanolol (Inderal)? |
|
Definition
| used to treat tachycardia, used to treat atrial fibrillation |
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Term
| What are signs of toxicity of propanolol (Inderal)? |
|
Definition
a. bradycardia
b. hypotension
c. bronchoconstriction
d. collapse |
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Term
| Cholinergics are also called what? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What are specific cholinergic drugs that DIRECTLY stimulate? |
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Definition
| Pilocarpine (Isopto-Carpine), metoclopramide (Reglan), neostigmine and physostigmine |
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Term
| What are the clinical uses of Pilocarpine (Isopto-Carpine)? |
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Definition
| miosis, glaucoma, to promote tear secretion |
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Term
| What are the clinical uses of metoclopramide (Reglan)? |
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Definition
| to promote gastric mobility, anti-emetic, increased bladder contractility |
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Term
| What are contraindications of metoclopramide (Reglan)? |
|
Definition
1. GI obstruction or perforation
2. GI hemorrhage
3. seizure disorders
a. may lower the seizure threshold |
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Term
| What are advserve effects of metoclopramide (Reglan)? |
|
Definition
1. behavior changes
a. related to blocking dopamine receptor sites
b. behavior changes from sedation frenzy may be seen |
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Term
| What are clinical uses of neostigmine and physostigmine? |
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Definition
| used to treat atropine intoxication and also may be used to reverse the effects of neuromuscular blocking agents such as gallamine that may be used during surgery |
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|
Term
| What does acetylcholinesterase do? |
|
Definition
| stops the action of acetylcholine |
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Term
| When acetylcholinesterase is inhibited, what happens to the Parasympathetic NS? |
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Definition
| when acetylcholinesterase is inhibited the action of the parasympathetic nervous system is increased |
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Term
| What are signs of acetylcholine receptor stimulation? |
|
Definition
a. salivation
b. vomiting
c. diarrhea
d. urination
e. miosis
f. bradycardia
g. skeletal muscle spasms |
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Term
| Drugs that indirectly stimulate acetylcholinesterase are called what? |
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Definition
| cholinesterase inhibitors |
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Term
| What are drugs that indirectly stimulate acetylcholinesterase? |
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Definition
| organophosphates, carbamates |
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Term
| What are specific anticholinergic drugs? |
|
Definition
| atropine, glycopyrrolate (Robinul-V), aminopentamide (Centrine) |
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Term
| What are the actions of atropine? |
|
Definition
a. dilates the pupils (mydriasis)
b. decreases respiratory secretions
c. prevents bradycardia
d. dries salivary secretions
e. may cause ileus (paralysis of the intestine)
1. used very rarely in the horse as it has been associated with colic.
f. may increase intraocular pressure
1. contraindicated in certain types of glaucoma |
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Term
| What are the clinical uses of atropine? |
|
Definition
| pre-anesthetic to dry salivary secretions and prevent bradycardia; ophthalmic exams to dilate the pupil |
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Term
| Why is glycopyrrolate more popular than atropine? |
|
Definition
| longer duration of action than atropine; will drive the heart up to a lesser degree than atropine |
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Term
| What is the clinical use of aminopentamide (Centrine)? |
|
Definition
| used as an agent that will slow GI motility and control vomiting and diarrhea |
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