Term
| Where does the generic drug name come from? |
|
Definition
| related to the chemical structure of the drug |
|
|
Term
| How does a drug get it's trade name? |
|
Definition
| given by the manufacturer |
|
|
Term
| What is the generic equivalent drug? |
|
Definition
| drug that is similar to a drug produced by a certain manufacturer, generally these drugs will have a similar effectiveness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of drug given per unit of body weight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of drug given at one time |
|
|
Term
| Drugs that are prescription drugs are considered: |
|
Definition
| toxic; potentially toxic if misused; easily misused |
|
|
Term
| What is the product description? |
|
Definition
| the chemical definition of the drug; includes indications and contraindications for the drug |
|
|
Term
| What are factors that will affect drug absorption? |
|
Definition
| concentration differences in the tissues; lipid solubility; electrical charge of the drug |
|
|
Term
| What are lipophilic drugs? |
|
Definition
| Drugs that are lipid soluble and more readily absorbed because of the lipid barrier of the cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of lipophilic drugs? |
|
Definition
| Enrofloxacin (Baytril) and Prednisone |
|
|
Term
| What are hydrophilic drugs? |
|
Definition
| Drugs that are water soluble and NOT absorbed well |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a hydrohpilic drug? |
|
Definition
| Aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as gentamicin |
|
|
Term
| What route of administration may water soluble drugs need to go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In regards to the electrical charge of a drug, which drugs will be absorbed better? |
|
Definition
| drugs that are nonionized or not electrically charged |
|
|
Term
| What are 7 routes of administration? |
|
Definition
| topical, oral, injectable, inhalation, rectal, intradermal, intraperitoneal |
|
|
Term
| How do drugs end up in the liver? |
|
Definition
| the circulatory system carries the drugs to the liver |
|
|
Term
| Why can't Penicillin be given by mouth? |
|
Definition
| many drugs are broken down by the acidity of the stomach and cannot be given reliably by mouth |
|
|
Term
| Of Drugs that are weak acids and weak bases, which ones are absorbed better and why? |
|
Definition
| weak acids, this is due to the acidity level of the stomach; the acidity will have a greater effect on weak bases (more ionization) |
|
|
Term
| What does "ionized" mean? |
|
Definition
| that the drugs is separated into parts |
|
|
Term
| Most drugs are not absorbed by the stomach but by what and why? |
|
Definition
| the small intestine; it has a moderate pH (8) that favors absorption |
|
|
Term
| What are the acids of the stomach neutralized by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is sodium bicarbonate produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the parenteral route? |
|
Definition
| medication not given by the oral route |
|
|
Term
| What is the ID route used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the IP route commonly used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a drug that is produced to provide for slow absorption and a longer duration of action? |
|
Definition
| methyl prednisolone acetate (Depo Medrol) |
|
|
Term
| Which route of administration AVOIDS absorption? |
|
Definition
| IV route - instead it is placed in the circulatory system |
|
|
Term
| The IV route is chosen for what kind of medications? Give example. |
|
Definition
| irritating to tissues, ex. chemotherapy drugs |
|
|
Term
| How do drugs naturally move? |
|
Definition
| drugs usually will naturally move from an area of greater concentration to one of lesser concentration |
|
|
Term
| What factors affect drug distribution? |
|
Definition
| plasma binding, bio-availability, blood brain barrier, drug accumulation |
|
|
Term
| Which protein plasma at drugs normally bound to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a drug is bound to proteins in the plasma, what will happen? |
|
Definition
| it will remain in the body for a longer time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the effectiveness of drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only free or unbound drug will be able to react with the receptors of the target organ |
|
|
Term
| What is the blood brain barrier? |
|
Definition
| is a separation of circulating blood and the brain extracellular fluid in the central nervous system (CNS). |
|
|
Term
| Where does the blood brain barrier occur? |
|
Definition
occurs along all capillaries
and consists of tight junctions around the capillaries that do not exist in normal circulation |
|
|
Term
| Brain capillaries are ____ ________ than capillaries elsewhere in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are present between the capillaries and the cerebral tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of drugs can pass through the blood brain barrier easily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does drug accumulation occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of drugs will accumulate in the fat stores and what is an example? |
|
Definition
| highly lipid soluble drugs will accumulate in the fat stores, ex. thiopental |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| given to initially saturate the tissue receptors and often the loading dose is higher than regular doses |
|
|
Term
| Some drugs are inactivated through: |
|
Definition
| potential changes in the pH of the solutions |
|
|
Term
| What are the methods of metabolism? |
|
Definition
| biotransformation and conjugation |
|
|
Term
| What is biotransformation? |
|
Definition
| another word for metabolism; clears the drug from the blood stream; chemically alters the drugs so they are no longer active |
|
|
Term
| What are the organs of metabolism? |
|
Definition
| liver, kidney, small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the attachment of molecules to a drug |
|
|
Term
| Which species is slower at conjugation? |
|
Definition
| cats are generally slower at conjugation than dogs |
|
|
Term
| Which kind of animals are slower to biotransform drugs? Why? |
|
Definition
| older animals and newborns; the liver enzyme system is not fully developed until 30 - 60 days of age |
|
|
Term
| What happens when a drug is given repeatedly? |
|
Definition
| it will cause enzymes in the liver to be produced that will enhance the elimination of the drug (tolerance) |
|
|
Term
| Which kinds of drugs will migrate to fatty tissues? |
|
Definition
| lipid soluble drugs will migrate to fatty tissues |
|
|
Term
| What may protect drugs from metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are most metabolites excreted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can affect excretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a drug that is unchanged by the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease can reduce the removal of drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug damages the renal tubules which can interfere with excretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Droncit removed from the body? |
|
Definition
| removed from the blood stream by the liver cells and eliminated from the body in the bile in an active form |
|
|
Term
| What is enterohepatic circulation? |
|
Definition
| some drugs may be reabsorbed from the intestine after arriving there in the bile |
|
|
Term
| Drugs that are not absorbed by the GI tract are eliminated by the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs may be eliminated in small amounts by _____ and ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the half life of a drug? |
|
Definition
| the amount of time (usually expressed in hours) that is takes for the quantity of drug in the body to be reduced by 50% |
|
|
