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| a Roman general and politician elected consul an unprecedented seven times during his career. He was also noted for his dramatic reforms of Roman armies, authorizing recruitment of landless citizens and reorganizing the structure of the legions into separate cohorts. |
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| a form of government in which voters elect officials to run the state |
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| An amount of money that the victorious side of a war forces the losing side to pay them for the damages it had caused |
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| An assembly or council of citizens having the highest deliberative functions in a government, esp. a legislative assembly of a state or nation. |
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| Censors were two officials in Ancient Rome responsible for taking the public census and supervising public behavior and morals |
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| a powerful aristocratic class, had a patronage system- patrons provided their client families with financial, social, and legal support in exchange for political backing and loyalty |
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| A famous historian in the times of Ancient Rome, who wrote 142 books documenting the history of Rome in attempt to find some role models for Romans in his time. |
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| a way to prevent abuses in the government by having people in the government monitor the actions of other people in the government |
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| Praetors were an annually elected magistrate of the Ancient Roman Republic, ranking lowly, but having the same functions as a consul. |
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| a social class with great wealth in Rome made up of business and landowning people | |
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| Large farms that were formed when landowners bought up smaller farms. Most were sheep and cattle ranches, and some grew olives and grapes. They were created in part after the Second Punic War, during which many Romans burned their farms rather than let the invading Carthaginian General Hannibal live off their land. |
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| 10 officials elected by assemblies, could refuse to approve Senate bills, meant to protect plebeians from arbitrary acts of patricians |
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| Chief executives who ran the government and acted as military commanders (were elected for one-year terms) |
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| The Roman Legion was a division in the Roman army that consisted of 3000-6000 men. The members of a legion consisted from cavalry to heavy infantry. |
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| Romans constructed numerous aqueducts to supply water to cities and industrial sites. They typically built numerous aqueducts to serve any large city in their empire. Aqueducts were simply channels bored through the rock, they took water in from the hills and distributed it out to Rome. |
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| a civil officer charged with the administration of the law |
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| Romulus and Remus were twins who, legend says, founded Rome. Legend also states that they were raised by a she wolf. Romulus killed Remus in a power struggle and became the first Roman leader. |
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| was dictator of the Roman republic and was a Roman general and a conservative politician, holding the of the consul office as well as a dictator. A gifted and effective general, Sulla marched his armies on Rome twice, enjoying the absolute power of a dictator. As dictator, he enacted a series of reforms to the Roman constitution that sought to strengthen the aristocracy. His dictatorship, however, marked the beginning of the end of the Constitution to the Roman republic, and to the Roman republic itself. |
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| a military leader who used his power to become a senator and was ambitious within the senate, then teamed up with Caesar and Crassus to form first Triumverate |
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| reformer, distributes the newly acquired land through conquest to the poor citizen soldiers, his goal was to save republic: MOST SIGNIFICANT: first time there was bloodshed in the republic. Rome didn’t use all of their great republic power to solve the problems, they used violence and killed him |
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| Gaius Gracchus tries to extend citizenship to Italians and cut the price of grain for plebeians. Also killed, the way of business in the republic becomes that those who disagree with the senators are killed |
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| military leader who had assumed power in the government not by vote and political support but by his loyal armies. He abused his power and created the first triumvirate. |
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| The Conflict of the Orders was a political struggle between the Plebeians (commoners) and the Patricians (aristocrats) in ancient Rome. While Rome was at war with two different tribes the Plebeians left the city, and as a result the office of Plebeian Tribune was created. |
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| first war between rome and carthage, Rome won, Carthage surrendered. Rome forced Carthage to pay a large sum of money and give up Sicily. After this, Rome conquered all of Italy. |
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| Second war between Rome and Carthage, Hannibal assembled an army including infantry, cavalry, and war elephants, marched from Africa over the alps to Italy. His army had many casualties. Carthage won all battles, but Rome was victorious in the end because Carthage couldn’t take the city of Rome. |
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| Rome went to war with Carthage again to settle the Roman hatred for them, Rome crushed Carthage and took all their survivors home as slaves. |
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| The war between Rome and the Italians. The Italian mercenaries who had been fighting for Rome now wanted to hold public office and the senate refused. The Italians rebelled and it was bloody and hard war. The Romans won but also decided to give them the benefits of citizenship. |
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| Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey shared their dictator-like power |
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| Octavian, Caesar’s nephew who was the heir when Caesar was killed, Marc Antony, and Lepidus made up a triumverate |
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| a counsul who gave exciting speeches. He wrote thousands of letters which tell a lot about Rome during his time. His speeches told his advice and his thoughts on many topics. He was a snob, looked down on workers. He wanted to save the republic and didn’t think it was worth wasting time on saving the poor because they couldn’t help save the republic. |
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| a group of politicians that spoke for the common people like Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, they played an important role in the conflicts that ended the Roman Republic. |
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