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| 100-44 BC. Gallic Wars/Britain. 1st Triumvirate. Civil war; dictator for life. Commentaries. Assassinated Ides. |
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| Financed young Caesar; suppressed Spartacus revolt; richest ancient Roman; 1st Trium; killed in Syria in 53 BC |
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| Hus of Caesar's daughter Julia; 1st Trium; rival of Crassus and orig. ally of Caesar. After Crassus/Julia die, Civil War. Killed in Egypt. |
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| 60-53 BC. Caesar, Crassus, Pompey. Caesar brought 2gether Crassus/Pompey. Was secret/unofficial until made public in Senate. Julia. Jealousies over Gallic wars and Crassus/Julia death led to Civil War. |
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| Commentaries on the Gallic Wars |
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| Julius Caesar's 1sthand account of the 9 years of war spent conquering Gaul for Rome. Written in 3rd person; gives lots of info about Caesar's life; seen as answer to criticism about cost and need of war; gives good historical/geo info in clear, scholarly Latin |
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| Celtic people living in what is now France; spoke continental Celtic lang "Gaulish," lived tribally; conquered by Caesar and became part of assimilated Gaulish/Roman culture. Vulgar Latin eventually replaced Gaulish. |
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| Chieftain who united Gallic tribes in unsuccessful revolt against Caesar in last phase of Gallic wars. Defeated at Elisium; paraded through Rome to humiliate him b4 execution. Story told in "Commentaries." |
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| Short river in N. Italy. Crossed by Caesar in 49 BC in what was considered an Act of War. He said "The Die is Cast" and came to Rome to fight Civil War against Pompey |
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| Marc Antony; military hero and supporter of Caesar. After C's assassination, joined 2nd Trium. Defeated by Octavian at naval battle of Actium; committed suicide with lover Cleopatra shortly thereafter. |
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| Last real Ptolemaic pharaoh of Egypt. Had liaisons with Caesar (baby) and later Marc Antony (two babies) to cement position on throne. After M.A. defeated by Octavian, committed suicide with asp. |
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| In Roman Republic, honorific title. Given to Caesar and others during Republic. Post-Augustus, term was limited only to Emperor. |
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| March 15. Festival day dedicated to Mars, god of War. Date in 44 BC on which Caesar was assassinated. |
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| Originally ally of Caesar; followed Pompey in Civil War. Conspired to assassinate Caesar to regain senate control of Republic. On M 15, 44 BC, he and others [inc. Casca] killed Caesar on steps of Senate. Popularly known as a betrayer of Caesar. |
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| Statesman; greatly considered to be the greatest orator in all Roman history. He supported a return to the Republic; after Marc Antony took power, he was captured and decapitated for his opposition to M.A. |
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| Great-nephew of Caesar; part of 2nd Trium.; renamed Augustus and became the first true Emperor of Rome. Expanded Empire and initiated Pax Romana. |
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| Period of time from Augustus through Crisis of the Third Century. Time of illusion of continuance of Republic. Emperors were more low-key during this era. |
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| OFFICIAL conglomeration of power between Octavian, M.A., and Lepidus. Divided Republic into spheres of influence. Like 1st, could not sustain jealousies and ambitions. Lepidus was expelled; MA and Octavian went to war. Oct won; MA committed suicide, Oct became Emperor |
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| 31 BC; Ionian Sea. Decisive battle of the Final War of Ro. Rep. Between Oct and MA. Oct won; MA killed self. Oct called "Augustus" by Senate and became Emperor. |
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| "Father of the Country" - Honorific given to Caesar and later to Emperors who had reigned a long time or were particularly esteemed. Functioned much like Imperator but less official in nature. |
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| Poll tax; one of many types of taxes. It was resented. |
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| Classical Roman poet; lived in transition period between Republic/Empire. Best known for the Aeneid, which is a national Roman epic still studied today. Seen as best epic poet in Roman history. |
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| Best known lyric poet of the Augustan age. Coined many now-famous Latin phrases like "Carpe Diem". Works were based on Greek poetic style. |
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| Roman poet who often wrote about love and seduction. Banished to the Black Sea by Augustus for political reasons. His writings in exile reflect loneliness and misery. |
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| Wife of Augustus, mother of Tiberia. Matriarch of Julio-Claudians. Extremely powerful advisor to Augustus. Deified as Augusta by Claudius. |
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| Step-son of Augustus; son of Livia. Second Roman Emperor. Excellent general but gloomy and ineffective emperor. Self-exiled; succeeded by Caligula. |
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| "Little Boots." Son of Germanicus; successor of Tiberius. Third R. Emp. Known for erratic behavior incl. cadre of young male companions, making horse senator, and tyranny. Assassinated by Senate & Pret. Guard. Succeeded by Uncle Claudius. |
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| 4th Ro. Emp. Not experienced with rule but quite effective Emp. Conquered Britain, expanded Emp, public works, v. involved in laws and edicts. Likely killed by Agrippina, who wanted to get Nero in power. |
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| 5th Ro. Emp; last Julio-Claudian. Succeeded Uncle Claud. Known for extravagance and tyranny; many executions inc. mother. Suppressed British uprising; First Jewish Uprising during his reign. Stereotype: Fiddled/Burned. Committed suicide instead of being asssass. Left no heir. |
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| Dramatist and statesman; advisor and tutor to Nero. Executed for allegedly participating in a plot to kill Nero. |
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| Large and extravagant villa built by Nero on Esquiline Hill after Great Fire destroyed many aristocratic properties. Source of contention due to reasons for being built and extravagance. |
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| Colosseum. Completed in 80 AD under Vespasian. Largest Amphi in Ro. Emp. Home to gladiatorial combat. Symbol of Ro. power; example of Ro. engineering/arch. Helped shape Ro. culture around games. |
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| Roman courtier thought to be author of Satyricon, satirical novel of Nero's era. Accused of treason; committed suicide before he could be executed. |
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| 1st century Greek historian, biographer, essayist, etc. His "Parallel Lives" is most famous. Influenced writers such as Shakespeare; gives contemporary insight into the lives and times of Romans and Greeks. |
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