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| towns that sprang up beside fortresses |
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| an early form of trade unionism |
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| a confederation of northern German towns that attempted to monopolize the entire commerce of northern Europe |
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| where one of the earliest industries was located |
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| an architectural style characterized by thick walls and small windows with rounded arches |
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| an architectural style characterized by tall walls with many pointed windows and the use of steeples |
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| a cathedral in France which is perhaps the best example of Gothic architecture |
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| a form of bubonic plague that killed 25 million people approximately a third to half of Europe's population |
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| the first medieval university founded in 1060 |
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| founded in 1140; where John Wycliffe was an official |
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| the oldest German university |
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| the grammar, rhetoric, and logic part of the medieval curriculum |
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| the arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy part of the medieval curriculum |
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| an attempt to combine Greek philosophy with Romanism |
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| Said "I believe in order to understand." |
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| said "A doctrine is not to be believed because God has said it, but because we are convinced by reason that it is so." |
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| known as the "Dumb Ox" because of his slow speech |
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| denied the totality of man's sinful nature and his dependence upon God for everything |
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| used scriptural logic to ague that man is totally depraved and in absolute need of divine revelation and saving grace |
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| began the first translation of the English Bible; The morning star of the Reformation |
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| an English Franciscan friar who emphasized observation and experimentation |
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| John Wycliffe's followers known as "poor preachers" |
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| where the modern Czech republic is located |
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| influenced by Wycliffe's writings and was burned at the stake for standing for the authority of the Bible |
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| Followers of John Huss that printed the first non-Catholic hymnbook in modern history |
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| founded Brethren of the Common Life |
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| a Roman priest who exposed hypocrisy in his own church |
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| Wrote the Imitation of Christ |
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