Term
| Retroviridae Characteristics |
|
Definition
ssRNA, + sense, enveloped
reverses to dsDNA and inserts itself into host genome
causes persistent infection
tropism for WBCs
high rate of mutation because reverse transcriptase lacks proof-reading funciton |
|
|
Term
| Retroviridae Host Immune Response |
|
Definition
immunocompetent - transient virema, persistent latent subclinical infectin
immunoincompetent - virema, persistent productive infection, clinical disease |
|
|
Term
| Retroviridae Transmission |
|
Definition
vertical transmission - to immune incompetent
horizontal transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
v-onc +, widespread
vertical and horizontal transmission
important in chickens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA virus carries v-onc gene stolen from host c-onc
c-onc is anything that promotes cell division which has the potential to start oncogenesis
rapid transformation because it carries the v-onc gene and needs to insert into host genome to replicate so it will transform the cells rapidly
creates polyclonal tumors because it inserts randomly in each cell
replication defective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA virus does not contain a v-onc gene
slow transformation because it doesn't carry the v-onc gene and it is not very likely to insert randomly into the proto-oncogene
creates monoclonal tumors because it can insert in just the right place and will cause oncogenesis from a single cell
replication competent |
|
|
Term
| Avian Leukosis Characteristics |
|
Definition
alpharetrovirus
enzootic avian leukosis virus (ALV)
v-onc -
transform slowly and replication competent
primarily non-pathogenic
tumors in birds infected by vertical (in ova) transmission
transformation occurs in B-lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lymphoid leukosis - visceral lymphomatosis
similar to Marek's disease
osteopetrosis, renal tumors |
|
|
Term
| Avian Sarcoma Characteristics |
|
Definition
alpharetrovirus
v-onc +
replication defective and rapid transformation
needs ALV as helper virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
varies with v-onc and cell type
erythroblastosis - RBC stem cells
myeloblastosis - WBC stem cells
Myelocytomatosis - non-granular myelocyte |
|
|
Term
| Avian Leukosis Transmission |
|
Definition
Horizontal - saliva
inefficient mode of transmission
Vertical - congenital (in ova)
immuno-incompetent chicks have persistently productive infection
prefers vertical transmission |
|
|
Term
| Avian Sarcoma Transmission |
|
Definition
Horizontal - saliva
inefficient mode of transmission
Vertical - congenital (in ova)
immuno-incompetent chicks have persistently productive infection
prefers vertical transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genetically resistant birds
vaccines not effective because of mutation
sanitation, all-in all-out
soap and water and detergent works |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genetically resistant birds
vaccines not effective because of mutation
sanitation, all-in all-out
soap and water and detergent works |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
v-onc-
long incubation and slow transformation
vertical and horizontal transmission |
|
|
Term
| Bovine Leukemia Virus Characteristics |
|
Definition
deltaretrovirus
enzootic bovine leukosis, lymphosarcoma
affect dairy cattle older than 4 years
B-lymphocytes
v-onc -, replication competent
persistent latent subclinical infection
or persistent productive infection |
|
|
Term
| Bovine Leukemia Virus Signs |
|
Definition
progressive chronic lymphocytosis
lymphosarcoma (B- or T-cell)
very uniform large lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Bovine Leukemia Virus Transmission |
|
Definition
Horizontal is primary mode
B-cells shed virus in colostrum, milk, urine
athropods and fomites are mechanical vectors
Vertical transmission is less favored
transplacental |
|
|
Term
| Bovine Leukemia Virus Control |
|
Definition
identify and cull
animals are persistently infected and shedding
cull anti-BLV antibody positive cows with chronic lymphocytosis
separate sero-positive from sero-negative cows |
|
|
Term
| Gammaretrovirus Characteristics |
|
Definition
v-onc+
horizontal and vertical transmission |
|
|
Term
| Feline Leukemia Virus Characteristics |
|
Definition
gammaretrovirus
v-onc-
FOCMA - feline oncogenic cell membrane antigen (tumor antigen)
FOCMA expressed on surface of transformed cells
induces ADCC
tropism for myeloid precursors and thrombocytes |
|
|
Term
| Feline Sarcoma Virus Characteristics |
|
Definition
gammaretrovirus
v-onc+
not really heard of anymore |
|
|
Term
| Feline Leukemia Virus Transmission |
|
Definition
Horizontal
respiratory, oral, saliva, colostrum, urine, feces
Vertical
transplacental
most exposures are early with viremia at 6-8 weeks |
|
|
Term
| Feline Leukemia Virus Diagnosis |
|
Definition
ELISA
detecting antigenemia free in blood
works for prior to and after bone marrow infeciton
antigen is p27/30 - capsid antigen
virus is producing progeny and capsid protein is leaking out of cell
IFA (Hardy's Test)
detection of virus in neutrophils and platelets
cell-associated viremia
after bone marrow infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. primary replication in lymphoid tissues
2. primary viremia affects lymphocytes and monocytes
3. secondary replication in lymphoid germinal centers and in bone marrow
4. virus goes latent in bone barrow
5. secondary viremia
6. systemic infection of epithelial cells, virus shed in saliva and urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
degenerative disease - bone marrow infection and shut down
proliferative disease - lymphosarcoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| control strays, test and remove positives, sanitation, vaccinate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Visna = wasting
neurologic form - demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis
weakness, weight loss, paresis, paraplegia of hind legs
animals remains alert and eating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dyspnea - ovine progressive pneumonia
lung lesions, weight loss, abortion or weak lambs
lymphoproliferative lesions of lungs, joints, and mammary glands
animals remains alert |
|
|
Term
| Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis Signs |
|
Definition
antigenically related to Visna/Maedi
tropism for epithelium and lymphocytes
Kids (2-4 months) - encephalomyelitis, ascending paralysis, progressive luekoencephalomyelitis and wasting
Adults - (greater than 1 year) - arthritis, hard bag, interstitial pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis, VISNA/Maedi Incubation Period |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis, VISNA/Maedi Transmission |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis, VISNA/Maedi Control |
|
Definition
test and removal
removal of newborns from seropositive dams
heat tx of colostrum/milk |
|
|
Term
| Equine Infectious Anemia Characteristics |
|
Definition
aka "Swamp Fever"
REPORTABLE DISEASE
cell tropism for lymphocytes and macrophages
incubation period 1-3 weeks
life long productive infection (viremia) if recover |
|
|
Term
| Equine Infectious Anemia Signs (Acute, Subacute, Chronic) |
|
Definition
Acute disease - sudden fever and anemia
80% mortality
Subacute disease - persistent moderate fever
life-long viremia
get acute episodes with times of immune suppression
Chronic - mild to persistent fever, cachexia, ventral edema |
|
|
Term
| Equine Infectious Anemia Transmission |
|
Definition
arthropods - mosquitos transfer it in blood up to 1 mile
milk, saliva, urine |
|
|
Term
| Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Characteristics |
|
Definition
induces immunodeficiency syndrome but not neoplastic disease
cell tropism for Ig+ cells, CD4 and CD8 T-cells, and macrophages
incubation period months to years |
|
|
Term
| Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Pathogenesis |
|
Definition
Acute phase - systemic spread
DNA infection
transient lymphocytosis
general lymphadenopathy
neutropenia to possible pancytopenia
anti-FIV antibodies produces at 2-4 weeks
Subclinical phase - variable time period
Chronic phase - variable outcome
decreased CD4:CD8 T cell ratios
chronic/cyclic progressive anemia
Late Stages - AIDS like syndrome
functional immunodefiency
lymphoid depletion |
|
|
Term
| Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Signs |
|
Definition
depends on immunological background of cat
diverse clinical signs of late stage FIV
generalized persistent lymphadenopathy
pancytopenia, anemia, seizures, dementia
weight loss, chronic unresponsive secondary bacterial infection, fever |
|
|
Term
| Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Immune Response |
|
Definition
anti-FIV Abs produced within 8 weeks but are not protective because
viral-induced immunosuppression
antigenic variation
maternal Abs |
|
|
Term
| Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccination |
|
Definition
FIV vaccine is not DIVA compatible
ELISA test will show positive for FIV vaccinated cats |
|
|
