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Respriatory Anatomy Important Tid Bits
inlcudes Histology, Critical Thinking, Check Your Understanding, and possible test questions
54
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/26/2012

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Term
the 3 tissue layers of the respiratory tract are
Definition
mucosa
submucosa
adventicia
Term
mucosa aka
Definition
mucosae
Term
mucosa def
Definition
line all passageways that open to the outside of body. Concsists of epithethial tissue which overlying basement membrane.
Term
the structure in which gases must diffuse is called the ______ in the alveoli
Definition
respiratory membrane
Term
how does the structure of the aveoli allow gas exchange to rapidly occur?
Definition
they only contain simple squamous (flat) epithelium & mucosa layer
Term
submucosa def
Definition
layer of loose connective tissue
Term
submucosa cotains _____glands which secrete___________
Definition
seromucous , water mucous
Term
the submucosa of larger passageways contain
Definition
hyaline cartilage(support)
&
smooth muscle(constriction/dilation)
Term
the outermost layer of respiratory tract is
Definition
adventicia
Term
the adventicia consists of
Definition
dense irregular collagenous connective tissue with elastic fibers for support
Term
what is a cricothyroidotomy?
Definition
an incision is made in the cricothyroid ligament (soft spot btwn thyroid & cricoid cartilages).

a tube is inserted & patient is ventilated artifically
Term
cricothyroidotomy allows the patient airway to be restored by?
Definition
bypassing upper respiratory tract
Term
why would a cricothyroidotomy be done?
Definition
upper respiratory tract is blocked & air is prevented from entering lungs.
Term
why does the nasopharynx contain pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?
Definition
cilia help move mucous
Term
why are there are more globlet cells in upper respiratory tract?
Definition
to catch pathogens/debri early.
Term
the _________ is the lungs's outer membrane that adheres to the inner wall of the thoracic cavity,
Definition
parietal pleura
Term
At the lung's root, it folds inward on itself to become the inner membrane called the__________, which adheres to the lung's surface.
Definition
visceral pleura
Term
Btwn the parietal & visceral pleural membranes is the
Definition
pleural cavity
Term
how do the respiratory & conducting zone differ?
Definition
Respiratory zone: Terminal respiratory tract
consists of bronchioles & alveoli
GAS EXCHANGE occurs

Conducting zone: conditions air to be carried to respiratory zone
Term
the piece of elastic cartilage that seals off the larynx during swallowing is called the?
Definition
epiglottis
Term
T or F the muscularis is one of the respiratory tract layers?
Definition
False
Term
what 3 structures comprise the respiratory membrane
Definition
squamous epithelial cells in alveolus

endothethial cells in capillaries

fused basal laminae btwn alveolar & endothelial cells
Term
the epithelium gets progressively________ in the lower passages.
Definition
shorter
Term
the amount of hyaline cartilage gradually ______ as we move into smaller passageways.
Definition
decreases
Term
the amount of smooth muscle ______ in the smaller passageways
Definition
increases
Term
the amount of elastic fibers _________ in smaller passages
Definition
increases
Term
why do you think cartilage rings of the trachea are C shaped rather than O shaped?
Definition
to allow esophagus to expand
Term
conditions such as pneumonia and lung cancer can result in pleural effusion,define this condition?
Definition
pleural cavity becomes filled with a large amount of fluid
Term
what effect would pleural effusion have on breathing?
Definition
lungs will be compressed, difficulty breathing
Term
pleurisy def
Definition
inflammation of chest cavity

presents with a dry cough, chest pain
Term
Which is the most common obstruction site for chocking?
Definition
the right primary bronchus:

Larger diameter
Descends toward lung at a steeper angle
Term
What will occur if you apply pressure on diaphragm & external intercostals?
Definition
volume in lungs decrease
pressure in lungs increase
Term
pressure released on diaphragm & exteral intercostals?
Definition
volume in lungs increase
pressure in lungs decrease
Term
hyperventilation
Definition
pushing more CO2 exhaled=
blood pH lowers (more acidic)
Term
why does the ventilatory rate increase during excercise?
Definition
both inhalation & exhalation are increases

increase in CO2 production
blood ph lowers
Term
hypeventilation
Definition
decrease CO2 exhales
blood Ph higher
Term
increased carbonic acid means
Definition
hypoventilation, less CO2 exhaled
= blood PH higer

* remember carbonic acid (is a weak acid, STRONG BASE)
Term
less carboic acid means
Definition
hyperventilation

increase in CO2 output
Term
is cellular respiration part of respiratory fcn?
Definition
no
Term
what is interapulmonary pressure?
Definition
pressure inside lung as they expand (volume increases)
Term
when intrapulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure?
Definition
INspiration occurs=
air rushes into lungs
Term
when intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure?
Definition
PASSIVE EXspiration occurs=
elastic tissue of lungs causes them to recoil to their original smaller size
Term
how does forced exspiration occur?
Definition
several muscles including internal intercostals decrease height and diameter of lungs
Term
negative pressure
Definition
when intrapulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure
=
inspiration occurs
Term
carbon dioxide is tranpsorted through the blood primarily as
Definition
bicarbonate
Term
the enzyme that converts carbon dioxide into water and carbonic acid is
Definition
carbonic anhydrase
Term
The conditon emphysema results in loss of elastic recoil of the lung tissue. What effect would it have on breathing?
Definition
make expiration more difficult
=
PASSIVE EXspiration requires
elastic tissue of lungs causes them to recoil to their original smaller size

forced: require the action of several muscles including intercostals
Term
Why SHOULD a person breath into a paper bag when hyperventilating?
Definition
rebreath CO2 that was being lossed
Term
Why SHOULD a person breath into a paper bag when hyperventilating?
Definition
rebreath CO2 that was being lossed
Term
why shouldnt breath into a paper bag when hyperventilating?
Definition
you could be having a MI because your cell are experiencing low O2 and reihaling your CO2 is useless
Term
Why might you have difficulty breathing at higher altitudes, where the atmospheric pressure is low?
Definition
The lower air pressure reduces the amount of oxygen that crosses between the lungs and the bloodstream
=
ou simply do not get as much oxygen per breath due to the lower outside pressure, and you sense that as breathlessness.
Term
a patient presents in a state of of ketoacdiosis(blood pH drops due to all-fat, no carb diet). Will the person be hyperventilating or hypoventilating?
Definition
low blood pH =
hyperventilation
Term
structures less than 1mm in diameter
Definition
bronchioles
Term
structures less than 0.5 mm in diameter
Definition
terminal bronchioles
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