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Respiratory, Urinary and Digestive Systems
Respiratory, Urinary and Digestive Systems
30
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/07/2012

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Term
Urea
Definition
Toxic substances excreted by the body to get rid of waste products.
Term
Functions of the Urinary System
Definition
Excretion of organic waster, regulation of blood volume and blood pressure, conservation of nutrients, production of hormones, and regulation of pH
Term
renal cortex
Definition
the outer portion of the kidney between the renal capsule and the renal medulla, where urine production starts.
Term
renal medulla
Definition
innermost portion of the kidney. includes renal pyramids and papillae. contains structures called nephrons that are responsible for mainting the salt and water balance of the blood.
Term
renal pyramid
Definition
cone-shaped structures in the kidney formed by parallel segments of nephrons. all urine processing takes place here.
Term
renal papillae
Definition
region where the renal pyramids empty urine into the minor calyx
Term
minor/major calyx
Definition
passageway for urine from the renal pyramids (papillae) to the renal pelvis. pacemaker cells in the walls of the structure propels urine through the renal pelvis and ureters.
Term
nephron
Definition
functional unit of the kidney. chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble ions such as sodium by filtering blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.
Term
cortical nephrons
Definition
nephrons that have shorter loops and are contained in the renal cortex. 85% of all nephrons
Term
juxtamedullary nephrons
Definition
nephrons that have longer loops that extend into the medulla. 15% of all nephrons. work to concentrate urine in emergency situations (when the body is dehydrated)
Term
processes of the nephron
Definition
filtration (blood enters glomerulus which pushes plasma from blood), reabsorption (removes useful things such as glucose, amino acids, sodium and returns them to blood), secretion, water conservation (water reabsorbed into blood)
Term
renal corpuscule
Definition
initial blood-filtering component of the nephron (includes glormerulus and bowman's capsule)
Term
glomerulus
Definition
tuft of capillaries that performs the first step of filtering blood in the nephron. surrounded by the bowman's capsule
Term
bowman's capsule
Definition
a cup-like sac that surrounds the glomerulus. fluids are filtered out of the glomerulus into this structure and then further processed in the nephron
Term
afferent arterioles
Definition
blood supply to the glomerulus.
Term
efferent arterioles
Definition
exit of blood from the glomerulus
Term
loop of henle (nephron loop)
Definition
portion of nephron that leads from PCT to the DCT. Main function is to concentrate urine and to reabsorb sodium and water.
Term
proximal convoluted tubules
Definition
portion of the nephron that leads from the Bowman's capsule to the loop of henle
Term
distal convoluted tubules
Definition
portion of nephron between loop of henle and collecting duct system. close proximity to the glomerulus.
Term
juxtaglomerular apparatus
Definition
microscopic structure that regulates the function of each nephron. found near the glomerulus. produces hormones to regulate blood flow and filtration rate.
Term
collecting system
Definition
contains collecting systems and collecting ducts. collect urine from the DCT
Term
antidiuretic hormone
Definition
responsible for increasing water absorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney nephron.
Term
peritubular capillaries
Definition
tiny vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and nephron.
Term
rugae
Definition
folds in the lining of the bladder
Term
detrusor muscle
Definition
3 layers of smooth muscle in the bladder
Term
urethra
Definition
transports urine out of the body
Term
internal urethral sphincter
Definition
urinary sphincter (involuntary) composed of smooth muscle
Term
external urethral sphincter
Definition
urinary sphincter made of skeletal muscle, under voluntary control
Term
pancreas
Definition
gland organ of digestive system that produces insulin, glucagon, and digestive enzymes that assist in the absorption of nutrients.
Term
gall bladder
Definition
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