Term
| Respiratory system's functions - specify the primary one |
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Definition
Primary - exchange gases to supply the body with O2 and to eliminate CO2
-Generates sound
-Houses the sensory receptors for olfaction |
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Term
| What are the 2 distinct portions of the respiratory tract that ensure constant gas exchange? |
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Definition
1. Conducting portion
2. Respiratory portion |
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Term
| What are the functions of the conducting portion? (2) |
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Definition
1. Maintains an open airway for constant air exchange
2. "Conditions" the air |
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Term
| What holds the conducting portion open? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which organs does the conducting portion include? |
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Definition
| Nasal Cavity through bronchi |
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Term
| What is the function of the respiratory portion? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which organs does the respiratory portion include? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the 1st organ of the respiratory tract? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the nasal cavity? |
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Definition
| Conditions (cleans) the air |
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Term
| What kind of epithelium line the nasal cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the olfactory epithelium? |
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Definition
| In the roof of the nasal cavity |
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Term
| What cranial nerves are stimulated by odors? |
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Definition
| Neurons of cranial nerve I |
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Term
| What cell types are found in respiratory epithelium? (2) |
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Definition
1. Goblet cells - secrete mucus to trap particles that are inhaled
2. Ciliated cells - beat mucus out of the tract |
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Term
| What are the 2 functions of the nasal conchae? |
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Definition
1. Increase surface area
2. Make the air swirl as it passes through |
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Term
| What are the nasal conchae? |
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Definition
| Bony ridges in the nasal cavity |
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Term
| What organ is part of both the respiratory and digestive tracts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 segments of the pharynx and where is each located? |
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Definition
1. Nasopharynx - behind nasal cavity, above soft palate, respiratory tract only, auditory tube opens here
2. Oropharynx - behind oral cavity, between palate and epiglottis, both respiratory and digestive
3. Laryngopharynx - behind the larynx, splits to the esophagus and larynx, both respiratory and digestive |
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Term
| Which structure opens into the nasopharynx? |
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Definition
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Term
| What prevents food and liquids from entering the larynx? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the larynx? (2) |
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Definition
1. Conducts air
2. Produces sound - "voice box" |
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Term
| What are the 3 cartilages of the larynx that ensure that it's open at all times? |
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Definition
1. Thyroid (Adam's apple)
2. Cricoid
3. Arytenoid (attachment for vocal cord) |
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Term
| What determine pitch on the vocal cords? |
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Definition
Length and tension
(Size of larynx/thyroid cartilage) |
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Term
| Why are males voices usually deeper? |
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Definition
-larger thyroid cartilages/longer and looser vocal cords
-due to higher levels of testosterone
female vocal cord = more rounded |
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Term
| What can close/open the airway? |
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Definition
| Changing position of vocal cords |
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Term
| What size is the airway when speaking to control sounds? |
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Definition
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Term
| what holds open the trachea? And what lines it? |
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Definition
-held open by C-shaped rings of cartilage
-respiratory epithelium |
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Term
| Where is the trachea relative to the esophagus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do the bronchi enter the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can you distinguish between the right and left lungs? |
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Definition
| right has 3 lobes and left has 2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Where all vessels, nerves etc enter and exit |
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Term
| List the bronchi in order of their branching |
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Definition
-Primary
-Secondary
-Tertiary |
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Term
| What prevents the bronchi from collapsing? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are bronchioles different from bronchi? (2) |
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Definition
1. Thinner walls without cartilage
2. Branch to form air sacs where gas exchange occurs - in alveoli |
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Term
| So gas exchange can occur, alveoli do not have ________ ________, but _______ _______ _________. |
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Definition
Respiratory epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium |
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Term
| Why are the alveoli lined by simple squamous epithelium? |
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Definition
| To reduce the barrier between the blood and the air |
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Term
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Definition
| Squamous cells that form a thin barrier to allow gas exchange |
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Term
| What is the function of type II cells? |
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Definition
| Secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension |
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Term
| What is the function of alveolar macrophages? |
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Definition
| Phagocytose debris in the alveolus |
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Term
| How does the diaphragm control inhalation? |
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Definition
It contracts and descends which increases size and decreases pressure in the thorax
Air rushed IN |
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Term
| How does the diaphragm control exhalation? |
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Definition
It relaxes and ascends which decreases size and increases pressure in the thorax
Air rushes OUT |
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Term
| Does the diaphragm contract during inhalation or exhalation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the elastic fibers in the alveolar walls do? |
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Definition
| Abundant in walls to help lungs spring back and push air out--facilitate exhilation |
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Term
| Which disease destroys elastic fibers? |
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Definition
| Emphysema, causes hyper-inflated lungs and a flattened diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
Genetic predisposition
Smoking damages the elastic fibers
Alveoli fuse and are grossly visible
Surface area for gas exchange severely reduced
Exhalation is difficult - shortness of breath
Can't fully oxygenate blood |
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Term
| What surrounds the lung to reduce friction and prevent damage to its surface? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 2 layers of the pleural sac and describe their positions |
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Definition
1. Visceral Pleura - on the surface of lungs
2. Parietal Pleura - lining the thoracic wall |
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Term
| What separates the two layers of the pleural sac from each other? |
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Definition
| a thin, fluid filled cavity |
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Term
| What occurs when someone has pneumonia? |
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Definition
Alveoli fill with fluid and/or cells
Gas exchange is severely reduced |
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