Term
| What structures are located outside the lungs? |
|
Definition
| Nose, Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea |
|
|
Term
| What Structures are located Inside the lungs |
|
Definition
| Main bronchi, Intrapulmonary bronchi, Bronchioles, Terminal bronchioles, Alveoli |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the external part of the nose? |
|
Definition
| External and internal nares, Lateral and alar cartilage (thicker) septal catrilage (down the centre), root, bridge, and apex of the nose |
|
|
Term
What are the hair like structure in the nose called?
And what function do they have? |
|
Definition
Vibrissae
Filter out coarse particles |
|
|
Term
| Where is the Olfactory Mucosa found and what does it do? |
|
Definition
Lining the slit like cavity at the top of the nasal cavity
Contains smell receptors |
|
|
Term
| What type of Epithelial Lining is the Respiratory Mucosa? |
|
Definition
| Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar cells |
|
|
Term
| How much does the respiratory mucosa secrete per day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Natural antibiotic proteins found in respiratory epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the bed of veins under the respiratory epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What function does the Vascular Plexus serve? |
|
Definition
| Helps regulate temperature of inhaled air |
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to the three mucosa covered projections in the nasal cavity and what is their function? |
|
Definition
Conchae
Causes air to swirl, dropping large particles into the mucous |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the Paranasal Sinuses |
|
Definition
| Lighten the skull, Help warms and moisten air, Allow for sound resonance |
|
|
Term
| Where are the Maxillary sinuses found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the Frontal Sinuses found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the Sphenoid Sinuses found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does sinus mucus drain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the three regions of the Pharynx. |
|
Definition
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
|
|
|
Term
| What are some features unique to the Oropharynx? |
|
Definition
Extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis
Passes both food and air
Has a stratified squamous epithelium to protect it from the friction and chemical trauma caused by food |
|
|
Term
| Where is the Uvula located and what does it do? |
|
Definition
At the back of the oral cavity
It cuts off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx when eating |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the tubes that drain from the middle air into the nasopharynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Laryngeal Prominance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many bits of cartilage are located in the larynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What shape is the cartilage of the Trachea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Trachealis and where is it found? |
|
Definition
Smooth muscle associated with the trachea
It is found on the posterior aspect of the trachea |
|
|
Term
| Where is the trachea in relation to the Oesophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does smoking affect the Trachea? |
|
Definition
Destroys cilia
This means that coughing is the only way of clearing the respiratory system of mucus |
|
|
Term
| What is the point where the trachea branches off into the right and left primary bronchiole called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the lobes of the right lung? |
|
Definition
| Superior, Middle, Inferior |
|
|
Term
| What fissure(s) is/are located on the right lung? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the radius of the Terminal Bronchioles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are cilia or mucus secreting cells found in the bronchioles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are cilia or mucus secreting cells found in the alveoli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alveoli are open at one end, true or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type I Pneumocytes secrete surfactant, true or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Type I Pneumocyte needed for? |
|
Definition
| To create a thin, flat membrane with a large surface area |
|
|
Term
| What are Type II Pneumocytes needed for? |
|
Definition
| Production and secretion of surfactant |
|
|
Term
| What is the Posterior boundary of the Thoracic cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is found in the Thoracic Cavity? |
|
Definition
| The heart, lungs and major vessels |
|
|
Term
| The mediastinum covers everything but the lungs in the thoracic cavity, true or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are the lungs found in two separate Pleura or one joint Pleura? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pleura are Serous Membranes. What functions does this give them? |
|
Definition
Low-friction movement
Reduced surface tension and adhesion
Attachment to the Thoracic wall |
|
|
Term
| Sternocostal joints join what together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Costochondral joints are what type of joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intercondral joints are what type of joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve inhibits the Diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tendon where the Diaphragm connects to called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| External intercosal muscle are help with expiration or inspiration and run like...? |
|
Definition
Inspiration
Run like hands into your pocket |
|
|
Term
| A greater atmospheric pressure outside the lungs will result in movement of air where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Resting expiration is passive, true or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes passive expiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gas exchange across the alveolar membrane occurs due to what process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the atmosphere, roughly what percentage is Oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the atmosphere, roughly what percentage is Carbon dioxide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant element in the atmosphere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At a high altitude there will be a lower concentration of oxygen than at a low altitude, true or false? |
|
Definition
| False, they stay the same |
|
|
Term
| What do the lungs need to over come inorder for them to expand? |
|
Definition
Stiffness/elasticity of the lungs
The effects of suface tension |
|
|
Term
| What problem may prematurely born babies face and why? (to do with the lungs) |
|
Definition
Not enough surfactant
Surfactant isn't produced until the 4th month |
|
|
Term
| What causes Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrom (ARDS)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two ways of Measuring Lung Function? |
|
Definition
- Spirometry
- Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)
|
|
|
Term
| What is the normal value given for Tidal Volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Expiratory Reserve Volume? |
|
Definition
| The volume that is reached during a forced expiration, below the normal expiration |
|
|
Term
| What is the Functional Residual Capacity? |
|
Definition
| The volume left in the lungs after a normal expiration |
|
|
Term
| What FEV1/FVC ratio and below indicates an airway obstruction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Obstructive lung disease and Restrictive lung disease? |
|
Definition
Obstrictive: Resistance to flow is increased
Restrictive: Lung volume is decreased |
|
|
Term
| What is Dead Space and what is the typical value for it? |
|
Definition
The inhaled air that never reaches the alveoli
150ml |
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for Alveolar Ventilation? |
|
Definition
| Alveolar Ventilation = frequency x (Tidal V - Dead Space) |
|
|
Term
| How much oxygen do we roughly consume at rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much Carbon Dioxide can we produce during exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxygen diffuses faster than Carbon dioxide, true or false? |
|
Definition
| False, carbon dioxide diffuses 20 times faster |
|
|
Term
| Emphysema is a disease that results in what? |
|
Definition
| Reduced total surface area of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| Fibrosis is a disease that results in what? |
|
Definition
| The thickening of the alveolar membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is typical value for Partial Pressure of Oxygen in the Atmosphere? (mmHg) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is typical value for Ventilated Partial Pressure of Oxygen? (mmHg) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is typical value for Arteriole Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide? (mmHg) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two ways Oxygen are Transported in the body? |
|
Definition
Dissolved (minimal)
Bound to haemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| What is advantageous about the steep beginning to the Oxygen Dissociation Curve? |
|
Definition
| It means that lots oxygen will be unloaded at low partial pressures such as at the tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal amount of haemoglobin (per litre) in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for working out oxygen content in the blood? |
|
Definition
| Content = 1.34 x Hb x Sat/100 + 0.03 x PO2 |
|
|
Term
| What does Anaemia arise from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Carbon monoxide have a higher or lower affinity for haemoglobin than Oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Bohr effect describe? |
|
Definition
| Shifts of the line on the Oxygen Dissociation Curve |
|
|
Term
| At a low temperature the oxygen dissociate curve will shift to the...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With increased levels of 2,3 BPG in the tissue, the oxygen dissociate curve will shift to the...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2,3 BPG is a by-product of what metabolic reaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the three methods of transport of Carbon dioxide in the blood, and the total proportion each one occurs in. |
|
Definition
- Dissolved (10%)
- As Bicarbonate (70%)
- Bound to proteins (20%)
|
|
|
Term
| Does Carbon dioxide bind to the haem group on haemoglobin? |
|
Definition
| No. It binds allosterically |
|
|
Term
| What does the Haldane Effect describe? |
|
Definition
| The affinity of Carbon Dioxide for Haemoglobin |
|
|
