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Respiratory Tract
N/A
88
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/07/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What structures are located outside the lungs?
Definition
Nose, Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea
Term
What Structures are located Inside the lungs
Definition
Main bronchi, Intrapulmonary bronchi, Bronchioles, Terminal bronchioles, Alveoli
Term
What makes up the external part of the nose?
Definition
External and internal nares, Lateral and alar cartilage (thicker) septal catrilage (down the centre), root, bridge, and apex of the nose
Term

What are the hair like structure in the nose called?

 

And what function do they have?

Definition

Vibrissae

 

Filter out coarse particles

Term
Where is the Olfactory Mucosa found and what does it do?
Definition

Lining the slit like cavity at the top of the nasal cavity

 

Contains smell receptors

Term
What type of Epithelial Lining is the Respiratory Mucosa?
Definition
Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar cells
Term
How much does the respiratory mucosa secrete per day?
Definition
1 litre
Term
What are Defensins
Definition
Natural antibiotic proteins found in respiratory epithelial cells
Term
What is the name of the bed of veins under the respiratory epithelium?
Definition
Vascular plexus
Term
What function does the Vascular Plexus serve?
Definition
Helps regulate temperature of inhaled air
Term
What is the name given to the three mucosa covered projections in the nasal cavity and what is their function?
Definition

Conchae

 

Causes air to swirl, dropping large particles into the mucous

Term
What are the functions of the Paranasal Sinuses
Definition
Lighten the skull, Help warms and moisten air, Allow for sound resonance
Term
Where are the Maxillary sinuses found?
Definition
Above the jaw
Term
Where are the Frontal Sinuses found
Definition
Above the eyes
Term
Where are the Sphenoid Sinuses found?
Definition
Temples
Term
Where does sinus mucus drain?
Definition
Into the throat
Term
Name the three regions of the Pharynx.
Definition
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
Term
What are some features unique to the Oropharynx?
Definition

Extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis

Passes both food and air

Has a stratified squamous epithelium to protect it from the friction and chemical trauma caused by food

Term
Where is the Uvula located and what does it do?
Definition

At the back of the oral cavity

 

It cuts off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx when eating

Term
What is the name of the tubes that drain from the middle air into the nasopharynx?
Definition
Auditory tubes
Term
What is the Laryngeal Prominance?
Definition
The Adam's Apple
Term
How many bits of cartilage are located in the larynx?
Definition
9
Term
What shape is the cartilage of the Trachea?
Definition
'C'-shaped
Term
What is the Trachealis and where is it found?
Definition

Smooth muscle associated with the trachea

 

It is found on the posterior aspect of the trachea

Term
Where is the trachea in relation to the Oesophagus?
Definition
Anterior
Term
How does smoking affect the Trachea?
Definition

Destroys cilia

 

This means that coughing is the only way of clearing the respiratory system of mucus

Term
What is the point where the trachea branches off into the right and left primary bronchiole called?
Definition
Carina
Term
What are the names of the lobes of the right lung?
Definition
Superior, Middle, Inferior
Term
What fissure(s) is/are located on the right lung?
Definition
Oblique
Term
What is the radius of the Terminal Bronchioles
Definition
< 0.05mm
Term
Are cilia or mucus secreting cells found in the bronchioles?
Definition
No
Term
Are cilia or mucus secreting cells found in the alveoli?
Definition
No
Term
Alveoli are open at one end, true or false?
Definition
True
Term
Type I Pneumocytes secrete surfactant, true or false?
Definition
False
Term
What is the Type I Pneumocyte needed for?
Definition
To create a thin, flat membrane with a large surface area
Term
What are Type II Pneumocytes needed for?
Definition
Production and secretion of surfactant
Term
What is the Posterior boundary of the Thoracic cavity?
Definition
The Vetebrae
Term
What is found in the Thoracic Cavity?
Definition
The heart, lungs and major vessels
Term
The mediastinum covers everything but the lungs in the thoracic cavity, true or false?
Definition
True
Term
Are the lungs found in two separate Pleura or one joint Pleura?
Definition
Two separate pleura
Term
The pleura are Serous Membranes. What functions does this give them?
Definition

Low-friction movement

Reduced surface tension and adhesion

Attachment to the Thoracic wall

Term
Sternocostal joints join what together?
Definition
Ribs and Sternum
Term
Costochondral joints are what type of joint?
Definition
Cartilaginous
Term
Intercondral joints are what type of joint?
Definition
Synovial
Term
What nerve inhibits the Diaphragm?
Definition
Phrenic nerve
Term
What is the tendon where the Diaphragm connects to called?
Definition
Central Tendon
Term
External intercosal muscle are help with expiration or inspiration and run like...?
Definition

Inspiration

 

Run like hands into your pocket

Term
A greater atmospheric pressure outside the lungs will result in movement of air where?
Definition
Into the lungs
Term
Resting expiration is passive, true or false?
Definition
True
Term
What causes passive expiration?
Definition
Elastin
Term
Gas exchange across the alveolar membrane occurs due to what process?
Definition
Simple diffusion
Term
In the atmosphere, roughly what percentage is Oxygen?
Definition
20%
Term
In the atmosphere, roughly what percentage is Carbon dioxide?
Definition
0.03%
Term
What is the most abundant element in the atmosphere?
Definition
Nitrogen (80%)
Term
At a high altitude there will be a lower concentration of oxygen than at a low altitude, true or false?
Definition
False, they stay the same
Term
What do the lungs need to over come inorder for them to expand?
Definition

Stiffness/elasticity of the lungs

The effects of suface tension

Term
What problem may prematurely born babies face and why? (to do with the lungs)
Definition

Not enough surfactant

 

Surfactant isn't produced until the 4th month

Term
What causes Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrom (ARDS)?
Definition
Trauma
Term
What are two ways of Measuring Lung Function?
Definition
  1. Spirometry
  2. Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)
Term
What is the normal value given for Tidal Volume?
Definition
500ml
Term
What is the Expiratory Reserve Volume?
Definition
The volume that is reached during a forced expiration, below the normal expiration
Term
What is the Functional Residual Capacity?
Definition
The volume left in the lungs after a normal expiration
Term
What FEV1/FVC ratio and below indicates an airway obstruction?
Definition
< 70%
Term
What is the difference between Obstructive lung disease and Restrictive lung disease?
Definition

Obstrictive: Resistance to flow is increased

 

Restrictive: Lung volume is decreased

Term
What is Dead Space and what is the typical value for it?
Definition

The inhaled air that never reaches the alveoli

 

150ml

Term
What is the formula for Alveolar Ventilation?
Definition
Alveolar Ventilation = frequency x (Tidal V - Dead Space)
Term
How much oxygen do we roughly consume at rest?
Definition
250ml
Term
How much Carbon Dioxide can we produce during exercise?
Definition
> 5 L/min
Term
Oxygen diffuses faster than Carbon dioxide, true or false?
Definition
False, carbon dioxide diffuses 20 times faster
Term
Emphysema is a disease that results in what?
Definition
Reduced total surface area of the lungs
Term
Fibrosis is a disease that results in what?
Definition
The thickening of the alveolar membrane
Term
What is typical value for Partial Pressure of Oxygen in the Atmosphere? (mmHg)
Definition
159 mmHg
Term
What is typical value for Ventilated Partial Pressure of Oxygen? (mmHg)
Definition
40mmHg
Term
What is typical value for Arteriole Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide? (mmHg)
Definition
40mmHg
Term
What are the two ways Oxygen are Transported in the body?
Definition

Dissolved (minimal)

Bound to haemoglobin

Term
What is advantageous about the steep beginning to the Oxygen Dissociation Curve?
Definition
It means that lots oxygen will be unloaded at low partial pressures such as at the tissues
Term
What is the normal amount of haemoglobin (per litre) in the blood?
Definition
150 g/L
Term
What is the formula for working out oxygen content in the blood?
Definition
Content = 1.34 x Hb x Sat/100 + 0.03 x PO2
Term
What does Anaemia arise from?
Definition
Low Haemoglobin levels
Term
Does Carbon monoxide have a higher or lower affinity for haemoglobin than Oxygen?
Definition
Higher
Term
What does the Bohr effect describe?
Definition
Shifts of the line on the Oxygen Dissociation Curve
Term
At a low temperature the oxygen dissociate curve will shift to the...?
Definition
Left
Term
With increased levels of 2,3 BPG in the tissue, the oxygen dissociate curve will shift to the...?
Definition
Right
Term
2,3 BPG is a by-product of what metabolic reaction?
Definition
Glycolysis
Term
Name the three methods of transport of Carbon dioxide in the blood, and the total proportion each one occurs in.
Definition
  1. Dissolved (10%)
  2. As Bicarbonate (70%)
  3. Bound to proteins (20%)
Term
Does Carbon dioxide bind to the haem group on haemoglobin?
Definition
No. It binds allosterically
Term
What does the Haldane Effect describe?
Definition
The affinity of Carbon Dioxide for Haemoglobin
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