Term
| Functions of the Respiratory System |
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Definition
| provides an airway for movement of air into and out of the body. It is also the site where atmospheric oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream to be delivered to all body cells, and carbon dioxide produced by these cells diffuses out of the bloodstream to be exhaled into the atmosphere. This gas exchange takes a coordinated effort of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| nose to the terminal bronchioles |
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Term
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Definition
| respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli |
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Term
| The nose is composed of what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The _____________ is highly vascularized and is the site of nosebleeds. It allows air to warm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Beneath each nasal concha is a concavity called a _______, which increases surface area in the nose. When incoming air passes over the vascularized mucous membranes of the _______, the air is warmed and humidified. |
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Term
| The pharynx is broken up into 3 parts |
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Definition
| nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
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Term
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Definition
| a weird bone in the throat |
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Term
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Definition
| ________or voice box connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea. This organ consists of nine hyaline cartilages and houses the vocal cords. |
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Term
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Definition
| Just as a tree has a trunk, branches, twigs, and fruit, the lower airways have a trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. If the trachea and bronchi were inverted, they would resemble the branches of a tree, hence the name _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| The ______ or windpipe is a tube-like conduit that conducts air from the larynx to the bronchi. It is located anterior to the esophagus and can be palpated on the anterior surface of the neck. When palpating the trachea, horizontal tracheal cartilages that keep the airway open can be felt as bumps one on top of the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| The two _____ are divided into three lobes on the right side and two lobes on the left. The three right lobes are the superior, middle, and inferior lobes. The rounded superior part of the lung is the apex, and the broader inferior part is the base, which rests on the diaphragm. The left lobe has a concave surface called the cardiac notch, which ash the apex of the heart projecting into it. Each lung has has a hilum, an area surrounded with pleura, where the bronchi, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter or exit the medial side of the lung. The lungs are in the thoracic cavity and are separated from each other by the heart and the mediastinum. Parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity wall, and visceral pleura covers the surface of each lung. The pleural cavity is the space between the two pleural layers that contains pleural fluid. |
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Term
| Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. |
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Definition
| The mucous membranes of the upper airways are lined with ___________ |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete viscous mucus that traps dust and other particles. |
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Term
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Definition
| beat to move mucus toward the pharynx to be swallowed. |
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Term
| Stratified Squamous epithelium |
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Definition
| The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common areas for both the digestive and respiratory systems. Since abrasive food particles will travel through these two structures, they are lined with nonkeratinized ________. The multilayers of this type of epithelium protect the underlying tissue. This epithelium continues into the upper part of the larynx. |
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Term
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium, simple columnar, simple cuboidal |
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Definition
| Deeper into the bronchial tree, the epithelium gradually changes from high ____ to _____ and finally to ______, with an accompanying gradual loss of cilia. |
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Term
| simple squamous epthelium |
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Definition
| The respiratory zone structures (respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli) all have _________ that allows the highly vascularized alveoli to facilitate diffusion of respiratory gases, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ or breating, is the movement of air between the atmosphere and the lungs that occurs when we inhale (inhalation) and exhale (exhalation). |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ is the movement of oxygen from the alveoli into pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide from pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ is the movement of oxygen from capillaries into body cells and carbon dioxide from body cells into capillaries. |
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Term
| What respiratory structures have pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia |
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Definition
| Nasal cavity, Paranasal sinuses, Nasopharynx, larynx (below vocal cords), trachea, primary bronchi |
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Term
| What respiratory structures have stratified squamous epithelia |
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Definition
| Oropharynx, laryngopharynx, Larynx (vocal golds and above) |
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Term
| What respiratory structure has simple columnar with fewer cilia |
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Definition
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Term
| What respiratory structure has simple columnar with no cilia |
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Definition
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Term
| What respiratory structure has simple cuboidal with no cilia |
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Definition
| end of tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, including terminal bronchioles |
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Term
| What respiratory structure begins as simple cuboidal but ends as simple squamous |
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Definition
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Term
| What respiratory structure has simple squamous epithelia? |
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Definition
| Alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| The ____ is dome-shaped when relaxed and flattens when contracted. When the diaphragm flattens, the length of the thoracic cavity and its volume increases. |
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Term
| External intercostal muscles |
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Definition
| During quiet inhalation, contraction of the ______ further increases the width of the thoracic cage by raising the ribs. |
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Term
| Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and pectoralis minor muscles |
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Definition
| During quite inhalation, contraction of the ______, _____, and _____ causes a greater increase in thoracic volume during forced inhalation by elevating the rib cage and sternum, resulting in a greater volume of air inhaled. |
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Term
| internal intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles (external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis and rectus abdominis) |
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Definition
| In forced exhalation, contraction of the ______ depresses the rib cage. Contraction of the _____, and _____ pushes the diaphragm superiorly, further decreasing thoracic volume and resulting in a greater volume of exhaled air. |
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Term
| Pressure changes during pulmonary ventilation |
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Definition
| As the thorax expands, the parietal pleura attached to the internal thoracic wall is pulled outward. The pleural cavity slightly increases in volume causing a decrease in intrapleural pressure, the pressure between the pleural layers. The decrease in intrapleural pressure and the surface tension of pleural fluid cause the visceral pleura, and therefore the lungs, to be pulled outward. As the lungs increase in volume, the alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure decreases to below atmospheric pressure, and air enters the lungs. When the thorax decreases in size the lungs recoil, causing intrapleural pressure and alveolar pressure to increase, and air leaves the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| An instrument used to measure lung volumes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one normal breath (500mL) |
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Term
| Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
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Definition
| Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation (3,100mL). IC-TV |
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Term
| Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) |
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Definition
| Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation (1,200mL) TV-IC |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal exhalation (1,200mL) |
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Term
| Inspiratory capacity (IC) |
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Definition
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Term
| Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Maximum volume of air expelled after a maximal inhalation (4,800mL).
VC = IRV + TV + ERV |
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Term
| Total Lung Capacity (TLC) |
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Definition
| TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV (6,000mL) |
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