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CH. 21: IMMUNE SYSTEM
important ideas and vocab; anatomy and physiology
41
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
10/04/2015

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Cards

Term
PATHOGEN
Definition
A MICROORGANISM CAPABLE OF CAUSING DISEASE AND TISSUE DAMAGE
Term
3 LINES OF DEFENSE (HUMAN BODY)
Definition

1. SURFACE BARRIERS (EX: EXTERNAL BODY MEMBRANES)

 

2. INTERNAL DEFENSE (EX: CELLS, INFLAMATION, ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS, FEVER)

 

3. SPECIFIC IMMUNITY (EX: HUMORAL- ANTIBODY MEDIATED, CELL MEDIATED)

Term
PHAGOCYTIC PROCESS
Definition

1. PHAGOCYTE BINDS TO MICROBE

2. PATHOGEN IS ENDOCYTOSED

3. PHAGOCYTIC VESICLE COMBINES WITH LYSOSOME

4. MICROBE DESTRUCTION AND DIGESTION

5. EXOCYTOSIS OF RESIDUAL BODY

 

Term

PHAGOCYTE

(ROLE IN INTERNAL DEFENSE)

Definition

ENVELOPE AND DESTROY PATHOGENS

 

MACROPHAGES (TEMPORARY OR FIXED) DEVELOP AND RESIDE IN TISSUES

NEUTROPHILS ARE MOST ABUNDANT WBC's BECOME PHAGOCYTIC

EOSINOPHILS ARE WEAKLY PHAGOCYTIC AGAINST PARASITES

Term
OSPONIZATION
Definition
CREATING PROTEIN "HANDLES" FOR PHAGOCYTE TO BIND TO
Term
NATURAL KILLER CELLS (NKC)
Definition

PERFORM IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE

DESTROY BY SIMULATING APOPTOSIS

ABLE TO RECOGNIZE AND DESTROY PATHOGENS SPECIFICALLY

Term
APOPTOSIS
Definition
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH
Term

INTERNAL DEFENSES

(PURPOSE, CARDIANL SIGNS, EVENTS)

Definition

PURPOSE: PREVENT, DISPOSE, CLEAR

 

CARDINAL SIGNS: HEAT, REDNESS, SWELLING, PAIN

 

EVENTS: CHEMICHAL RELEASE, VASODIALATION, EDEMA, PHAGOCYTIC MOBILIZAITON

Term
DAMAGED TISSUES RELASE WHAT CHEMICHALS?
Definition

HISTAMINE

CYTOKINES

KININS

PROTAGLANDINS

LEUKOTRIENES

COMPLEMENT

 

*ALL CAUSE VASODIALATION + OTHER THINGS*

Term
HYPEREMIA
Definition

INCREASED BLOOD FLOW TO AREA;

LEADS TO REDNESS AND HEAT

Term
EDEMA
Definition

FLUID SEEPS INTO TISSUE SPACE CAUSING SWELLING


DILUTES TOXINS

 

DELIVERS HELPFUL INFLAMMATORY PROEITINS

 

Term

PHAGOCYTIC MOBILIZATION

(WHAT ARE THE STEPS?)

Definition

1. LEUKOCYTOSIS

2. MARGINATION

3. DIAPEDESIS

4. CHEMOTAXIS

Term
LEUKOCYTOSIS
Definition
DAMAGED CELLS RELEASE LEUKOCYTOSIS-INDUCING FACTORS PROMOTING RAPID RELEASE OF NEUTROPHILS FROM BONE MARROW
Term
MAGINATION
Definition

BLOOD FLOW SLOW AT INFLAMMED AREA

NEUTROPHILS ROLL ALONG CAPILARY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS WHICH INCORPORATE CELL ADHESION MOLECULES (CAMs)

NEUTROPHILS CLING TO WALL IN INFECTED AREA

Term
DIAPEDESIS
Definition
NEUTROPHILS SQUEEZE BETWEEN CAPILARY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
Term
CHEMOTAXIS
Definition

INFLAMMATORY CHEMICHALS ACT AS "HOMING SIGNALS" ATTRACTING WBCs AND OTHER NEUTROPHILS

 

MONOCYTES FOLLOW AFTER NEUTROPHILS - DEVELOP INTO MACROPHAGES WITHIN 12 HOURS, REPLACING SHORT LIVED NEUTROPHILS

Term
INTERERONS (IFNs)
Definition

GENERALIZED ANTIVIRAL PROTEINS

 

...SECRETED BY CELLS SUCCUMBING TO VIRAL ATTACK AS A WARNING TO OTHERS

 

BLOCK DNA SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADE VIRAL RNA

 

ACTIVATE MACROPHAGES AND NK CELLS (ANTI-CANCEROUS EFFECT)

Term

COMPLEMENT

(DEFINITION, ACTIVATION, FUNCTION)

Definition

DEFINITIONN: GROUP OF 20+ PLASMA PROTEINS CIRCULATING IN ACTIVE FORM; ENHANCE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

 

ACTIVATION: CLASSICAL PATHWAY- COMPLEMENT FIXATION- ANTIBODY BINDS TO PATHOGEN, C1 PROTEIN BIND TO ANTIBODY-PATHOGEN COMPLEX

-OR-

ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY- FACTORS B, D & P BIND TO POLYACCHARIDES ON PATHOGEN

*BOTH RESULT IN CLEAVAGE OF F3, C3a, C3b

 

FUNCTIONS: CELL LYSIS (C3b & MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX [MAC]), PROMOTION OF PHAGOCYTOSIS (C3b), ENHANCED INFLAMMATION (C3a)

Term
PRYOGENS
Definition

CHEMICHALS THAT RESET BODY'S HYPOTHALAMIC THERMOSTAT

PRODUCED BY LEUKOCYTES EXPOSED TO FOREIGN PROTEINS 

CAUSE SYSTEMIC RISE IN BODY TEMPS. 

Term
WHAT ARE THE TWO ADAPTIVE RESPONSE SYSTEMS?
Definition

1. ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY (A.K.A.- HUMORAL IMMUNITY) 

2. CCELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY 

Term

COMPLETE ANTIGEN

(IMMUNOGENICITY & REACTIVITY)

Definition

IMMUNOGENICITY: ABILITY TO STIMULATE LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION AND ANTIBODY PRODUCTION

 

REACTIVITY: ABILITY TO REACT WITH IMMUNE PRODUCTS-- ACTIVATED LYMPHOCYTES AND ANTIBODIES 

Term
INCOMPLETE ANTIGEN (A.K.A.- HAPTEN)
Definition

A SMALL PEPTIDE 

REACTIVE BUT NOT IMMUNOGENIC 

CAUSES ALLERGIC REACTIONS 

Term
ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS
Definition

ACTIVE SITES ON ANTIGEN THAT BIND WITH IMMUNE PRODUCTS 

*TYPICALLY MANY DIFFERENT ONES 

Term
SELF ANTIGEN
Definition
SURFACE PROTEINS THAT ARE UNIQUE TO AN INDIVIDUAL'S CELLS
Term
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATABILITY COMPLEX (MHC)
Definition

A COLLECTION OF SELF ANTIGEN GLYCOPROTEINS

TWO MAJOR GROUPS: 

1. CLASS 1 MHC

2. CLASS 2 MHC

 

ALL MHC PROTEINS HAVE A SURFACE GROOVE CONTAINING: 

1. PEPTIDE FROM PROTEIN BREAKDOWN IN HEALTHY CELLS

2. FRAGMENT OF FOREING PROTEIN IN INFECTED CELLS 

Term
PRIMARY LYMPHOID TISSUE
Definition

TISSUES WHERE LYMPHOCYTES BECOME...

IMMUNOCOMPETENT 

-OR-

SELF-TOLERANT

 

OCCURS IN BONE MARROW AND THYMUS 

Term
SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUE
Definition

WHERE IMMUNE CELLS CARRY OUT FUNTIONS 

 

OCCURS IN SPLEEN, LYMPH NODES, LYMPHOID FOLLICLES 

Term

ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS (APCs)

 

(DEFINITION, TYPES, PURPOSE)

Definition

DEFINITION: CELLS THAT PHAGOCYTOSE ANTIGEN; ATTRACT THEM BY DISPLAYING A FRAGMENT OF ANTIGEN WITH MHC 2 PROTEINS

 

TYPES: DENDRITIC CELLS, LANGERHANS CELLS, MAGROPHAGES, B LYMPHOCYTES

 

PURPOSE: HELPS T LYMPHOCYTES RECOGNIZE ANTIGENS (THEY CANNOT DO SO ON THEIR OWN) 

Term

ANTIBODY-MEDIATED RESPONSE 

 

(PRIMARY PARTICIPANT, MOST EFFECTIVE AGAINST) 

Definition

PRIMARY PARTICIPANT: B LYMPHOCYTES

*DIFFERENTIATE IN BONE MARROW AND LEAVE IT AS IMMUNOCOMPETENT BUT NAIVE B CELLS

 

MOST EFFECTIVE AGAINST: EXTRACELLUAR ANTIGEN 

(BACTERA, BACTERIAL TOXINS, FREE VIRUSES PRIOR TO CELLULAR INVATIONS) 

Term
NAIVE B CELL
Definition
B CELLS ARE CONSIDERED NAIVE UNTIL THEY ACCTUALLY ENCOUNTER SPECIFIC ANTIGEN
Term
ANIGEN CHALLANGE
Definition

FIRST ENCOUNTER BETWEEN B CELL AND LEARNED ANTIGEN, USUALLY OCCURS IN SPLEEN OR LYMPH NODE

 

ANTIGEN BINDS TO SURFACE RECEPTORS ON B CELLS, STIMULATING COLONAL SELECITON

Term
CLONAL SELCTION
Definition

TRIGGERED BY ENDOCYTOSIS OF CROSS-LINKED RECEPTORS

THIS IS A RAPID PROLIFERATION OF IDENTICAL B CELLS 

 

MOST BECOME PLASMA CELLS- 90%

SOME BECOME MEMORY CELLS- 10%

 

Term
PLASMA CELLS
Definition

B CELLS PRODUCED DURING CLONAL SELECTION

 

PRODUCING HUGE AMOUNT OF ANTIBODYS FOR 4-5 DAYS 

Term
MEMORY CELLS
Definition

B CELLS CREATED DURING CLONAL SELECTION

 

INACTIVE DURING CURRENT INFECITON, THERE TO RESPOND TO SUBSEQUENT INFECITONS 

Term
PRIMARY V. SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
Definition

PRIMARY- INITIAL RESPONSE OF B CELLS

 

SECONDARY- IMMUNE RESPONSE TO SUBSEQUENT INFECITONS, FASTER, LONGER-LASTING, MORE INTENSE 

Term
NAME THE 4 TYPES OF IMMUNE AQUISITION
Definition

1. NATURAL ACTIVE

2. NATURAL PASSIVE

3. ATRIFICIAL ACTIVE

4. ARTIFICIAL PASSIVE 

Term
NATURAL ACTIVE IMMUNE AQUISITION
Definition
INFECTION BY PATHOGEN
Term
NATURAL PASSIVE IMMUNE AQUISITION
Definition
ANTIBODIES PASSED THROUGH PLACENTA AND/OR BREAST MILK
Term
ARTIFICIAL ACTIVE IMMUNE AQUISITION
Definition
IMMUNIZAITON WITH HEAT-KILLED/ ATTENUATED PATHOGEN
Term
ARTIFICIAL PASSIVE IMMUNE AQUISITION
Definition
INFECTION WITH GAMMA GLOBULIN (ANTIBODIES)
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