Term
| What cycle does oxygen go through? |
|
Definition
| Oxygen enters lungs, goes through respiratory tract to alveoli then attaches to hemoglobin on RBC'S and travels to cells. Then the cells send out CO2. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AKA breathing and pulmonary ventilation. Lung level respiration which has a sharing of gases with the outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AKA cellular respiration. Cells take in oxygen and utilize it to create energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iron protein complex that transports about 98% of the oxygen in blood. Located inside of the erythrocytes (RBC) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hemoglobin saturated with oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Insufficient amount of O2 in body |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of hypoxia? |
|
Definition
Hypoxic hypoxia
Hypemic hypoxia
Histotoxic hypoxia
Stagnant hypoxia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lung level problem
Caused by reduced partial pressure and/or smoker's tar in lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blood level problem
Caused by iron deficiency anemia or pernicious anemia and by carbon monoxide poisoning |
|
|
Term
| What is Histotoxic hypoxia? |
|
Definition
Cell level problem
Can be caused by carbon monoxide poisoning or chemical inhilation. |
|
|
Term
| What is stagnant hypoxia? |
|
Definition
Pooling of blood
Caused by lack of circulation, shock, and heart failure |
|
|
Term
| What is atmospheric pressure at sea level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gases are found in the atmosphere? |
|
Definition
Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Other 1%
These amounts never change |
|
|
Term
| What is the external structure of the respiratory system and what is its function? |
|
Definition
Nose-
Designed to take in maximum oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the nasal septum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a diviated septum? |
|
Definition
Septum that is at an angle
If severe enough it may need to be surgically fixed |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 ways we take in oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 advantages of nose breathing? |
|
Definition
Filtration- cilia, mucus, &hairs
Warmth- air passes over blood vessels and gets warmed
Humidify- water from mucus enters air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spaces in the skull used to reduce the skull weight. Connected to the nasal cavity through ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the sinus cavities |
|
|
Term
| Where are the sinuses located? |
|
Definition
In the skull.
The roof of the oral cavity is the floor of the sinus cavity |
|
|
Term
| What are the structures used to increase surface area in the sinus cavity? |
|
Definition
| The nasal Conchae which is a very thin bone with huge blood supply behind it that is coated with mucus and Cilla with 3 major indentations known as the superior, middle, and inferior meatus |
|
|
Term
| What is a chronic condition? |
|
Definition
| Affects someone for a long time |
|
|
Term
| What is an acute condition? |
|
Definition
| Something that affects someone for a short period of time |
|
|
Term
| What is used in the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to protect the airway while swallowing? |
|
Definition
| C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage |
|
|
Term
| Where is an upper respiratory tract infection located? |
|
Definition
| Above the thoracic cavity |
|
|
Term
| Where is a lower respiratory tract infection located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The voice box, holds the vocal cords.
Coughing reflex occurs if food or fluids get inside. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tension on vocal cords |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How fast you move air over vocal cords |
|
|
Term
| When does pitch change for good? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the larynx |
|
|
Term
| Where is the trachea located? |
|
Definition
| In and outside of the thoracic cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A piece of hyaline cartilage that sits at the base of the trachea and is used to split air to left and right bronchus |
|
|
Term
| What kind of tissue lines the respiratory tract from nasal cavity to brochus? |
|
Definition
PCCE
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the bronchioles? |
|
Definition
| Branches of the respiratory tree |
|
|
Term
| What kind of tissue is found in bronchioles? |
|
Definition
| Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sacs that exchange gases
They are surrounded by capillary beds |
|
|
Term
| What type of tissue covers alveoli and capillaries? |
|
Definition
| Simple squamous epithelial tissue |
|
|
Term
| What type of blood vessels can exchange materials? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What covers each alveoli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is O2 and CO2 transferred through the alveoli? |
|
Definition
| Simple diffusion- no energy required |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The amount of air that enters the lungs during a normal, quiet inspiration
Approx. 500cc |
|
|
Term
| Inspiratory reserve volume |
|
Definition
During forced inspiration, a quantity of air in addition to the tidal volume enters the lungs;
Complementary air
Approx 3000cc |
|
|
Term
| Expiration reserve volume |
|
Definition
| During forced exhalation, about 1100cc if air in addition to the tidal volume can be expelled from the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Even after the most forceful expiration, approximately 1200 cc of air remains in the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Maximum amount of air that a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible
IRV + TV= ERV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Maximum volume of air a person can inhale following the exhalation of the tidal volume
TV + IRV |
|
|
Term
| Functional residual capacity |
|
Definition
Volume of air the remains in the lungs following the exhalation of the tidal volume
ERV+ RV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Varies with age, sex, and body size
VC - RV
Vital capacity minus residual volume |
|
|
Term
| How many lobes does each lung have? |
|
Definition
Right lobe has 3
Left lobe has 2 |
|
|
Term
| What does the diaphragm do? |
|
Definition
| Seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity |
|
|
Term
| What is required for inhilation? |
|
Definition
Must lower pressure in thoracic cavity by 2mm Hg.
Increase size of cavity by diaphragm going down and ribs going out slightly |
|
|
Term
| What is the letting out of air called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the taking in of air called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Irritation in pleural cavity
Usually caused by an infection or aging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid in pleural cavity used to prevent friction while breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Space between parietal pleura and visceral pleura |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Composed of dense connective tissue and covers organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dense connective tissue that lines the thoracic cavity |
|
|
Term
| What is required for exhalation? |
|
Definition
Must raise pressure in thoracic cavity by 2mm Hg
Must decrease size of thoracic cavity so diaphragm goes up and ribs come in slightly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the ribs break free from the sternum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Penetrating thoracic cavity, hole in chest wall, can cause lungs to colapse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Must be found early to be treatable because it will metastasis very quickly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Allergic reaction type disorder, can be chronic
Easier to breathe in than out; airways constricted making it very difficult to breathe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Disease state caused by smoking, resembles asthma which means it's difficult to breathe out
Chronic emphysema degrades lungs by destroying alveoli |
|
|
Term
| What does alveolar type 2 cells produce and when? |
|
Definition
Produces surfactant (lipoprotein )
Begins right before birth in full term babies |
|
|
Term
| Why is surfactant needed? |
|
Definition
| Because water molecules have a high surface tension and bind together. Surfactant reduces the surface tension so gases can pass through |
|
|
Term
| What disease requires respiratory assistance for newborns due to lack of surfactant? |
|
Definition
| Hyaline membrane disease and RDS which is respiratory distress syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The combination of alveolar dead space and anatomic dead space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non functional alveoli usually due to a disease
Can be temporary or permanent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any air that does not reach the alveoli, can happen in any part of the respiratory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to measure the amount of air in and out. Used to calculate anatomic dead space |
|
|
Term
| Minute respiratory volume |
|
Definition
Amount of new air that enters the respiratory passageway each minute
TV × BR= MRV |
|
|
Term
| Alveolar ventilation rate |
|
Definition
Usable air
TV × BR - PDS = AVR |
|
|
Term
| What is caused by a spasm of the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-respiratory air movements |
|
Definition
Movement of air in respiratory passageways that is not directly related to breathing
Talking, coughing, laughing, sneezing, hiccups, yawning, and crying |
|
|
Term
| What is the respiratory center of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the secondary respiratory center? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 parts the medulla oblongata divide into? |
|
Definition
Medullary rhythmicity area which controls speed of breath
Pneumotoxic area which controls duration of breaths |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 areas of the medullary rhythmicity area? |
|
Definition
| Dorsal group and ventral group |
|
|
Term
| What controls breathing rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monitors carbonic acid to increase or decrease breathing rate to control CO2 levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Located at the base of aorta and base of carotid arteries
Monitors oxygen levels and sends signals to medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
| Can breathing rate be controlled voluntarily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ease by which the lungs can expand during normal breathing |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
| Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 phases of cell respiration? |
|
Definition
Gycolysis
Kreb's cycle
Electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
What happens in glycolysis?
How many ATP are produced? |
|
Definition
Anaerobic phase in cytoplasm
Glucose to pyruvic acid
2 ATP produced |
|
|
Term
What takes place during Kreb's cycle and ETC?
How many ATP are produced? |
|
Definition
Aerobic phase (requires oxygen)
Happens in mitochondria along cristae and produces a combined 36 ATP |
|
|
Term
| How many ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the powerhouse of the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of tissue is blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is created by muscles and transported by blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the vessels in your body do when you are hot? |
|
Definition
| Vaso-dialate to release heat |
|
|
Term
| What do the vessels in your body do when you are cold? |
|
Definition
| Vaso-constrict to hold heat |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 main components of blood? |
|
Definition
Plasma- 55% of blood volume
Cells- 45% of blood volume |
|
|
Term
| What kind of cells are found in blood? |
|
Definition
Erythrocytes- RBC'S
Leukocytes- WBC's
Thrombocytes- platelets |
|
|
Term
| What percent of blood cells are RBC's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seperates plasma from blood cells to determine packed cell volume |
|
|
Term
| What is in the middle of erythrocytes? |
|
Definition
| Biconcave discs and no nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any tissue in the body that produces blood cells |
|
|
Term
| Where are RBC'S produced during embryonic and fetal development? |
|
Definition
| Yolk sac, fetal liver, and spleen |
|
|
Term
| When does red bone marrow start producing RBC's? |
|
Definition
| Just prior to birth it starts making stem cells |
|
|
Term
| What are undifferentiated cells? |
|
Definition
| Has no purpose yet (stem cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is your main form of hematopoietic tissue after birth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of a RBC is hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the regular amount if red blood cells in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 nutrients are needed for RBC'S? |
|
Definition
B12- intrinsic factor assisting
Folic acid- proper function and development of RBC'S
Iron- for hemoglobin in RBC'S |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Erythropoietin- which is a hormone that triggers red bone marrow to produce more RBC'S |
|
|
Term
| What filters blood and removes dead RBC'S? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ stores ferritin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The transporting version of iron to red bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| How is iron found in body? |
|
Definition
| As an iron protein complex? |
|
|
Term
What are Thrombocytes?
What does thrombo mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many Thrombocytes are found in blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do Thrombocytes come from? |
|
Definition
| They are fragments of cells that come from megakarocytes breaking up |
|
|
Term
How long to platelets live?
What do they produce?
Do they have a nucleus? |
|
Definition
Lives about 10 days
Produce serotonin
Have membrane so they are considered alive but no nucleus so they can not reproduce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The stoppage of bleeding for small vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vessel spasm- broken ends pull together. Due to smooth muscle, can last up to 45 min
Platelet plug formation- platelets formulate around opening ends and release serotonin to maintain muscle spasm
Blood coagulation- blood clot forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large plasma protein, converted by enzymes to fibrin to weave between platelets to form a mat and create clot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lack of ability to form blood clots |
|
|
Term
What are leukocytes?
How many are found in blood? |
|
Definition
White blood cells
5,000-10,000/mm3 |
|
|
Term
What is the purpose of WBC'S?
Do they have a nucleus? |
|
Definition
Control disease conditions
Mononucleated- could under go mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Granules in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Without visible granules in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Where are leukocytes produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of granulocytes and what are their lifespan? |
|
Definition
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
12 hour lifespan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
55-60% of all WBC's
About twice the size of RBC'S
Multi lobed nucleus (3-5 lobes)
Called polymorphonucleated cells
Light pink granules, lobes stain purple with a neutral stain
Highly phagocytic- likes to eat bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Less than 1% of all WBC's
Twice the size of RBC'S
Bi-lobed
Stains dark blue/purple with alkaline stain
Releases heparin(blood thinner) to remove unwanted blood clots
Releases histamines to cough and sneeze allergens out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1-3% of WBC'S
Stain granules bright red with acid stain
Bi-lobed nucleus
Phagocytic for parasites, eat some of the allergens to assist Basophils with allergic reactions |
|
|
Term
| Physical characteristics to identify leukocytes... |
|
Definition
Are granules present...
If granules, what color are they
Size compared to RBC's
Size and shape of nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What is used to localize infection? |
|
Definition
Positive chemotaxis- chemical attraction of WBC'S to the site of infection/inflammation
Diapedesis- the movement of WBC'S through vessel walls |
|
|
Term
| What are T-cells and B-cells needed for and where are they created? |
|
Definition
Needed for immunity
B-cells produce antibodies
Produced in spleen and lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| What is complete WBC count? |
|
Definition
| Combination of all types of WBC'S |
|
|
Term
| What kind of lymphocytes are produced in lymph nodes and spleen? |
|
Definition
| Phagocytic lymphocytes- used to filter blood |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of agranulocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Smallest WBC, same size as RBC's
Look like small monocytes.
Can live for years
Stem cells that become T-cells and B-cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3 times the size of RBC'S
3-9% of WBC'S
Nucleus fills almost the entire cell
Phagocytic cells
Eat bacteria too big for neutrophils to consume.
Lives days to weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Under 5,000 WBC's
Viral infection or heavy metal poisoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Over 10,000 WBC
Bacterial infection, dehydration, vigorous exercise, and emotional disturbance |
|
|
Term
| Differential WBC count test |
|
Definition
| Members and % of each type of WBC'S |
|
|
Term
| What is leukemia and what are the 2 phases associated with it? |
|
Definition
Cancer caused by WBC's not working
Hyperplasia- rise in WBC'S due to uncontrolled cell division
Anaplasia- abnormal cells in structure |
|
|
Term
| What percent of plasma is water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of plasma? |
|
Definition
Suspends cells
Transports hormones
Transports cells
Transports heat |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of plasma gases? |
|
Definition
CO2 and O2
Carbon dioxide and oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What are plasma electrolytes? |
|
Definition
Calcium Ca+
Potassium K+
Sodium Na+
Chlorine Cl- |
|
|
Term
| What are the plasma nutrients? |
|
Definition
Amino acids
Simple sugars
Lipids
Vitamins |
|
|
Term
| Non-protein Nitrogenous substance |
|
Definition
Amino acids
Uric acid
Urea
Ammonia
Creatine
Creatinine |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of plasma proteins |
|
Definition
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
60%
Smallest in size but largest in number; help us maintain a constant blood volume by regulating regular osmotic blood pressure produced in liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
35%
Alpha, beta, and gamma
Alpha and beta transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins. Both produced in liver
Gamma are produced in lymphatic tissue and are antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4-5%
Produced in liver for blood clotting.
Largest in size and fewest in number
Enzymes(clotting factor) convert to fibrin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Multiple alleles- more than one gene
Codominance- one is not dominant over another
A B O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Genotype : Phenotype
BB; BO : type B
AA; AO : type A
AB : type AB
universal recipient
OO : type O
Universal donor |
|
|
Term
| Intrinsic clotting factors |
|
Definition
| Blood contact with foreign surface |
|
|
Term
| Extrinsic clotting factor |
|
Definition
| Chemicals released by damaged cells and/or tissues |
|
|
