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respiratory system and blood
test 2 a&p
164
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/16/2015

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Term
What cycle does oxygen go through?
Definition
Oxygen enters lungs, goes through respiratory tract to alveoli then attaches to hemoglobin on RBC'S and travels to cells. Then the cells send out CO2.
Term
External respiration
Definition
AKA breathing and pulmonary ventilation. Lung level respiration which has a sharing of gases with the outside
Term
Internal respiration
Definition
AKA cellular respiration. Cells take in oxygen and utilize it to create energy
Term
What is hemoglobin?
Definition
Iron protein complex that transports about 98% of the oxygen in blood. Located inside of the erythrocytes (RBC)
Term
What are erythrocytes?
Definition
Red blood cells
Term
What is oxyhemoglobin?
Definition
Hemoglobin saturated with oxygen
Term
What is hypoxia?
Definition
Insufficient amount of O2 in body
Term
What are the 4 types of hypoxia?
Definition
Hypoxic hypoxia
Hypemic hypoxia
Histotoxic hypoxia
Stagnant hypoxia
Term
What is hypoxic hypoxia
Definition
Lung level problem
Caused by reduced partial pressure and/or smoker's tar in lungs
Term
What is Hypemic hypoxia?
Definition
Blood level problem
Caused by iron deficiency anemia or pernicious anemia and by carbon monoxide poisoning
Term
What is Histotoxic hypoxia?
Definition
Cell level problem
Can be caused by carbon monoxide poisoning or chemical inhilation.
Term
What is stagnant hypoxia?
Definition
Pooling of blood
Caused by lack of circulation, shock, and heart failure
Term
What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?
Definition
760mm Hg
Term
What gases are found in the atmosphere?
Definition
Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Other 1%
These amounts never change
Term
What is the external structure of the respiratory system and what is its function?
Definition
Nose-
Designed to take in maximum oxygen
Term
What is the purpose of the nasal septum?
Definition
Dividing airflow
Term
What is a diviated septum?
Definition
Septum that is at an angle
If severe enough it may need to be surgically fixed
Term
What are the 2 ways we take in oxygen?
Definition
Through nose and mouth
Term
What are the 3 advantages of nose breathing?
Definition
Filtration- cilia, mucus, &hairs
Warmth- air passes over blood vessels and gets warmed
Humidify- water from mucus enters air
Term
What are sinuses?
Definition
Spaces in the skull used to reduce the skull weight. Connected to the nasal cavity through ducts
Term
What do sinuses control?
Definition
Voice quality
Term
Sinusitis
Definition
Inflammation of the sinus cavities
Term
Where are the sinuses located?
Definition
In the skull.
The roof of the oral cavity is the floor of the sinus cavity
Term
What are the structures used to increase surface area in the sinus cavity?
Definition
The nasal Conchae which is a very thin bone with huge blood supply behind it that is coated with mucus and Cilla with 3 major indentations known as the superior, middle, and inferior meatus
Term
What is a chronic condition?
Definition
Affects someone for a long time
Term
What is an acute condition?
Definition
Something that affects someone for a short period of time
Term
What is used in the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to protect the airway while swallowing?
Definition
C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
Term
Where is an upper respiratory tract infection located?
Definition
Above the thoracic cavity
Term
Where is a lower respiratory tract infection located?
Definition
In the thoracic cavity
Term
What is the larynx?
Definition
The voice box, holds the vocal cords.
Coughing reflex occurs if food or fluids get inside.
Term
What is pitch?
Definition
The tension on vocal cords
Term
What causes loudness?
Definition
How fast you move air over vocal cords
Term
When does pitch change for good?
Definition
In puberty
Term
What is laryngitis?
Definition
Inflammation of the larynx
Term
Where is the trachea located?
Definition
In and outside of the thoracic cavity
Term
What is the carina?
Definition
A piece of hyaline cartilage that sits at the base of the trachea and is used to split air to left and right bronchus
Term
What kind of tissue lines the respiratory tract from nasal cavity to brochus?
Definition
PCCE
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue
Term
What is the hilum?
Definition
Opening into each lung
Term
What are the bronchioles?
Definition
Branches of the respiratory tree
Term
What kind of tissue is found in bronchioles?
Definition
Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
Term
What are alveoli?
Definition
Sacs that exchange gases
They are surrounded by capillary beds
Term
What type of tissue covers alveoli and capillaries?
Definition
Simple squamous epithelial tissue
Term
What type of blood vessels can exchange materials?
Definition
Capillaries
Term
What covers each alveoli?
Definition
Respiratory membrane
Term
How is O2 and CO2 transferred through the alveoli?
Definition
Simple diffusion- no energy required
Term
Tidal volume
Definition
The amount of air that enters the lungs during a normal, quiet inspiration
Approx. 500cc
Term
Inspiratory reserve volume
Definition
During forced inspiration, a quantity of air in addition to the tidal volume enters the lungs;
Complementary air
Approx 3000cc
Term
Expiration reserve volume
Definition
During forced exhalation, about 1100cc if air in addition to the tidal volume can be expelled from the lungs
Term
Residual volume
Definition
Even after the most forceful expiration, approximately 1200 cc of air remains in the lungs
Term
Vital capacity
Definition
Maximum amount of air that a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible
IRV + TV= ERV
Term
Inspiration capacity
Definition
Maximum volume of air a person can inhale following the exhalation of the tidal volume
TV + IRV
Term
Functional residual capacity
Definition
Volume of air the remains in the lungs following the exhalation of the tidal volume
ERV+ RV
Term
Total lung capacity
Definition
Varies with age, sex, and body size
VC - RV
Vital capacity minus residual volume
Term
How many lobes does each lung have?
Definition
Right lobe has 3
Left lobe has 2
Term
What does the diaphragm do?
Definition
Seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
Term
What is required for inhilation?
Definition
Must lower pressure in thoracic cavity by 2mm Hg.
Increase size of cavity by diaphragm going down and ribs going out slightly
Term
What is the letting out of air called?
Definition
Exhalation
Expiration
Term
What is the taking in of air called?
Definition
Inhilation
Inspiration
Term
Pleurisy
Definition
Irritation in pleural cavity
Usually caused by an infection or aging
Term
Pleural fluid
Definition
Fluid in pleural cavity used to prevent friction while breathing
Term
Pleural cavity
Definition
Space between parietal pleura and visceral pleura
Term
What is viseral pleura?
Definition
Composed of dense connective tissue and covers organs
Term
What is parietal pleura?
Definition
Dense connective tissue that lines the thoracic cavity
Term
What is required for exhalation?
Definition
Must raise pressure in thoracic cavity by 2mm Hg
Must decrease size of thoracic cavity so diaphragm goes up and ribs come in slightly
Term
Flail chest
Definition
When the ribs break free from the sternum
Term
Sucking chest wound
Definition
Penetrating thoracic cavity, hole in chest wall, can cause lungs to colapse
Term
Pneumothorax
Definition
Colapsing of lung
Term
Lung cancer
Definition
Must be found early to be treatable because it will metastasis very quickly
Term
Asthma
Definition
Allergic reaction type disorder, can be chronic
Easier to breathe in than out; airways constricted making it very difficult to breathe
Term
Emphysema
Definition
Disease state caused by smoking, resembles asthma which means it's difficult to breathe out

Chronic emphysema degrades lungs by destroying alveoli
Term
What does alveolar type 2 cells produce and when?
Definition
Produces surfactant (lipoprotein )
Begins right before birth in full term babies
Term
Why is surfactant needed?
Definition
Because water molecules have a high surface tension and bind together. Surfactant reduces the surface tension so gases can pass through
Term
What disease requires respiratory assistance for newborns due to lack of surfactant?
Definition
Hyaline membrane disease and RDS which is respiratory distress syndrome
Term
Physiological dead space
Definition
The combination of alveolar dead space and anatomic dead space
Term
Alveolar dead space
Definition
Non functional alveoli usually due to a disease

Can be temporary or permanent
Term
Anatomic dead space
Definition
Any air that does not reach the alveoli, can happen in any part of the respiratory system
Term
Spirometer
Definition
Used to measure the amount of air in and out. Used to calculate anatomic dead space
Term
Minute respiratory volume
Definition
Amount of new air that enters the respiratory passageway each minute

TV × BR= MRV
Term
Alveolar ventilation rate
Definition
Usable air
TV × BR - PDS = AVR
Term
What is caused by a spasm of the diaphragm?
Definition
Hiccups
Term
Non-respiratory air movements
Definition
Movement of air in respiratory passageways that is not directly related to breathing

Talking, coughing, laughing, sneezing, hiccups, yawning, and crying
Term
What is the respiratory center of the brain?
Definition
Medulla oblongata
Term
What is the secondary respiratory center?
Definition
Pons
Term
What are the 2 parts the medulla oblongata divide into?
Definition
Medullary rhythmicity area which controls speed of breath

Pneumotoxic area which controls duration of breaths
Term
What are the 2 areas of the medullary rhythmicity area?
Definition
Dorsal group and ventral group
Term
What controls breathing rate?
Definition
Amount of CO2 in blood
Term
Chemosensitive area
Definition
Monitors carbonic acid to increase or decrease breathing rate to control CO2 levels
Term
Chemoreceptors
Definition
Located at the base of aorta and base of carotid arteries

Monitors oxygen levels and sends signals to medulla oblongata
Term
Can breathing rate be controlled voluntarily?
Definition
Yes it can
Term
Compliance
Definition
Ease by which the lungs can expand during normal breathing
Term
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Definition
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with cells
Term
What are the 3 phases of cell respiration?
Definition
Gycolysis
Kreb's cycle
Electron transport chain
Term
What happens in glycolysis?
How many ATP are produced?
Definition
Anaerobic phase in cytoplasm
Glucose to pyruvic acid
2 ATP produced
Term
What takes place during Kreb's cycle and ETC?
How many ATP are produced?
Definition
Aerobic phase (requires oxygen)
Happens in mitochondria along cristae and produces a combined 36 ATP
Term
How many ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose?
Definition
38 ATP
Term
What is the powerhouse of the cell?
Definition
Mitochondria
Term
What kind of tissue is blood?
Definition
Connective tissue
Term
What is blood's matrix?
Definition
Liquid/fluid AKA plasma
Term
What is created by muscles and transported by blood?
Definition
Heat
Term
What do the vessels in your body do when you are hot?
Definition
Vaso-dialate to release heat
Term
What do the vessels in your body do when you are cold?
Definition
Vaso-constrict to hold heat
Term
What are the 2 main components of blood?
Definition
Plasma- 55% of blood volume
Cells- 45% of blood volume
Term
What kind of cells are found in blood?
Definition
Erythrocytes- RBC'S
Leukocytes- WBC's
Thrombocytes- platelets
Term
What percent of blood cells are RBC's?
Definition
99%
Term
What is hematocrit?
Definition
seperates plasma from blood cells to determine packed cell volume
Term
What is in the middle of erythrocytes?
Definition
Biconcave discs and no nucleus
Term
Hematopoietic tissue?
Definition
Any tissue in the body that produces blood cells
Term
Where are RBC'S produced during embryonic and fetal development?
Definition
Yolk sac, fetal liver, and spleen
Term
When does red bone marrow start producing RBC's?
Definition
Just prior to birth it starts making stem cells
Term
What are undifferentiated cells?
Definition
Has no purpose yet (stem cells)
Term
Differentiated cells?
Definition
Have a defined purpose
Term
What is your main form of hematopoietic tissue after birth?
Definition
Red bone marrow
Term
How much of a RBC is hemoglobin?
Definition
Approximately 1/3
Term
What is the regular amount if red blood cells in humans?
Definition
4-6 million/mm3
Term
What 3 nutrients are needed for RBC'S?
Definition
B12- intrinsic factor assisting
Folic acid- proper function and development of RBC'S
Iron- for hemoglobin in RBC'S
Term
What is RBC'S lifespan?
Definition
About 120 days
Term
What do kidneys produce?
Definition
Erythropoietin- which is a hormone that triggers red bone marrow to produce more RBC'S
Term
What filters blood and removes dead RBC'S?
Definition
Liver and spleen
Term
What organ stores ferritin?
Definition
Liver
Term
What is transferrin?
Definition
The transporting version of iron to red bone marrow
Term
How is iron found in body?
Definition
As an iron protein complex?
Term
What are Thrombocytes?
What does thrombo mean?
Definition
Platelets

Clot
Term
How many Thrombocytes are found in blood?
Definition
110,000- 120,000/mm3
Term
Where do Thrombocytes come from?
Definition
They are fragments of cells that come from megakarocytes breaking up
Term
How long to platelets live?
What do they produce?
Do they have a nucleus?
Definition
Lives about 10 days

Produce serotonin

Have membrane so they are considered alive but no nucleus so they can not reproduce
Term
What is hemostasis?
Definition
The stoppage of bleeding for small vessels
Term
3 steps of hemostasis
Definition
Vessel spasm- broken ends pull together. Due to smooth muscle, can last up to 45 min
Platelet plug formation- platelets formulate around opening ends and release serotonin to maintain muscle spasm
Blood coagulation- blood clot forms
Term
Fibrinogen
Definition
Large plasma protein, converted by enzymes to fibrin to weave between platelets to form a mat and create clot
Term
Hemophilia
Definition
Lack of ability to form blood clots
Term
What are leukocytes?
How many are found in blood?
Definition
White blood cells

5,000-10,000/mm3
Term
What is the purpose of WBC'S?
Do they have a nucleus?
Definition
Control disease conditions

Mononucleated- could under go mitosis
Term
Granulocytes
Definition
Granules in the cytoplasm
Term
Agranulocytes
Definition
Without visible granules in the cytoplasm
Term
Where are leukocytes produced?
Definition
Bone marrow
Term
What are the 3 types of granulocytes and what are their lifespan?
Definition
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

12 hour lifespan
Term
Neutrophils
Definition
55-60% of all WBC's
About twice the size of RBC'S
Multi lobed nucleus (3-5 lobes)
Called polymorphonucleated cells
Light pink granules, lobes stain purple with a neutral stain

Highly phagocytic- likes to eat bacteria
Term
Basophils
Definition
Less than 1% of all WBC's
Twice the size of RBC'S
Bi-lobed
Stains dark blue/purple with alkaline stain

Releases heparin(blood thinner) to remove unwanted blood clots
Releases histamines to cough and sneeze allergens out
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
1-3% of WBC'S
Stain granules bright red with acid stain
Bi-lobed nucleus

Phagocytic for parasites, eat some of the allergens to assist Basophils with allergic reactions
Term
Physical characteristics to identify leukocytes...
Definition
Are granules present...
If granules, what color are they
Size compared to RBC's
Size and shape of nucleus
Term
What is used to localize infection?
Definition
Positive chemotaxis- chemical attraction of WBC'S to the site of infection/inflammation

Diapedesis- the movement of WBC'S through vessel walls
Term
What are T-cells and B-cells needed for and where are they created?
Definition
Needed for immunity
B-cells produce antibodies

Produced in spleen and lymph nodes
Term
What is complete WBC count?
Definition
Combination of all types of WBC'S
Term
What kind of lymphocytes are produced in lymph nodes and spleen?
Definition
Phagocytic lymphocytes- used to filter blood
Term
What are the 2 types of agranulocytes?
Definition
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
Smallest WBC, same size as RBC's
Look like small monocytes.
Can live for years

Stem cells that become T-cells and B-cells
Term
Monocytes
Definition
3 times the size of RBC'S
3-9% of WBC'S

Nucleus fills almost the entire cell
Phagocytic cells
Eat bacteria too big for neutrophils to consume.
Lives days to weeks
Term
Luekopenia
Definition
Under 5,000 WBC's

Viral infection or heavy metal poisoning
Term
Leukocytosis
Definition
Over 10,000 WBC

Bacterial infection, dehydration, vigorous exercise, and emotional disturbance
Term
Differential WBC count test
Definition
Members and % of each type of WBC'S
Term
What is leukemia and what are the 2 phases associated with it?
Definition
Cancer caused by WBC's not working

Hyperplasia- rise in WBC'S due to uncontrolled cell division

Anaplasia- abnormal cells in structure
Term
What percent of plasma is water?
Definition
92%
Term
What are the functions of plasma?
Definition
Suspends cells
Transports hormones
Transports cells
Transports heat
Term
What are the 2 types of plasma gases?
Definition
CO2 and O2
Carbon dioxide and oxygen
Term
What are plasma electrolytes?
Definition
Calcium Ca+
Potassium K+
Sodium Na+
Chlorine Cl-
Term
What are the plasma nutrients?
Definition
Amino acids
Simple sugars
Lipids
Vitamins
Term
Non-protein Nitrogenous substance
Definition
Amino acids
Uric acid
Urea
Ammonia
Creatine
Creatinine
Term
3 types of plasma proteins
Definition
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Term
Albumins
Definition
60%
Smallest in size but largest in number; help us maintain a constant blood volume by regulating regular osmotic blood pressure produced in liver
Term
Globulins
Definition
35%
Alpha, beta, and gamma
Alpha and beta transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins. Both produced in liver
Gamma are produced in lymphatic tissue and are antibodies
Term
Fibrinogen
Definition
4-5%
Produced in liver for blood clotting.
Largest in size and fewest in number

Enzymes(clotting factor) convert to fibrin
Term
Blood groups
Definition
Multiple alleles- more than one gene
Codominance- one is not dominant over another

A B O
Term
Blood genotype/phenotype
Definition
Genotype : Phenotype
BB; BO : type B
AA; AO : type A
AB : type AB
universal recipient
OO : type O
Universal donor
Term
Intrinsic clotting factors
Definition
Blood contact with foreign surface
Term
Extrinsic clotting factor
Definition
Chemicals released by damaged cells and/or tissues
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