Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Respiratory System
Chapter 14
198
Anatomy
Not Applicable
08/02/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
the organs that allow the exchange of oxygen from the air with the carbon dioxide from the blood
Definition
respiratory system
Term
the organs of the respiratory system are designed to perform these two basic functions: (and one other function)
Definition
1. air distribution
2. gas exchange
(3. filters, warms, and humidifies air)
Term
the __________ system ensures that oxygen is supplied to and carbon dioxide is removed from the body's cells
Definition
respiratory
Term
a system that maintains a constant environment enabling body cells to function effectively
Definition
homeostatic mechanism
Term
homeostatic mechanism of the respiratory system:
Definition
the process of respiration: by constantly supplying oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
Term
___________ organs also influence speech, sound production, and make possible the sense of smell
Definition
respiratory
Term
sense of smell
Definition
olfaction
Term
respiratory organs include:
Definition
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Term
windpipe
Definition
trachea
Term
throat
Definition
pharynx (phroat)
Term
vocal cords
Definition
larynx (la-la-la-larynx)
Term
branches of lungs
Definition
bronchi
Term
extremely tiny, very thin-walled sacs where gas exchange occurs; single squamous epithelial tissue
Definition
alveoli
Term
respiratory system often divided into _______ and ____________ tracts or divisions to assist in the descriptions of symptoms associated with common respiratory problems (such as a cold)
Definition
upper and lower
Term
___________ tract is composed of the nose, pharynx, and larynx
Definition
upper
Term
___________ tract is composed of the trachea, bronchial tree, and the lungs
Definition
lower
Term
Pathway of air from the nose to the capillaries of the lung
Definition
Nasty Northern Communists Always Push Stupid, Pathetic Liars Then Bend Backwards And Leave Cuts (on their) Butts

Nose, Nasal Cavities and Paranasal Sinuses, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Lung Capillaries, Blood Stream
Term
Nasy
Northern Communists Always Push Stupid
Pathetic
Liars
Then
Bend
Backwards
And
Leave Cuts (on their)
Butts
Definition
nose
nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
lung capillaries
bloodstream
Term
often used to describe what many patients call a "head cold"; typically involve the sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
Definition
upper respiratory infection (uri)
Term
the symptoms of what is often referred to as a "chest cold" are similar to pneumonia and involve the organs of the ___________ respiratory tract
Definition
LOWER
Term
the membrane that lines most of the air distribution tubes in the respiratory tree
Definition
respiratory mucosa
Term
separates the air in the alveoli from the blood in surrounding capillaries; makes up the wall of the alveoli
Definition
respiratory membrane
Term
air entering the nose is generally contaminated with one or more common irritants:
Definition
Insects, Dust, Pollen, and Bacterial Organisms
Term
serves as the most important air purification mechanism
Definition
layer of protective mucus that covers a large portion of the membrane that lines the respiratory tree
Term
more than ____ mL of respiratory mucus is produced daily
Definition
125
Term
covers the lining of the air distribution tubes in the respiratory tree; cleansing mucus that moves upward to the pharynx from the lower portions of the bronchial tree on millions of hairlike cilia that cover the epithelial cells in the respiratory mucosa
Definition
mucous blanket
Term
the microscopic cilia that cover epithelial cells in the respiratory mucosa beat or move in (ONE DIRECTION/ BETWEEN BOTH TRACTS)
Definition
ONE DIRECTION
Term
upward movement of mucus towards the pharynx is a process sometimes called
_______-___________ ___________
Definition
muco-ciliary escalator
Term
_____________ _______ paralyzes cilia and results in accumulations of mucus that result in the typical cough, which is an effort to clear the secretions.
Definition
cigarette smoke
Term
What are the primary functions of the respiratory system?
Definition
1. air distributor
2. gas exchange
3. air humidifier
Term
Can you distinguish the upper respiratory tract form the lower respiratory tract?
Definition
upper- nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
lower- trachea, bronchi,lungs
Term
what is the role of the respiratory membrane?
Definition
seperates the air in the alveoli from the blood in surrounding capillaries; air purification; cleansing
Term
air enters the respiratory tract the the ___________ ______ or nostrils
Definition
external nares
Term
separates the nasal cavities
Definition
nasal septum
Term
moist, warm cavities lined by mucosa located just beyond the nostrils
Definition
nasal cavities
Term
the surface of the nasal cavities is moist from _______ and warm from ________ flowing just under it
Definition
mucus, blood
Term
nerve endings responsible for smell
Definition
olfactory receptors
Term
where are the olfactory receptors located?
Definition
nasal mucosa
Term
the spaces or cavities located inside the frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoid bones-- which are located close to the nose: all drain into the nasal cavities
Definition
paranasal sinuses
Term
sinus infections that develop from colds in which the nasal mucosa is inflamed
Definition
sinusitis
Term
these hollow spaces help lessen the wieght of the skull bones and serve as resonant chambers for the production of sound
Definition
paranasal sinuses
Term
pouches that collect tears from the eye, then drain them toward the nose
Definition
lacrimal sacs
Term
shell-shaped structure; for example, bony projections into the nasal cavity; greatly increase the surface over which air must flow as it passes through the nasal cavity; warms and humidifies; helps explain why breathing through the nose is more effective in humidifying inspired air than is breathing through the mouth
Definition
conchae
Term
How is supplemental oxygen humidified?
Definition
it is first bubbled through water to reduce the amount of moisture that would otherwise have to be removed from the lining of the respiratory tree to humidify it.
Term
what happens if "dry" supplemental oxygen enters the lungs
Definition
administration of "dry" oxygen pulls water from the mucosa and results in respiratory discomfort and irritation
Term
the throat; approximately _____ cm long and can be divided into 3 portions.
Definition
pharynx, 12.5
Term
3 parts of the pharynx:
Definition
1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx
Term
uppermost part of the pharynx just behind the nasal cavities
Definition
nasopharynx
Term
the portion of the pharynx behind the mouth
Definition
oropharynx
Term
the last, or lowest segment of the pharynx
Definition
laryngopharynx
Term
as a whole, serves the same purpose for the respiratory and digestive tracts as a hallway serves for a house; air and food pass through it on their way to the lungs and the stomach
Definition
pharynx
Term
air enters the _______ from the 2 nasal cavities and leaves it by way of the larynx; food enters it by way of the mouth and leaves by way of the esophagus
Definition
pharynx
Term
tube that connects the throat with the middle ear to equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanum
Definition
auditory (eustachian) tubes
Term
the auditory tubes open into the ____________________
Definition
nasopharynx
Term
connects the middle ears with the nasopharynx
Definition
auditory tube
Term
connection that permits equalization of air pressure between the middle and exterior ear
Definition
auditory tube with nasopharynx
Term
middle ear infections can develop from inflammation of the nasopharynx because:
Definition
the lining of the auditory tubes is continuous with the lining of the nasopharynx and middle ear
Term
masses of lymphatic tissue embedded in the mucous membrane of the pharynx
Definition
tonsils
Term
tonsils located in the nasopharynx
Definition
pharyngeal tonsils
Term
tonsils located in the oropharynx
Definition
palatine tonsils
Term
surgical procedure to remove tonsils; usually performed reluctantly because of the body defense mechanism
Definition
tonsillectomy
Term
inflammation of the tonsils
Definition
tonsillitis
Term
when the pharyngeal tonsils becomes swollen, they are referred to as
Definition
adenoids
Term
voice box; located just below the pharynx; composed of several pieces of cartillage
Definition
larynx
Term
largest piece of cartillage in the larynx
Definition
thyroid cartillage (adam's apple)
Term
bands of tissue in the larynx responsible for production of sound (speech); two short fibrous bands that stretch across the interior of the larynx
Definition
vocal cords
Term
when the vocal cords are tense, the voice is (HIGH/LOW) pitched
Definition
high
Term
when the vocal cords are relaxed, the voice is (HIGH/LOW) pitched
Definition
low
Term
the space between the vocal cords
Definition
glottis
Term
lidlike cartillage overhanging the entrance to the larynx; acts like a trapdoor, closing off the larynx during swallowing and preventing food from entering the trachea
Definition
epiglottis
Term
windpipe; about ____ cm long; extends from the larynx in the neck to the bronchi in the chest cavity.
Definition
trachea, 11
Term
one of the most important functions of the trachea:
Definition
furnishes part of the open passageway through which air can reach the lungs from the outside
Term
functions of the trachea:
Definition
1. air distribution
2. protection
Term
framework of the _______ is made of an almost noncollapsible material-- 15 of 20 C-shaped rings of cartillage placed one above the other with only a little soft tissue between them
Definition
trachea
Term
despite the structural safeguard of cartilage, closing of the ______ sometimes occurs; i.e. tumor, enlarged lymph nodes, choking
Definition
trachea
Term
complete tracheal obstruction causes death in a matter of minutes because
Definition
air has no other way to get to the lungs
Term
what are the paranasal sinuses?
Definition
cavitys in the ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla, and frontal bone that drain into the nasal cavities and make the skull lighter
Term
what are the three divisions of the pharynx?
Definition
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Term
what keeps the trachea from collapsing?
Definition
15-20 C-shaped cartillage rings that provide it's frame work
Term
first branches of the trachea (right and left)
Definition
primary bronchi
Term
smaller bronchial branches resulting from division of primary bronchi
Definition
secondary bronchi
Term
small branch of a bronchus;tiny tubes whose walls contain only smooth muscle
Definition
bronchioles
Term
resemble the main stem of a bunch of grapes; air way that branches from the smallest bronchioles
Definition
alveolar ducts
Term
resemble a cluster of grapes; each alveolar duct ends in several sacs
Definition
alveolar sacs
Term
resembles a single grape; sac like dilations of terminal bronchioles; very effective in promoting rapid and effective exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood circulating through the lung capillaries and alveolar air
Definition
alveoli
Term
the wall of each __________ is made up of a single layer of squamous epithelial cels
Definition
alveoli
Term
a substance covering the surface of the respiratory membrane inside the alveolus, which reduces surface tension and prevents the alveoli from collapsing
Definition
surfactant
Term
the ___________ lung has three lobes
Definition
right
Term
the ___________ lung has two lobes
Definition
left
Term
the narrow, superior position of each lung, under the collar bone, is the
Definition
apex
Term
the broad, inferior portion resting on the diaphram is the ______ of the lung
Definition
base
Term
covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the rib cage; extensive, moist, slippery membrane; lines a large closed cavity of the body and covers the organs located within it
Definition
pleura
Term
__________ pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
Definition
parietal pleura
Term
___________ pleura covers the lungs
Definition
visceral pleura
Term
_______________ is the space that lies between the two pleural membranes
Definition
intrapleural space
Term
2 pleural membranes
Definition
parietal pleura
visceral pleura
Term
inflammation of the pleura that causes pain when the plural membranes rub together
Definition
pleurisy
Term
normally, the __________ ____ contains just enough fluid to make both portions of the pleura moist and slippery and able to glide easily against each other as the lungs expand and deflate with each breath
Definition
intrapleural space
Term
the presence of air in the intrapleural space on one side of the chest; causes collapse of lung; stops breathing
Definition
pneumothorax
Term
a very serious life-threatening condition that often affects prematurely born infants; disease is characterized by a lack of surfactant in the alveolar sacs; results in lung collapse
Definition
IRDs Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Term
what are bronchi? what is their role?
Definition
Tree like branches of the lungs.
functions: 1. air distribution
2. gas exchange
Term
can you describe the structure and function of the pleura?
Definition
structure- warm, moist slippery membrane that covers the thoracic cavity and organs inside
function: the pleura glide past each other as the lungs expand and deflate with each breath
Term
the exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment
Definition
respiration
Term
the process that moves air into and out of the lungs; makes possible the exchange of gases between air in the lungs and in the blood; breathing
Definition
pulmonary ventilation (external respiration)
Term
the exchange of gases that occurs between the blood and cells of the body
Definition
internal respiration
Term
the actual use of oxygen by cells in the process of metabolism; enzymes in the mitochondrial wall and matrix using oxygen to break down glucose and other nutrients needed to release energy needed for cellular work
Definition
cellular respiration
Term
two phases of pulmonary ventilation:
Definition
inspiration and expiration
Term
air that moves into the lungs
Definition
inspired
Term
air that moves out of the lungs
Definition
expired
Term
air moves from an area where pressure is __________ to an area where pressure is ________
Definition
high, low
Term
"treatment of last resort" for severe cases of emphysema; involves the removal of 20-30% of each lung
Definition
Lung Volume Reduction Surgery LVRS
Term
one of a number of conditions classified as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Definition
emphysema
Term
occurs when the chest cavity enlarges, the lungs expand, and air rushes into them and down into the alveoli
Definition
inspiration
Term
muscles of the respiration that are classified as inspiratory muscles:
Definition
diaphram, external intercostals
Term
the dome-shaped muscle separating the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity
Definition
diaphram
Term
the diaphram (FLATTENS/BUNCHES UP) during inhalation
Definition
flattens (contracts)
Term
the contraction or flattening of the diaphragm makes the chest cavity (LONGER/SHORTER) from top to bottom
Definition
longer
Term
the ___________ is the most important muscle of inspiration
Definition
diaphragm
Term
nerve impulses passing through the ______ nerve stimulate the diaphragm to contract
Definition
phrenic
Term
the ______ __________ muscles are located between the ribs
Definition
external intercostal
Term
when the external intercostal muscles contract, they (EXPAND/RELAX) the thorax
Definition
expand
Term
contraction of the __________ __________ muscles increases the volume of the thoracic cavity and reduces air pressure within it, drawing air into the lungs
Definition
external intercostal
Term
quiet expiration is ordinarily a (PASSIVE/ACTIVE) process that begins when the inspiratory muscles relax
Definition
passive
Term
expiratory muscles
Definition
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
Term
during more forceful expiration, the (EXPIRATORY/INSPIRATORY) muscles contract
Definition
expiratory
Term
when contracted, the __________ ____________ muscless depress the rib cage and decrease the front-to-back size of the thorax
Definition
internal intercostal
Term
contraction of the _________ muscles pushes the abdominal organs against the underside of the diaphragm, thus elevating it and making it more "dome-shaped"
Definition
abdominal
Term
as the thoracic cavity (INCREASES/DECREASES) in size, the air pressure within it increases and air flows out of the lungs
Definition
decreases
Term
blood pumped from the ________ ventricle of the heart enters the pulmonary artery and eventually enters the lungs
Definition
right
Term
the exchange of gases between the blood and alveolar air; occurs by diffusion
Definition
external respiration
Term
the concentration of a particular gas in air or within the blood is expressed as the _____________ exerted by that gas and is reported in millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
Definition
pressure
Term
respiratory gases
Definition
oxygen and carbon dioxide
Term
pressure exerted by any one gas in a mixture of gases or in a liquid; symbol used to designate it is the capital letter P preceding the chemicals symbol for the gas
Definition
partial pressure
Term
the __________ gases are considered partial pressure
Definition
respiratory (o2 and co2)
Term
measurement of the _________ ___________ of a number of blood gases is important in the diagnosis and treatment of many disease conditions
Definition
partial pressure
Term
a passive process resulting in the movement down a concentration or pressure gradient
Definition
diffusion
Term
the exchange of gases that occurs between blood in tissue capillaries and the body cells is called
Definition
internal respiration
Term
during __________ respiration, oxygenated blood enters tissue capillaries and is changed into deoxygenated blood as it flows through them. In the process of losing oxygen, the waste product carbon dioxide is picked up and transported to the lungs for removal from the body
Definition
internal
Term
__________ transports the respiratory gases
Definition
blood
Term
blood transports the respiratory gases either in a ___________ state or combined with other ___________
Definition
dissolved, chemicals
Term
immediately on entering the blood, both _________ and __________ dissolve in the plasma
Definition
oxygen and carbon dioxide
Term
once gas molecules are bound to another molecule, their plasma concentration (partial pressure) (DECREASES/INCREASES) and more gas can diffuse in the plasma
Definition
decreases
Term
only very (LIMITED/LARGE) amounts of oxygen can be dissolved in the blood
Definition
limited
Term
oxyhemoglobin
Definition
hemoglobin and oxygen
Term
to combine with hemoglobin, oxygen must first (DIFFUSE/DISSOLVE) in the RBCs to form oxyhemoglobin
Definition
diffuse
Term
large proteins that contain four iron containing heme components; each of which is capable of combining with an oxygen molecule
Definition
hemoglobin
Term
acts as an "oxygen sponge"
Definition
hemoglobin
Term
oxygenated blood is found in the ______ arteries and __________ veins
Definition
systemic, pulmonary
Term
normally, oxygenated blood is ____% saturated
Definition
97
Term
deoxygenated blood is found in the ______ arteries and ___________ veins
Definition
pumonary, systemic
Term
deoxygenated blood is _________% saturated with oxygen
Definition
70
Term
the difference in _________ saturation results from the release of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin to supply the body cells; therefore, the chemical combination of oxygen and hemoglobin is said to be "reversible" with oxyhemoglobin formation or oxygen release dependent on the partial pressure of oxygen driving the reaction
Definition
oxygen
Term
_________________ carries the vast majority of the total oxygen transported by the blood
Definition
oxyhemoglobin
Term
by product of cellular metabolism that plays an important and necessary role in regulating pH of body fluids; becomes toxic if there is too much
Definition
carbon dioxide
Term
normal limits of carbondioxide
Definition
40-50 mm Hg in venous blood
Term
elimination of excess __________ occurs when it enters the alveoli and is expelled during exhalation
Definition
carbon dioxide
Term
for carbon dioxide elimination to occur, co2 must be transported in one of three forms:
Definition
1. dissolved carbon dioxide
2. carbaminohemoglobin
3. bicarbonate ions
Term
10% of the total amount of _________ _________ is carried in the dissolved form
Definition
carbon dioxide
Term
formed by the union of carbon dioxide, hemoglobin, and certain other plasma proteins
Definition
carbaminohemoglobin
Term
about 20% of the total ________ ________ is in the form of carbaminohemoglobin
Definition
carbon dioxide
Term
about 70% of the total ________ __________ in the blood is carried in the form of bicarbonate ions
Definition
carbon dioxide
Term
enzyme that increases the rate of reaction dramatically within in red blood cells becoming bicarbonate ions
Definition
carbonic anhydrase
Term
carbonic acid equation
Definition
CO2+H2O <--> H2CO3
Term
special device used to measure the amount of air exchanged in breathing
Definition
spirometer
Term
we take _____mL of air into our lungs with each normal inspiration and expel it with each normal expiration
Definition
500
Term
amount of air breathed in and out with each breath
Definition
tidal volume (tv)
Term
largest amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs in one inspiration and expiration
Definition
vital capacity (vc)
Term
the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after expiring the tidal volume
Definition
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Term
the amount of air that can be forcibly inspired over and above a normal respiration
Definition
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Term
the air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful expiration
Definition
residual volume (RV)
Term
How does the diaphragm operate during inspiration?
Definition
it contracts or flattens and the chest expands
Term
how does the diaphragm operate during expiration?
Definition
it relaxes, but the abdominal muscles raise and push it upwards, thereby decreasing chest size
Term
what form does oxygen travel in blood?
Definition
dissolved or oxyhemoglobin
Term
what form does carbon dioxide travel in blood?
Definition
dissolved, carbaminohemoglobin, or bicarbonate ions
Term
what is the vital capacity? How is it measured?
Definition
largest amount of air we can breathe out in one expiration. a spirometer
Term
the more work the body does, the more (OXYGEN/CARBON DIOXIDE) must be delivered to its millions of cells
Definition
oxygen
Term
normal breath rate
Definition
18-20 breaths per minute
Term
centers located in the medulla and pons that stimulate the muscles of respiration
Definition
respiratory control centers
Term
the two most important control centers (for respiration) are in the
Definition
medulla
Term
two most important control centers for respiration
Definition
inspiratory and expiratory centers
Term
centers in the (PONS/MEDULLA) have a modifying function
Definition
pons
Term
under rest conditions, neurons in the _________ and ________ centers "fire" at a rate that will produce normal breathing
Definition
inspiratory and expiratory
Term
_________ _____ in the brain can influence respiration by modifying the rate at which neurons "fire" in the inspiratory and expiratoy centers the medulla; in other words, an individual may voluntarily speed up or slow down breathing rate or greatly change the pattern of respiration during activities
Definition
cerebral cortex
Term
allows us to change respiratory patterns, and hold our breath for activities such as speaking, eating, or under water swimming
Definition
cerebral cortex
Term
specialized receptors taht are sensitive to increases in blood carbon dioxide level and decreases in blood oxygen level; sense and respond to increasing blood acid levels
Definition
chemoreceptors located in the carotid and aortic bodies
Term
________ body receptors are found at the point where the common carotid arteries divide
Definition
carotid
Term
___________ body receptors are small clusters of chemosensitive cells that lie adjacent to the aortic arch near the heart
Definition
aortic
Term
_________ receptors stimulate nerve impulses that influence the normal pattern of breathing and protect the respiratory system from excess stretching caused by harmful overinflation
Definition
stretch
Term
3rd ranking cause of infant death; "crib-death"; exact cause of death can seldom be determined; most common in african-american and native-american babies
Definition
SIDS Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Term
normal respiratory rate; the need for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange is being met and the individual is usually not aware of the breathing pattern
Definition
eupnea
Term
sometimes results from a conscious voluntary effort preceding exertion or from psychological factors "hysteria"; very rapid breaths
Definition
hyperventilation
Term
slow, shallow respirations
Definition
hypoventilation
Term
labored or difficult breathing; often associated with hypoventilation
Definition
dyspnea
Term
when breathing stops completely for a brief period, regardless of cause, it is called
Definition
apnea
Term
a condition that results in brief but often frequent stops in breathing during sleep; often caused by enlarged tonsil tissue and may necessitate tonsillectomy
Definition
sleep apnea
Term
failure to resume breathing after a prolonged period of apnea is called
Definition
respiratory arrest
Term
where are the respiratory control centers located?
Definition
pons and medulla
Term
how many alveoli in average person
Definition
300-700 million 80 sq meters
Supporting users have an ad free experience!