Term
| the organs that allow the exchange of oxygen from the air with the carbon dioxide from the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the organs of the respiratory system are designed to perform these two basic functions: (and one other function) |
|
Definition
1. air distribution
2. gas exchange
(3. filters, warms, and humidifies air) |
|
|
Term
| the __________ system ensures that oxygen is supplied to and carbon dioxide is removed from the body's cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a system that maintains a constant environment enabling body cells to function effectively |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| homeostatic mechanism of the respiratory system: |
|
Definition
| the process of respiration: by constantly supplying oxygen and removing carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| ___________ organs also influence speech, sound production, and make possible the sense of smell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| respiratory organs include: |
|
Definition
| nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| extremely tiny, very thin-walled sacs where gas exchange occurs; single squamous epithelial tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| respiratory system often divided into _______ and ____________ tracts or divisions to assist in the descriptions of symptoms associated with common respiratory problems (such as a cold) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ tract is composed of the nose, pharynx, and larynx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ tract is composed of the trachea, bronchial tree, and the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathway of air from the nose to the capillaries of the lung |
|
Definition
Nasty Northern Communists Always Push Stupid, Pathetic Liars Then Bend Backwards And Leave Cuts (on their) Butts
Nose, Nasal Cavities and Paranasal Sinuses, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Lung Capillaries, Blood Stream |
|
|
Term
Nasy
Northern Communists Always Push Stupid
Pathetic
Liars
Then
Bend
Backwards
And
Leave Cuts (on their)
Butts |
|
Definition
nose
nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
lung capillaries
bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| often used to describe what many patients call a "head cold"; typically involve the sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx |
|
Definition
| upper respiratory infection (uri) |
|
|
Term
| the symptoms of what is often referred to as a "chest cold" are similar to pneumonia and involve the organs of the ___________ respiratory tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the membrane that lines most of the air distribution tubes in the respiratory tree |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| separates the air in the alveoli from the blood in surrounding capillaries; makes up the wall of the alveoli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| air entering the nose is generally contaminated with one or more common irritants: |
|
Definition
| Insects, Dust, Pollen, and Bacterial Organisms |
|
|
Term
| serves as the most important air purification mechanism |
|
Definition
| layer of protective mucus that covers a large portion of the membrane that lines the respiratory tree |
|
|
Term
| more than ____ mL of respiratory mucus is produced daily |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| covers the lining of the air distribution tubes in the respiratory tree; cleansing mucus that moves upward to the pharynx from the lower portions of the bronchial tree on millions of hairlike cilia that cover the epithelial cells in the respiratory mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the microscopic cilia that cover epithelial cells in the respiratory mucosa beat or move in (ONE DIRECTION/ BETWEEN BOTH TRACTS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
upward movement of mucus towards the pharynx is a process sometimes called
_______-___________ ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ _______ paralyzes cilia and results in accumulations of mucus that result in the typical cough, which is an effort to clear the secretions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the primary functions of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
1. air distributor
2. gas exchange
3. air humidifier |
|
|
Term
| Can you distinguish the upper respiratory tract form the lower respiratory tract? |
|
Definition
upper- nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
lower- trachea, bronchi,lungs |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of the respiratory membrane? |
|
Definition
| seperates the air in the alveoli from the blood in surrounding capillaries; air purification; cleansing |
|
|
Term
| air enters the respiratory tract the the ___________ ______ or nostrils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| separates the nasal cavities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| moist, warm cavities lined by mucosa located just beyond the nostrils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the surface of the nasal cavities is moist from _______ and warm from ________ flowing just under it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nerve endings responsible for smell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the olfactory receptors located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the spaces or cavities located inside the frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoid bones-- which are located close to the nose: all drain into the nasal cavities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sinus infections that develop from colds in which the nasal mucosa is inflamed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these hollow spaces help lessen the wieght of the skull bones and serve as resonant chambers for the production of sound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pouches that collect tears from the eye, then drain them toward the nose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| shell-shaped structure; for example, bony projections into the nasal cavity; greatly increase the surface over which air must flow as it passes through the nasal cavity; warms and humidifies; helps explain why breathing through the nose is more effective in humidifying inspired air than is breathing through the mouth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is supplemental oxygen humidified? |
|
Definition
| it is first bubbled through water to reduce the amount of moisture that would otherwise have to be removed from the lining of the respiratory tree to humidify it. |
|
|
Term
| what happens if "dry" supplemental oxygen enters the lungs |
|
Definition
| administration of "dry" oxygen pulls water from the mucosa and results in respiratory discomfort and irritation |
|
|
Term
| the throat; approximately _____ cm long and can be divided into 3 portions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx |
|
|
Term
| uppermost part of the pharynx just behind the nasal cavities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the portion of the pharynx behind the mouth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the last, or lowest segment of the pharynx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as a whole, serves the same purpose for the respiratory and digestive tracts as a hallway serves for a house; air and food pass through it on their way to the lungs and the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| air enters the _______ from the 2 nasal cavities and leaves it by way of the larynx; food enters it by way of the mouth and leaves by way of the esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tube that connects the throat with the middle ear to equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanum |
|
Definition
| auditory (eustachian) tubes |
|
|
Term
| the auditory tubes open into the ____________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| connects the middle ears with the nasopharynx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| connection that permits equalization of air pressure between the middle and exterior ear |
|
Definition
| auditory tube with nasopharynx |
|
|
Term
| middle ear infections can develop from inflammation of the nasopharynx because: |
|
Definition
| the lining of the auditory tubes is continuous with the lining of the nasopharynx and middle ear |
|
|
Term
| masses of lymphatic tissue embedded in the mucous membrane of the pharynx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tonsils located in the nasopharynx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tonsils located in the oropharynx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| surgical procedure to remove tonsils; usually performed reluctantly because of the body defense mechanism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inflammation of the tonsils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the pharyngeal tonsils becomes swollen, they are referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| voice box; located just below the pharynx; composed of several pieces of cartillage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| largest piece of cartillage in the larynx |
|
Definition
| thyroid cartillage (adam's apple) |
|
|
Term
| bands of tissue in the larynx responsible for production of sound (speech); two short fibrous bands that stretch across the interior of the larynx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the vocal cords are tense, the voice is (HIGH/LOW) pitched |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the vocal cords are relaxed, the voice is (HIGH/LOW) pitched |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the space between the vocal cords |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lidlike cartillage overhanging the entrance to the larynx; acts like a trapdoor, closing off the larynx during swallowing and preventing food from entering the trachea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| windpipe; about ____ cm long; extends from the larynx in the neck to the bronchi in the chest cavity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one of the most important functions of the trachea: |
|
Definition
| furnishes part of the open passageway through which air can reach the lungs from the outside |
|
|
Term
| functions of the trachea: |
|
Definition
1. air distribution
2. protection |
|
|
Term
| framework of the _______ is made of an almost noncollapsible material-- 15 of 20 C-shaped rings of cartillage placed one above the other with only a little soft tissue between them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| despite the structural safeguard of cartilage, closing of the ______ sometimes occurs; i.e. tumor, enlarged lymph nodes, choking |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complete tracheal obstruction causes death in a matter of minutes because |
|
Definition
| air has no other way to get to the lungs |
|
|
Term
| what are the paranasal sinuses? |
|
Definition
| cavitys in the ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla, and frontal bone that drain into the nasal cavities and make the skull lighter |
|
|
Term
| what are the three divisions of the pharynx? |
|
Definition
| nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
|
|
Term
| what keeps the trachea from collapsing? |
|
Definition
| 15-20 C-shaped cartillage rings that provide it's frame work |
|
|
Term
| first branches of the trachea (right and left) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| smaller bronchial branches resulting from division of primary bronchi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| small branch of a bronchus;tiny tubes whose walls contain only smooth muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| resemble the main stem of a bunch of grapes; air way that branches from the smallest bronchioles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| resemble a cluster of grapes; each alveolar duct ends in several sacs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| resembles a single grape; sac like dilations of terminal bronchioles; very effective in promoting rapid and effective exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood circulating through the lung capillaries and alveolar air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the wall of each __________ is made up of a single layer of squamous epithelial cels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a substance covering the surface of the respiratory membrane inside the alveolus, which reduces surface tension and prevents the alveoli from collapsing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___________ lung has three lobes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___________ lung has two lobes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the narrow, superior position of each lung, under the collar bone, is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the broad, inferior portion resting on the diaphram is the ______ of the lung |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the rib cage; extensive, moist, slippery membrane; lines a large closed cavity of the body and covers the organs located within it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ pleura covers the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______________ is the space that lies between the two pleural membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
parietal pleura
visceral pleura |
|
|
Term
| inflammation of the pleura that causes pain when the plural membranes rub together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normally, the __________ ____ contains just enough fluid to make both portions of the pleura moist and slippery and able to glide easily against each other as the lungs expand and deflate with each breath |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the presence of air in the intrapleural space on one side of the chest; causes collapse of lung; stops breathing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a very serious life-threatening condition that often affects prematurely born infants; disease is characterized by a lack of surfactant in the alveolar sacs; results in lung collapse |
|
Definition
| IRDs Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| what are bronchi? what is their role? |
|
Definition
Tree like branches of the lungs.
functions: 1. air distribution
2. gas exchange |
|
|
Term
| can you describe the structure and function of the pleura? |
|
Definition
structure- warm, moist slippery membrane that covers the thoracic cavity and organs inside
function: the pleura glide past each other as the lungs expand and deflate with each breath |
|
|
Term
| the exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the process that moves air into and out of the lungs; makes possible the exchange of gases between air in the lungs and in the blood; breathing |
|
Definition
| pulmonary ventilation (external respiration) |
|
|
Term
| the exchange of gases that occurs between the blood and cells of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the actual use of oxygen by cells in the process of metabolism; enzymes in the mitochondrial wall and matrix using oxygen to break down glucose and other nutrients needed to release energy needed for cellular work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two phases of pulmonary ventilation: |
|
Definition
| inspiration and expiration |
|
|
Term
| air that moves into the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| air that moves out of the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| air moves from an area where pressure is __________ to an area where pressure is ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "treatment of last resort" for severe cases of emphysema; involves the removal of 20-30% of each lung |
|
Definition
| Lung Volume Reduction Surgery LVRS |
|
|
Term
| one of a number of conditions classified as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| occurs when the chest cavity enlarges, the lungs expand, and air rushes into them and down into the alveoli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscles of the respiration that are classified as inspiratory muscles: |
|
Definition
| diaphram, external intercostals |
|
|
Term
| the dome-shaped muscle separating the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the diaphram (FLATTENS/BUNCHES UP) during inhalation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the contraction or flattening of the diaphragm makes the chest cavity (LONGER/SHORTER) from top to bottom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___________ is the most important muscle of inspiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nerve impulses passing through the ______ nerve stimulate the diaphragm to contract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ______ __________ muscles are located between the ribs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the external intercostal muscles contract, they (EXPAND/RELAX) the thorax |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contraction of the __________ __________ muscles increases the volume of the thoracic cavity and reduces air pressure within it, drawing air into the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| quiet expiration is ordinarily a (PASSIVE/ACTIVE) process that begins when the inspiratory muscles relax |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| internal intercostals and abdominal muscles |
|
|
Term
| during more forceful expiration, the (EXPIRATORY/INSPIRATORY) muscles contract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when contracted, the __________ ____________ muscless depress the rib cage and decrease the front-to-back size of the thorax |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contraction of the _________ muscles pushes the abdominal organs against the underside of the diaphragm, thus elevating it and making it more "dome-shaped" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as the thoracic cavity (INCREASES/DECREASES) in size, the air pressure within it increases and air flows out of the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood pumped from the ________ ventricle of the heart enters the pulmonary artery and eventually enters the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the exchange of gases between the blood and alveolar air; occurs by diffusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the concentration of a particular gas in air or within the blood is expressed as the _____________ exerted by that gas and is reported in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygen and carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| pressure exerted by any one gas in a mixture of gases or in a liquid; symbol used to designate it is the capital letter P preceding the chemicals symbol for the gas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the __________ gases are considered partial pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| measurement of the _________ ___________ of a number of blood gases is important in the diagnosis and treatment of many disease conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a passive process resulting in the movement down a concentration or pressure gradient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the exchange of gases that occurs between blood in tissue capillaries and the body cells is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during __________ respiration, oxygenated blood enters tissue capillaries and is changed into deoxygenated blood as it flows through them. In the process of losing oxygen, the waste product carbon dioxide is picked up and transported to the lungs for removal from the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ transports the respiratory gases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood transports the respiratory gases either in a ___________ state or combined with other ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| immediately on entering the blood, both _________ and __________ dissolve in the plasma |
|
Definition
| oxygen and carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| once gas molecules are bound to another molecule, their plasma concentration (partial pressure) (DECREASES/INCREASES) and more gas can diffuse in the plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| only very (LIMITED/LARGE) amounts of oxygen can be dissolved in the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to combine with hemoglobin, oxygen must first (DIFFUSE/DISSOLVE) in the RBCs to form oxyhemoglobin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| large proteins that contain four iron containing heme components; each of which is capable of combining with an oxygen molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acts as an "oxygen sponge" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxygenated blood is found in the ______ arteries and __________ veins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normally, oxygenated blood is ____% saturated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| deoxygenated blood is found in the ______ arteries and ___________ veins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| deoxygenated blood is _________% saturated with oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the difference in _________ saturation results from the release of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin to supply the body cells; therefore, the chemical combination of oxygen and hemoglobin is said to be "reversible" with oxyhemoglobin formation or oxygen release dependent on the partial pressure of oxygen driving the reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________________ carries the vast majority of the total oxygen transported by the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| by product of cellular metabolism that plays an important and necessary role in regulating pH of body fluids; becomes toxic if there is too much |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal limits of carbondioxide |
|
Definition
| 40-50 mm Hg in venous blood |
|
|
Term
| elimination of excess __________ occurs when it enters the alveoli and is expelled during exhalation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for carbon dioxide elimination to occur, co2 must be transported in one of three forms: |
|
Definition
1. dissolved carbon dioxide
2. carbaminohemoglobin
3. bicarbonate ions |
|
|
Term
| 10% of the total amount of _________ _________ is carried in the dissolved form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| formed by the union of carbon dioxide, hemoglobin, and certain other plasma proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| about 20% of the total ________ ________ is in the form of carbaminohemoglobin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| about 70% of the total ________ __________ in the blood is carried in the form of bicarbonate ions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enzyme that increases the rate of reaction dramatically within in red blood cells becoming bicarbonate ions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| special device used to measure the amount of air exchanged in breathing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| we take _____mL of air into our lungs with each normal inspiration and expel it with each normal expiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of air breathed in and out with each breath |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| largest amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs in one inspiration and expiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after expiring the tidal volume |
|
Definition
| expiratory reserve volume (ERV) |
|
|
Term
| the amount of air that can be forcibly inspired over and above a normal respiration |
|
Definition
| inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
|
|
Term
| the air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful expiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the diaphragm operate during inspiration? |
|
Definition
| it contracts or flattens and the chest expands |
|
|
Term
| how does the diaphragm operate during expiration? |
|
Definition
| it relaxes, but the abdominal muscles raise and push it upwards, thereby decreasing chest size |
|
|
Term
| what form does oxygen travel in blood? |
|
Definition
| dissolved or oxyhemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| what form does carbon dioxide travel in blood? |
|
Definition
| dissolved, carbaminohemoglobin, or bicarbonate ions |
|
|
Term
| what is the vital capacity? How is it measured? |
|
Definition
| largest amount of air we can breathe out in one expiration. a spirometer |
|
|
Term
| the more work the body does, the more (OXYGEN/CARBON DIOXIDE) must be delivered to its millions of cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| centers located in the medulla and pons that stimulate the muscles of respiration |
|
Definition
| respiratory control centers |
|
|
Term
| the two most important control centers (for respiration) are in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two most important control centers for respiration |
|
Definition
| inspiratory and expiratory centers |
|
|
Term
| centers in the (PONS/MEDULLA) have a modifying function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| under rest conditions, neurons in the _________ and ________ centers "fire" at a rate that will produce normal breathing |
|
Definition
| inspiratory and expiratory |
|
|
Term
| _________ _____ in the brain can influence respiration by modifying the rate at which neurons "fire" in the inspiratory and expiratoy centers the medulla; in other words, an individual may voluntarily speed up or slow down breathing rate or greatly change the pattern of respiration during activities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| allows us to change respiratory patterns, and hold our breath for activities such as speaking, eating, or under water swimming |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| specialized receptors taht are sensitive to increases in blood carbon dioxide level and decreases in blood oxygen level; sense and respond to increasing blood acid levels |
|
Definition
| chemoreceptors located in the carotid and aortic bodies |
|
|
Term
| ________ body receptors are found at the point where the common carotid arteries divide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ body receptors are small clusters of chemosensitive cells that lie adjacent to the aortic arch near the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ receptors stimulate nerve impulses that influence the normal pattern of breathing and protect the respiratory system from excess stretching caused by harmful overinflation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3rd ranking cause of infant death; "crib-death"; exact cause of death can seldom be determined; most common in african-american and native-american babies |
|
Definition
| SIDS Sudden Infant Death Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| normal respiratory rate; the need for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange is being met and the individual is usually not aware of the breathing pattern |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sometimes results from a conscious voluntary effort preceding exertion or from psychological factors "hysteria"; very rapid breaths |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| slow, shallow respirations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| labored or difficult breathing; often associated with hypoventilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when breathing stops completely for a brief period, regardless of cause, it is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a condition that results in brief but often frequent stops in breathing during sleep; often caused by enlarged tonsil tissue and may necessitate tonsillectomy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| failure to resume breathing after a prolonged period of apnea is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the respiratory control centers located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many alveoli in average person |
|
Definition
| 300-700 million 80 sq meters |
|
|
