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Respiratory System
System and Functions
100
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/01/2013

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Cards

Term
Organs of the Respiratory System
Definition
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs-Alveoli
Term
Function of Respiratory System
Definition
Gas exchanges between the blood and external environment
Term
Where does the gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Definition
Alveoli
Term
What divides the nasal cavity?
Definition
Nasal Septum
Term
Where are olfactory receptors located?
Definition
Mucosa on the superior surface
Term
The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa that
Definition
moisten air
trap incoming foreign particles
Term
Projections in the lateral walls are called
Definition
conchae
Term
What separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?
Definition
Palate
(anterior hard palate-bone)
(posterior soft palate-muscle)
Term
Sinuses
Definition
Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Term
Frontal Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Ethmoid Bone
Maxillary Bone
Definition
Bones that sinuses are located in
Term
Lighten skull
Act as resonance chambers for speech
Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
Definition
Function of the sinuses
Term
Superior region behind nasal cavity
Definition
Nasopharynx
Term
Oropharynx
Definition
middle region behind mouth
Term
Laryngopharynx
Definition
inferior region attached to larynx
Term
Common passageways for food
Definition
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Term
Adenoid
Definition
located in the nasopharynx- pharygngeal tonsil
Term
Palatine tonsil
Definition
located in the oropharynx
Term
Tonsils found at the base of the tongue
Definition
Lingual
Term
Routes air and food into proper channels
Definition
Larynx (voice box)
Term
Larynx
Definition
plays a role in speech and is made of eight hyaline cartilages and epiglottis
Term
Largest of the hyaline cartilage, protrudes anteriorly
Definition
Thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)
Term
Epiglottis
Definition
protects the superior opening of the larynx
routes food to the esophagus and air toward the trachea
Term
Vocal Folds (true vocal cords)
Definition
vibrate with expelled air to create sound or speech
Term
Glottis
Definition
opening between vocal cords
Term
Larynx
Definition
voice box
Term
Trachea
Definition
windpipe
Term
Four inch long tube that connects larynx with bronchi
Definition
Trachea
Term
Main (Primary) Bronchi
Definition
Formed by division of the trachea,
enters the lung at the hilum (medial depression)
Term
Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
Definition
Lungs
Term
Where is the apex of the lungs located?
Definition
Near the clavicle (superior portion)
Term
Mediastinum
Definition
central portion that the heart occupies
Term
Left Lung
Definition
two lobes
Term
Right Lung
Definition
Three Lobes
Term
What covers the outer surface of the lungs?
Definition
Serosa
Term
Covers the lung surface
Definition
Pulmonary (visceral) pleura
Term
Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
Definition
Parietal pleura
Term
Parietal Fluid fills the area between the layers of pleura to
Definition
allow gliding
Term
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Definition
Bronchial Respiratory Tree Divsions
Term
Respiratory Zone
Definition
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli (air sacs)
Term
Site of gas exchange
Definition
alveoli
Term
What causes the gas to cross the respiratory membrane
Definition
Diffusion
Term
What enters the blood?
Definition
Oxygen
Term
What enters the alveoli
Definition
Carbon dioxide
Term
Surfactant
Definition
lipid molecule that coats gas exposed alveolar surfaces
Term
The four Events of Respiration
Definition
Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Respiratory Gas transport
Internal respiration
Term
Pulmonary ventilation
Definition
moving air in and out of the lungs (commonly called breathing)
Term
External respiration
Definition
gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli
Term
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the blood stream
Definition
Respiratory gas transport
Term
Internal respiration
Definition
gas exchange between the blood and tissue cells in the systemic capillaries
Term
Completely mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity
Definition
pulmonary ventilation
Term
What are the phases of pulmonary ventilation
Definition
Inspiration
Expiration
Term
Inspiration
Definition
inhalation- flow of air into lungs
Term
Expiration
Definition
exhalation -air leaving lungs
Term
Diaphragm and external intercoastal muscles contract, cavity size increases
Definition
Inspiration
Term
The passive process, as muscles relax air is pushed out of the lungs
Definition
Expiration
Term
What causes air to be pushed out of lungs?
Definition
Decrease in the intrapulmonary volume
Increase in gas pressure
Term
Normal pressure within the pleural space is always
Definition
negative
Term
Differences in lung and pleural space pressures
Definition
keep lungs from collapsing
Term
Cough and sneeze
Crying
Laughing
Hiccup
Yawn
Definition
Examples of nonrespiratory air gas movements
Term
Moves about 500 ml of air with each breath
Definition
normal breathing
Term
Tidal volume
Definition
the respiratory volume
Term
Many factors that affect respiratory capacity
Definition
Person's size
sex
age
physical condition
Term
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Definition
Occurs when you inhale
Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume
Term
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Definition
Occurs when you exhale
Ammount of air that can be forcibly exhaled
Term
Residual Volume
Definition
air remaining in lung after expiration
Term
The total amount of exchangeable air
Definition
Vital Capacity
Term
Vital Capacity
Definition
TV+IRV+ERV=
Term
Spirometer
Definition
Respiratory capacities are measured with
Term
What monitors respiratory sounds?
Definition
Stethoscope
Term
Produced by air rusing through large passageways such as the trachea and bronchi
Definition
Bronchial sounds
Term
Vesicular breathing sounds
Definition
soft sounds of air filling alveoli
Term
Always have more oxygen than the blood
Definition
Alveoli
Term
External Respiration
Definition
blood leaving the lungs is oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-poor
Term
What is formed when most oxygen attaches to hemoglobin
Definition
HbO2 oxyhemoglobin
Term
Most is transported in the blood, specifically the plasma as
Definition
bicarbonate ion (HCO3)
Term
Internal Respiration
Definition
An opposite reaction to what occurs in the lungs
Term
Carbon Dioxide diffuses out of the tissue to blood
Definition
loading
Term
unloading
Definition
oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue
Term
Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to and from the brain by
Definition
phrenic and intercostal nerves
Term
Medulla
Definition
sets basic rhythm of breathing and contains a pacemaker called the self-exciting inspiratory center
Term
Appears to smooth out respiratory rate
Definition
Pons
Term
Eupnea
Definition
normal respiratory rate 12-15 respirations per minute
Term
Hypernea
Definition
increased respiratory rate often due to extra oxygen needs
Term
Physical factors (non-neural factors) that influence respiratory rate and depth
Definition
Increased body temp
exercise
talking
coughing
Emotional factors
Term
Volition
Definition
conscious control
Term
Chemical factors that influence respiratory rate
Definition
CO2 levels
Term
Results from increase CO2 in the blood, acidosis
Blows off more CO2 to restore normal blood pH
Definition
Hyperventilation
Term
Hypoventilation
Definition
results when blood becomes alkaline (alkalosis), extremely slow or shallow breathing
Allows CO2 to accumulate in the blood
Term
Things associated with COPD
Definition
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
smoking
dyspnea
coughing
Term
Most victims are hypoxic, retain CO2 and have frequent acidosis, ultimately develop respiratory failure
Definition
COPD
Term
Mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflamed,
Mucus production increases
Pneumonia is common
Definition
"Blue bloaters" Chronic Bronchitis
Term
Emphysema "Pink Puffers"
Definition
Alveoli enlarge
airways collapse during expiration
can cause barrel chest
Cyanosis appears late (blue color)
Term
Accounts for one-third of all cancer deaths in the US
Definition
Lung Cancer
Term
Three common types of lung cancer
Definition
squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Small Cell carcinoma
Term
A fatty molecule made by alveolar cells
Definition
Surfactant
Term
IRDS
Definition
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Term
Cystic fibrosis
Definition
oversecretion of thick mucus clogs in the respiratory system
Term
Apparently healthy infant stops breathing and dies during sleep
Definition
SIDS
Term
Chronic inflamed hypersensitive bronchiole passages
dyspnea
coughing
wheezing
Definition
asthma
Term
Aging effects
Definition
Elasticity of lungs decreases
Vital capacity decreases
blood oxygen levels decrease
stimulating effects of carbon dioxide decrease
Elderly are often hypoxic and exhibit sleep apnea
More risks of respiratory tract infection
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