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Respiratory System
Unit 11
68
Anatomy
11th Grade
04/30/2008

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Cards

Term

Organs of Respiratory System:

Definition

1)nose

2)Pharynx

3)larynx

4)trachea

5)bronchi

*plus smaller branches

6)lungs

Term
Conducting Passageways
Definition

-no exchanging of gases

-purify, humidify, & warm incoming air

Term

The Nose

*basic structure*

Definition

-only externally visible par of resp. system

-air enters through nostrils

-interior of nose consists of nasal cavity

*divided by a midline nasal septum

-lateral walls uneven due to bony projections called conchae

-separated from oral cavity by palate

-surrounded by ring of paranasal sinuses

 

Term
External Nares
Definition
Nostrils
Term
Conchae
Definition

-3 bony projections

-increase surface area of nasal cavity

Term
Paranasal Sinuses
Definition

-lighten skull 

-act as resonance chambers for speech

-produce mucus

*drains into nasal cavity

Term

Rhinitis

Definition

-inflammation of the nasal mucosa

-excessive mucus

Term
Sinusitis
Definition

-inflammed sinuses

-causes marked changes in voice quality

-headache caused by passageways to nasal cavity being blocked

*air in sinus cavity absorbed leading to a partial vacuum

Term
Mucosa Lining the Nasal Cavity
Definition

-rich in blood & mucous glands

-air is warmed as it flows through

-traps incoming bacteria & other foreign debris

-contaminated mucus pushed toward pharynx by ciliated cells & swallowed

 

*extreme cold: cilia sluggish; runny nose

Term
Pharynx
Definition

-muscular passageway

-5 inches long

-commonly called throat

-passageway for air & food

 

-tonils found in pharynx

1)pharyngeal tonsils

2)Palantine tonsils

3)lingual tonsils

Term
Path of incoming air in Pharynx
Definition

-air enters in nasopharynx

-descends through the oropharynx

-goes through laryngopharynx to enter larynx

 

*auditory tubes that drian into middle ear open into the nasopharynx

Term
Pharyngeal Tonsils
Definition

-adenoids

-located high in nasopharynx

Term
Palantine Tonsils
Definition
oropharynx
Term
Lingual Tonsils
Definition
base of tongue
Term
Larynx
Definition

-"voicebox"

-formed by 8 rigid hyaline cartilages & a flap of elastic cartilage called Epiglottis

Term
Thyroid Cartilage
Definition

-Largest cartilage

-commonly called "Adams Apple"

Term
Epiglottis
Definition

-protects superior opening of larynx

-when we swallow the epiglottis forms a lid over opening of larynx

*anything other than air enters the larynx triggers the cough reflex

Term
Vocal Folds
Definition

-"True Vocal Cords"

-vibrate with expelled air

Term
Trachea
Definition

-"windpipe"

-fairly rigid; reinforced w/ hyaline cartilage

-lined with ciliated mucosa, propel mucus

-keeps dust particles & other debris away from lungs; to throat where it is swallowed or spit out

 

-smoking: inhibits ciliary activity; ultimately destroying them

-coughing is their only means of preventing mucus accumulation in lungs

 

tracheal obstruction = life threatening

-Heimlich maneuver: air in person's lungs used to pop out any obstucting piece of food etc.

Term
Tracheostomy
Definition
Provide an alternate route for air to reach lungs
Term
Primary Bronchi
Definition

-right & left

*subdivision of the trachea

 

-right is larger & straighter than left

 

-subdivide after entering lungs

-finally ending in smallest conduction passageways = bronchioles

-bronchioles lead to alveoli

Term
Lungs
Definition

-occupy entire thoracic cavity except for most central area

-apex: just under collarbone

-base: rest upon diaphragm

 

-surface covered with visceral pleura & walls of thoracic cavity lined w/ parietal pleura

*produce pleural fluid which allows lungs to move freely during breathing

 

 

Term
Bronchioles
Definition
Smalles conducting passageways
Term
Alveoli
Definition

-air sacs

-millions of them

-resemble clusters of grapes

-make up bulk of lung

 

-final line of defense is in alveoli: macrophages (dust cells) wander in & out of alveoli & pick up bacteria & other debris

Term
Respiratory Membrane
Definition

composed of:

-squamous epithelium which composes walls of alveoli (single layer)

-cobweb of pulmonary capillaries which cover external surfaces

Term
Cuboidal Cells
Definition

-scattered among epithelial cells

-form surfactant

Term
Surfactant
Definition

-coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

-lowers surace tension of film of water coating alveolar cells & keeps alveoli from collapsing during each breath

 

 

***premature infants (before 28 weeks) inadequate amount of surfactant = Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrom (IRDS)

-alveoli collapse after each breath

-use huge amounts of energy to reinflate every time

Term
Respiration:
Definition

1)Pulmonary ventilation

2)External respiration

3)respiratory gas transport

4)internal respiration

Term
Pulmonary Ventilation
Definition

air moving into & out of the lungs

*breathing

Term
External Respiration
Definition
gas exchange between pulmonary blood & alveoli (oxygen loads & CO2 unloads)
Term
Respiratory gas Transport
Definition
oxygen & carbon dioxide must be transported to & from the lungs & tissue cells of the body
Term
Internal Respiration
Definition
gas exchaneg between the blood & tissue cells at capillaries
Term
Mechanisms of Breathing
Definition

-completely mechanical

volume changes lead to pressure changes which lead to flow of gases to equalize the pressure

 

-large volume: molecules far apart, pressure exerted by the molecules hitting each other & the walls of the container is low, reduce volume

*molecules closer together & the pressure will rise

Term
Inspiration
Definition

inspiratory muscles:

1)diaphragm (flattens out)

2)external intercostals contract

*size of thoracic cavity increases

-lungs stretch alos because they are adhered to thoracic walls

-molecues move further apart & pressure drops, creating a cavuum which suchs air into lungs until the pressure is = atmospheric pressure

Term
Expiration
Definition

-Largely a passive process in healthy people

-inspiratory muscles relax & lungs recoil therefore thoracic volume decreases & gases forced closer together causing pressure to rise inside lungs & gases to flow out until equilibrium is reached

Term
Atelectasis
Definition

Lung collapse

-seen when air enters the pleural space through a chest wound of from rupture of visceral pleura

-presence of air referred to as pneumothorax

Term
Pneumothorax
Definition
reversed by drawing air out of the space through chest tubes & allowing lung to re-inflate
Term
Nonrespiratory Air Movements
Definition

-result from relex activity

-includes:

1)coughs

2)sneezes

3)laughing

4)crying/sobbing

5)yawning

6)hic cups

 

*coughs/sneezes cleans out airways

Term
Respiratory Volumes & Capacities
Definition

factors that affect respiratory capacity:

1)persons size

2)sex

3)age

4)physical condition

-normal breathing moves about 500 ml of air (~1 pint) into & out of lungs

*tidal volume (TV)

 

Term
Inspiratory reserve volume
Definition

amount of air taken in forcibly over the tidal volume

-between 2100 ml & 3100 ml

Term
Expiratory reserve volume
Definition

amount of air forcibly exhaled after tidal expiration

 

*vital capacity: ~ 4500 ml

Term
Residual Volume
Definition
even after most trenuous expiration about 1100 ml of air still remains in lungs; allows gas exchange to go on continuously even between breaths
Term
Vital Capacity (VC)
Definition

amount of exchangeable air is about 4500 ml

 

= TV + IRV + ERV

Term
Dead Space Volume
Definition

amount of air that remains in the conducting passageways & never reaches alveoli; amounts 150 ml during a normal breath

-measured w/ a spirometer

Term
Respiratory Sounds
Definition

-Bronchial Sounds

-Vesicular Breathing Sounds

-Rales & Wheezing

Term
Bronchial Sounds
Definition
Produced by air rushing through the large respiratory passageways
Term
Vesicular Breathing Sounds
Definition

-Occur as air fills the alveoli

-soft

-resemble sounds of muffled breeze

Term
Rales
Definition

-rasping sound

-abnormal chest sounds

Term
Wheezing
Definition

-a whistling sound

-abnormal chest sound

Term
External Respiration, Gas Transport and Internal Respiration
Definition

-gas exchanges are made according to the laws of diffusion:

movement occurs towards the are of lower concentration

-oxygen tends to move from the air into the capillaries of the pulmonary circulation

-CO2 will leave the blood and pass into the air in alveoli

Term
Oxygen Transport
Definition

-transported in the blood in two ways:

 

1)most attaches to hemoglobin molecules inside the rbcs to form oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) 

 

2)a very small amount is dissolved in plasma

Term
Carbon Dioxide Transport
Definition

-most transported in the plasma as the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

-to diffuse it must be released from bicarbonate ions

-bicarbonate ions combine with hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) which then splits to form water and CO2

 -smaller amount 20-30% carried inside the rbcs bound to hemoglobin

-attatches to different site than oxygen therefore it does not interfere with oxygen transport

Term
Impaired Oxygen Transport
Definition

Hypoxia

&

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

 

Term
Hypoxia
Definition

-fair skinned people appear to have bluish cast to their skin & mucous membranes (cyanosis)

-more difficult to ovserve in dark skinned people

-need to look at nail beds

Term
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Definition

-CO is odorless & colorless that binds to hemoglobin at the same sites as oxygen

-competes with oxygen

-Hb binds more readily with CO than oxygen

-leading cause of death from fire

-does not produce characteristic signs of hypoxia, instead the victim becomes confused & has  a throbbing headache. In rare cases skin becomes cherry red

-given 100% oxygen until CO is cleared from the body

Term
Control of Respiration
Definition

-neural centers that control respiratory rhythm are located in the medulla and pons

-medulla contains the inspiratory and expiratory centers

-the pons contains the apneustic center:

provides the inspiratory drive & pneumotaxic center

-broncioles & alveoli have stretch receptors that respond to extreme overinflation as well as extreme deflation

-if medulla centers completely suppressed (an over dose of sleeping pills, morphine or alcohol) respiration stops completely & death occurs

Term
Eupnea
Definition
normal respiratory rate
Term
Factors Influencing the Rate & Depth of Respiration
Definition

a)physical factors

b)volition (conscious control)

c)emotional factors

d)chemical factors

Term
Physical Factors
Definition

-talking, coughing & exercise

-increased body temp. causes an increase in rate of breathing

Term
Volition
Definition

(conscious control)

-voluntary control is limited & the respiratory centers will simply ignore messages when oxygen supply is getting low or the pH is falling

Term
Emotional Factors
Definition
results from reflexes initiated by emotional stimuli
Term
Chemical Factors
Definition

-most important factor modifying respiratory rate & depth

-increased levels of carbon dioxide & decrease in blood pH are the most important stimuli leading to an increase in the rate & depth of breathing

-changes in the oxygen concentration is detected by chemoreceptors in the aorta & carotid artery; send impulses to medulla

-people with chronic lung disease retain carbon dioxide & levels no longer trigger breathing; rely on oxygen levels instead

-carbonic acid increases during hypoventilation & decreases during hyperventilation

Term

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

(COPD)

Definition

-chronic bronchitis & emphysema major cause of death & disability in the U.S.

-Certain features in common:

1.almost always have history of smoking

2.coughing & frequent pulmonary infections

3.most are hypoxic, retain carbon dioxide & develop resipiratory failure

4.dyspnea

Term
Dyspnea
Definition
difficult or labored breathing
Term
Emphysema
Definition

-alveoli enlarge as the walls of adjacent chambers break through & chronic inflammation promotes fibrosis in the lung

-lungs become less elastic & airways collapse during expiration

*use a lot of energy to exhale

-oxygen exchange is efficient until late in the disease

Term
Chronic Bronchitis
Definition

-Mucosa of lower respiratory passages becomes becomes severly inflammed & produces excessive amounts of mucus

-pooled mucus impairs gas exchange & ventilation & increases risk of lung infections

-cyanosis in common

Term
Lung Cancer
Definition

-1/3 of all cancers in US

*over 90% of victims were smokers

-low cure rate

*5 year survival is 7%, average person suvives only 9 months after diagnosis

-metastasizes rapidly & widely

-most causes not diagnosed unti lthey are well advanced

 

3 most common types:

1. squamous cell carcinoma: 20-40% cases, epithelium in larger bronchi

2.adenocarcinoma: 25-35% cases, originates in peripheral ares of lung as solitary nodules that develop from mucous glands & alveolar epithelial cells

3. small cell carcinoma (oat cell cell carcinoma) 10-20% cases, orginate in primary bronchi & grow aggressively in cords

 

treatment: complete resection (removal) of diseased lung, due to spread most likely option is chemotherapy & radiation

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