Term
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Definition
| Collectively, the three sets of nasal conchae |
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Term
| Name the paranasal sinuses. |
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Definition
| maxillary sinus, sphenoid sinus, frontal sinus, and ethmoid air cells |
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Term
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Definition
| from the posterior nares to the soft palate. Contains adenoids, opening for Eustachian tubes, and is lined with pseudstratified columnar epithelium. |
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Term
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Definition
| from the soft palate to the hyoid bone. It contains the palatine and lingual tonsils and is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. |
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Term
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Definition
| area where trachea and esophagus split. It is lined with stratified squamous about vocal cords and pseudostratified columnar below. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Voice box" made up of 9 cartilage: 1 thyroid, 1 epiglottis, 1 cricoid; 2 artyenoids, 2 corniculate, 2 cuneiforms. Cords are anchord from arytenoids to thyroid cartilages |
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Term
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Definition
| attached on the interior of the thyroid cartilage. Composed of elastic cartilage and closes the opening of trachea during swallowing. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the rings of cartilage around the trachea? |
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Definition
| rings conserve energy so you don't have to force trachea open each time you breathe. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the last tracheal cartilage and the site of a strong cough reflex |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the conducting zone; 10-12 in. long; lined with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium. |
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Term
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Definition
| trachea subdivides at carina cartilage into 2 primary bronchi, which enter lungs at hilum. |
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Term
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Definition
| primary bronchi split into secondary bronchi after they enter lungs at the hilum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alveoli walls are composed of single layer of simple squamous epithelium with a thin basal lamina. |
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Term
| Composition of Respiratory Membrane |
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Definition
| Composed of simple squamous (Type 1 cells) walls of the alveoli and the simple squamous walls of the pulmonary capillaries separated by a small, fluid filled interstitial space. |
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Term
| What factors affect diffusion across respiratory membrane? |
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Definition
1. thickness of membrane
2. how easily a gas diffuses across the membrane
3. surface area of membrane
4. partial pressure difference |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer, attached to inside of rib cage |
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Term
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Definition
| inner layer, attached to outside of lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| diaphragm, external intercostals. Muscles elevate the ribs and increase volume of thoracic cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| internal intercostals, transverse thoracic, serratus posterior inferior, rectus abdominis all act to depress ribs and sternum during forced expiration. |
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Term
| What causes inhalation to occur? |
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Definition
| intrapulmonary pressure drops as a result of the inspiration muscles elevating the ribs and increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. |
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Term
| What causes exhalation to occur? |
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Definition
| Intrapulmonary pressure rises as a result of a decrease in volume. |
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Term
| What happens to atmospheric pressure during breathing cycle? |
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Definition
| atmospheric pressure remains a constant 760 mm Hg at rest, during inspiration, and during expiration. |
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Term
| What happens to intrapulmonary pressure during the breathing cycle? |
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Definition
| pressure inside the alveoli decreases slightly during inspiration and increases slightly during expiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure of a gas varies inversely with the volume it occupies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Air gets into the pleural cavity and allows equalization between pleural air and atmospheric air. |
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Term
| What causes lungs to collapse? |
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Definition
| elastic recoil of the lung tissue and surface tension of film that lines alveoli |
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Term
| What prevents lung collapse from occuring? |
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Definition
| natural recoil of chest wall and how pleura are attached and surfactant that is produced by type II cells and reduces surface tension |
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Term
| What is respiratory distress syndrome in infants? |
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Definition
| Premature babies' lungs do not produce surfactant and lungs do not want to expand. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath. (500 ml) |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of air you can expel in addition to a normal breath. (700-1200 ml) |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of air you can inhale in addition to a normal breath. (1900-3100 ml). Calculated by: IRV = VC - ERV - TV |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of air left in lungs after a normal breathing cycle. (1200 ml) |
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Term
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Definition
| total amount of exchangeable air. VC = IRV + ERV + TV. Equals 3100 - 4800 ml in young adults |
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Term
| What is total lung capacity? |
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Definition
| Sum of all lung volumes. TLC = TV + ERV + IRV + RV. Equals 6000 ml in males |
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Term
| What is the minute respiratory volume? |
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Definition
| MRV = RR x TV = 6000 ml/min. does not account for DAS |
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Term
| What is the alveolar ventilation rate? |
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Definition
| AVR = RR x (TV - DAS) = 4200 ml/min. Total gas exchange per minute during resting conditions |
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Term
| Movement of carbon dioxide and oxygen between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries. |
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Definition
| Oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into alveloi |
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Term
| Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide at arterial end of capillaries at tissues. |
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Definition
| Oxygen concentrations are greater so more oxygen moved into the tissues from the blood. |
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Term
| Movement of carbon dioxide at venous end of capillaries at tissues. |
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Definition
| carbon dioxide concentrations are higher than oxygen so it moves from tissues into blood. |
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Term
| What are the respiratory control centers? |
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Definition
| dorsal and ventral respiratory centers are located in the medulla. Pontine respiratory centers coordinate and regulate respiratory center to ensure breathing is rhythmic. |
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Term
| What are the modifications of rhythmic ventilation? |
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Definition
voluntary control - hyperventilation/voluntary apnea
changes in blood pH detected by chemo receptors
stretch receptors in lungs respond to over inflation
emotions
painful stimuli
proprioreceptors
chemical or mechanical irritants |
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Term
| What are the chemical controls of respiration? |
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Definition
pH level
increased carbon dioxide in blood = increased RR
large decrease in oxygen |
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