Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Respiratory System
Respiratory System notes
42
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
03/26/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the turbinates?
Definition
Collectively, the three sets of nasal conchae
Term
Name the paranasal sinuses.
Definition
maxillary sinus, sphenoid sinus, frontal sinus, and ethmoid air cells
Term
Nasopharynx
Definition
from the posterior nares to the soft palate. Contains adenoids, opening for Eustachian tubes, and is lined with pseudstratified columnar epithelium.
Term
oropharynx
Definition
from the soft palate to the hyoid bone. It contains the palatine and lingual tonsils and is lined with stratified squamous epithelium.
Term
laryngopharynx
Definition
area where trachea and esophagus split. It is lined with stratified squamous about vocal cords and pseudostratified columnar below.
Term
Larynx
Definition
"Voice box" made up of 9 cartilage: 1 thyroid, 1 epiglottis, 1 cricoid; 2 artyenoids, 2 corniculate, 2 cuneiforms. Cords are anchord from arytenoids to thyroid cartilages
Term
Epiglottis
Definition
attached on the interior of the thyroid cartilage. Composed of elastic cartilage and closes the opening of trachea during swallowing.
Term
What is the purpose of the rings of cartilage around the trachea?
Definition
rings conserve energy so you don't have to force trachea open each time you breathe.
Term
What is the carina?
Definition
It is the last tracheal cartilage and the site of a strong cough reflex
Term
Trachea
Definition
part of the conducting zone; 10-12 in. long; lined with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium.
Term
Primary bronchi
Definition
trachea subdivides at carina cartilage into 2 primary bronchi, which enter lungs at hilum.
Term
Secondary bronchi
Definition
primary bronchi split into secondary bronchi after they enter lungs at the hilum.
Term
Alveoli
Definition
Alveoli walls are composed of single layer of simple squamous epithelium with a thin basal lamina.
Term
Composition of Respiratory Membrane
Definition
Composed of simple squamous (Type 1 cells) walls of the alveoli and the simple squamous walls of the pulmonary capillaries separated by a small, fluid filled interstitial space.
Term
What factors affect diffusion across respiratory membrane?
Definition
1. thickness of membrane
2. how easily a gas diffuses across the membrane
3. surface area of membrane
4. partial pressure difference
Term
Parietal pleura
Definition
outer layer, attached to inside of rib cage
Term
visceral pleura
Definition
inner layer, attached to outside of lungs
Term
Muscles of inspiration
Definition
diaphragm, external intercostals. Muscles elevate the ribs and increase volume of thoracic cavity.
Term
Muscles of expiration
Definition
internal intercostals, transverse thoracic, serratus posterior inferior, rectus abdominis all act to depress ribs and sternum during forced expiration.
Term
What causes inhalation to occur?
Definition
intrapulmonary pressure drops as a result of the inspiration muscles elevating the ribs and increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
Term
What causes exhalation to occur?
Definition
Intrapulmonary pressure rises as a result of a decrease in volume.
Term
What happens to atmospheric pressure during breathing cycle?
Definition
atmospheric pressure remains a constant 760 mm Hg at rest, during inspiration, and during expiration.
Term
What happens to intrapulmonary pressure during the breathing cycle?
Definition
pressure inside the alveoli decreases slightly during inspiration and increases slightly during expiration.
Term
Boyle's Law
Definition
pressure of a gas varies inversely with the volume it occupies.
Term
What is a pneumothorax?
Definition
Air gets into the pleural cavity and allows equalization between pleural air and atmospheric air.
Term
What causes lungs to collapse?
Definition
elastic recoil of the lung tissue and surface tension of film that lines alveoli
Term
What prevents lung collapse from occuring?
Definition
natural recoil of chest wall and how pleura are attached and surfactant that is produced by type II cells and reduces surface tension
Term
What is respiratory distress syndrome in infants?
Definition
Premature babies' lungs do not produce surfactant and lungs do not want to expand.
Term
What is tidal volume?
Definition
It is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath. (500 ml)
Term
What is ERV?
Definition
The amount of air you can expel in addition to a normal breath. (700-1200 ml)
Term
What is IRV?
Definition
The amount of air you can inhale in addition to a normal breath. (1900-3100 ml). Calculated by: IRV = VC - ERV - TV
Term
What is RV?
Definition
The amount of air left in lungs after a normal breathing cycle. (1200 ml)
Term
What is vital capacity?
Definition
total amount of exchangeable air. VC = IRV + ERV + TV. Equals 3100 - 4800 ml in young adults
Term
What is total lung capacity?
Definition
Sum of all lung volumes. TLC = TV + ERV + IRV + RV. Equals 6000 ml in males
Term
What is the minute respiratory volume?
Definition
MRV = RR x TV = 6000 ml/min. does not account for DAS
Term
What is the alveolar ventilation rate?
Definition
AVR = RR x (TV - DAS) = 4200 ml/min. Total gas exchange per minute during resting conditions
Term
Movement of carbon dioxide and oxygen between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries.
Definition
Oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into alveloi
Term
Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide at arterial end of capillaries at tissues.
Definition
Oxygen concentrations are greater so more oxygen moved into the tissues from the blood.
Term
Movement of carbon dioxide at venous end of capillaries at tissues.
Definition
carbon dioxide concentrations are higher than oxygen so it moves from tissues into blood.
Term
What are the respiratory control centers?
Definition
dorsal and ventral respiratory centers are located in the medulla. Pontine respiratory centers coordinate and regulate respiratory center to ensure breathing is rhythmic.
Term
What are the modifications of rhythmic ventilation?
Definition
voluntary control - hyperventilation/voluntary apnea
changes in blood pH detected by chemo receptors
stretch receptors in lungs respond to over inflation
emotions
painful stimuli
proprioreceptors
chemical or mechanical irritants
Term
What are the chemical controls of respiration?
Definition
pH level
increased carbon dioxide in blood = increased RR
large decrease in oxygen
Supporting users have an ad free experience!