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Respiratory System
Lab V
51
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/15/2012

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Cards

Term
What are the head structures of the respiratory system?
Definition
external nares, nasal cavity, hard palate, soft palate, pharynx
Term
What are the thoracic structures of the respiratory system?
Definition
larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, lobes of the lung, diapghragm
Term
What is another name for the larynx?
Definition
Voicebox
Term
What parts are associated with the anatomy of the larynx?
Definition
hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages, epiglottis, vocal cords
Term
Where does the anterior end of each vocal cord attach to?
Definition
The thyroid cartilage
Term
Where does the posterior end of each vocal cord attach?
Definition
arytenoid cartilage
Term
HOw do the arytenoid cartilage moves the vocal cords?
Definition
By pivoting away from each other to move the posterior ends of the vocal cords apart
Term
What does the movement of the arytenoid cartilages open?
Definition
a triangular space, called the glottis, between the vocal cords so air can pass through the larynx
Term
How are the arytenoid cartilages moved?
Definition
Via a pair of fan-shaped muscles beginning as a broad band on the posterior surface of the cricoid and then narrows to insert at a point low on the side of the arytenoid
Term
How is the glottis closed?
Definition
By pivoting the arytenoids toward each other
Term
How is the glottis closed via musculature?
Definition
A second set of muscles, each of which runs from the side of the cricoid to a point low on the side of the arytenoid
Term
What happens to the vocal cords when sound is produced?
Definition
The vocal cords are held together and air is forced up between them, causing them to vibrate rapidly
Term
What does the pitch of the sound depend on?
Definition
The tautness of the vocal cords
Term
How is the tautness of the of the vocal cords changed?
Definition
Tilting the cartilage forward or backward
Term
How is the tilting of the thyroid cartilage produced?
Definition
by muscles that run between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages and by muscles that run between the sternum and the thyroid cartilage
Term
What does lung tissue look like on a slide?
Definition
Spongy
Term
What are the very small circles and semicircles on a lung tissue slide?
Definition
Cross sections of alveioli
Term
What are alveoli?
Definition
tiny terminal air sacs through which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the air and the blood of adjacent capillaries
Term
Where are the capillaries located in the lung tissue?
Definition
Adjacent to the walls of the alveoli but are too difficult to see due to their small size
Term
What are the large circles and oblongs that can be seen in lung tissue?
Definition
bronchioles and blood vessels
Term
What does a bronchiole look like on a lung tissue slide?
Definition
pale pink or violet wall with a distinctive dark purple inner lyaer
Term
What is the inner layer of a bronchiole made up of?
Definition
columnar cells
Term
What are the purple dots located on the columnar cells of the bronchiole inner layer?
Definition
Cell's nuclei
Term
What are bronchioles?
Definition
part of the bronchial tree that delivers air to the alveoli
Term
How do you distinguish a blood vessel from a bronchiole?
Definition
Blood vessels lack the dark purple inner layer
Term
WHat happens with Emphysema?
Definition
Involves gradual destruction of the walls of alveoli, resulting in in the merging of groups of alveoli into larger chambers
Term
What happens as a result of the merging of groups of alveoli into larger chambers?
Definition
Decrease in total respiratory surface area. As well as reduction in elasticity of alveolar walls and a reduction in the number of capillaries around the alveoli
Term
Due to the structural changes caused by emphysema what are the effects on the respiratory system?
Definition
Reduce the efficiency of gas exchange in the lung, loss of elasticity makes exhalation more difficult
Term
What happens to smaller particles that are not trapped by the mucus of the respiratory pathways if they reach the alveoli?
Definition
Usually engulfed by macrophages around the alveoli.
Term
What happens with some of the macrophages after they have consumed a particle?
Definition
Migrate out of the alveoli into the adjacent connective tissue
Term
What happens after a macrophage dumps its particle in the adjacent connective tissue by an alveoli?
Definition
Gradual accumulation of the particles and are surrounded by connective tissue fibers
Term
What is the accumulation of particles in the adjacent tissue called?
Definition
Anthrascrosis
Term
Who is at risk for severe/high levels of anthracosis?
Definition
smokers, miners, sandblasters
Term
How does a lung look like with low levels of anthracosis?
Definition
Marks the lungs with streaks and spots of gray and black
Term
What does a lung look like with severe/high levels of anthracosis?
Definition
Darkly stained with black
Term
What are the two major roles of the respiratory system?
Definition
moving air into and out of the lungs, exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the bloodstream
Term
What does spriometry/a spirometer measure?
Definition
Both the volume of air moved and the rate at which it moves
Term
What are other pulmonary function tests that do not employ spirometry?
Definition
resistance to airflow in the airways, how efficiently oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood, and the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
Term
What is FVC an abbreviation for?
Definition
forced vital capacity
Term
What is forced vital capacity?
Definition
total volume produced when a person inhales using max effort, and then exhales into a spirometer mouthpiece with maximum effort and max speed
Term
What is does the abbreviation FEV1 stand for?
Definition
forced expiratory volume in one second
Term
What is the forced expiratory volume in one second?
Definition
the portion of the forced vital capacity that you breathe out in the first second
Term
What are the structural characteristics of Obstructive pulmonary diseases?
Definition
Narrowing of respiratory airways
Term
What can the narrowing associated with obstructive pulmonary disease be caused by?
Definition
INcreased mucus secretion, inflammation, spasmodic contraction of the muscular layer of the bronchi
Term
What does the narrowing of the respiratory airways cause?
Definition
Increased airway resistance causing slow outflow of air during expiration, making it take longer to empty the lungs each exhalation
Term
What are a three common obstructive pulmonary diseases?
Definition
asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema
Term
What are the characteristics of a restrictive pulmonary diseases?
Definition
decrease in the total volume of air that the lungs are able to hold
Term
What can cause the decrease associated with restrictive pulmonary diseases?
Definition
reduced elasticity of the lung tissue, damage to the chest wall or impairment of the muscles that expand the thoracic cavity
Term
What happens to the airway resistance with restrictive pulmonary diseases?
Definition
airways resistance is usually normal
Term
What are examples of restrictive pulmonary diseases?
Definition
Coal miner's disease, lung cancer, pneumonia, which damage lung tissue. Polio and muscular dystrophy by weakening respiratory muscles
Term
What is the normal range of FEV1% values?
Definition
80-85%
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