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Respiratory System
Swails RS handout
94
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/05/2012

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Cards

Term
What are the 5 functions of the respiratory system?
Definition
The 5 functions of the respiratory system are gas exhange between air and blood, moving air to/from the lungs, protection of respiratory surfaces, production of sound and promotion of olfaction.
Term
The respiratory system is divided into two "systems." What are they?
Definition
Upper and lower respiratory systems
Term
The nose and nasal cavity adn teh paranasal sinuses and pharynx are part of what RS?
Definition
Upper respiratory system
Term
The Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli are all part of what RS?
Definition
Lower RS
Term
The respiratory tract(s) are the.....
Definition
air conducting passageways
Term
What does the upper respiratory passages do?
Definition
Filters and humidifies incoming air
Term
What does the lower respiratory passages is described as what? What does it have?
Definition
The lower resipratory passages is described as delicate conduction passages and has avlveolar exchange surfaces.
Term
The pharynx is shared by what two systems?
Definition
the digestive and respiratory systems
Term
Name and describe the 3 parts of the pharynx
Definition
(1) The nasopharynx is the superior portion, (2) the oropharynx is continuous with the oral cavity and (3) the laryngopharynx is between the hyoid bone and the esophagus.
Term
What are the 6 types of cartilages found in the larynx?
Definition

Tammy Arnold Cringed Effortlessly Causing Cramps

Thyroid, Cricoid, Arytnoid, Corniculate, Cuneiform, and Epigolottis

Term
Epithelium cobers teh ligaments between which two cartilages in the larynx?
Definition
Between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
Term
What covers the vestibular ligament of the larynx?
Definition
The inelastic vestibular folds
Term
What covers the vocal ligaments (AKA vocal cords)?
Definition
The delicate vocal folds
Term
How are sound waves produced?
Definition
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds, producing sound waves.
Term
Pitch depends on the condition of vocal _____. Such as _____, ______ and ______.
Definition
folds; diameter, length and tension
Term
How is the bronchiole tree divided?
Definition
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary bronchi....and then bronchioles
Term
The secondary bronchi is also called what? How many are there per lobe?
Definition
Lobar bronchi; 1
Term
Which part of the bronchiole tree supplies a bronchopulmonary segment?
Definition
The tertiary bronchi
Term
What are the characteristics of the tertiary bronchi?
Definition
The tertiary bronchi has less cartilage and more smooth muscle as branching increases.
Term
Bronchioles become.....
Definition
Terminal (no cartilage but has smooth muscle) and Respiratory (ducts and sacs) bronchioles.
Term
The respiratory membrane consists of the interface between waht two "membranes?"
Definition
consists of the interface between the alveolar (air sacs) membrane and the capillaries of the lung
Term
What type of cells make up the alveolar membrane/cells?
Definition
simple squamous epithelium
Term
What type of cells make up capillaries and what does this mean for the membrane?
Definition
cells of the capillary membrane are simple squamous epithelium and this creates a very thin membrane for efficient gas exchange
Term
How does the alveolar membrane and the capillaries stick/hold together (respiratory membrane)?
Definition
Fused basement membranes (of the alveolus and capillary)
Term
What does the repiratory membrane consist of?
Definition
The fused basement membrane between the alveolar membrane and the capillaries of the lung, septal cells and alveolar macrophages.
Term
What do septal cells produce?
Definition
Surfactant (balloon from sticking)
Term
What is the purpose of septal cells?
Definition
prevents the collapse of the alveoli
Term
What are the 3 serous membranes of the lungs?
Definition
The visceral pleura, parietal pleura and teh pleural fluid
Term
What serous membrane covers each lung?
Definition
the visceral pleura
Term
What serous membrane covers teh walls of the pleural cavity?
Definition
The parietal pleura
Term
What is the purpose of pleural fluid?
Definition
Pleural fluid lubricates the space between the lungs and the chest and equilizes the space between the visceral and parietal pleura
Term
What are internal respirations and where does it normally occur?
Definition
Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between interstitial fluid and cells and normally occurs in the tissues.
Term
What are external respirations and where do they occur?
Definition
External respiration is the exchange of gases between interstitial fluid and the external environment and occurs in the lungs.
Term
What are the 3 steps of external respiration?
Definition
(1) pulmonary ventilation (constant exchange of air), (2) gas diffusion (down its concentration gradient) and (3) transportation of O2 and CO2 (the interface with internal respiration)
Term
What are the 3 factors controlling ventilation?
Definition
(1) Boyle's law, (2) pressure and airflow to/from the lungs and (3) compliance (expandability of the lungs)
Term
What is Boyle's Law?
Definition
Pressure and volume are inversely proportional and volume is controlled by the diaphragm and the ribs
Term
What determines the direction of air flow?
Definition
Intrapulmonary vs. atmospheric pressure
Term
What maintains the pull on the lungs?
Definition
Intrapleural pressure
Term
Where is the intrapleural pressure located and what is its prupose?
Definition
Intrapleural pressure is location in the space between the parietal and visceral pleura and its serous fluid provides surface tension to keep the parietal and visceral pleura stuck together
Term
In refrence to intrapleural pressure, what is the pleural space?
Definition
The pleural space is more of a potential space
Term
Will the intrapleural pressure be negative or postive? What might be a complication?
Definition
The intrapleural pressure must be negative.  If not a pneumothorax will result causing the lung to collapse
Term
What are the mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation?
Definition
It expands laterally and anteriorly/posteriorly (cranial caudual expansion at the diaphragm)
Term
What is the tidal volume?
Definition
The tidal volume is how much air is moved in one cycle of a single cycle of inhalatoin and exhalation
Term
What are the two mechanisms of breathing?
Definition
Eupnea and Hyperpnea
Term
What is eupnea? How is this caused?
Definition
Eupnea is quiet breathing caused by the diaphragm and external and internal intercostal muscles
Term
What is hyperpnea? What muscles are involved?
Definition
Hyperpnea is forced breathing.  Accessory muslces are involved such as the sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, scalene, obliques (forced experation), and the rectus abdominis (pulls/expands the ribs)
Term
What percent of O2 is carried by hemoglobin in RBC's?
Definition
98.5%
Term
What happens to the remander of oxygen in the body?
Definition
It is dissolved as a gas
Term
The amount of O2 hemoglobin (Hb) carries is dependent on what 3 factors?
Definition
 Po2, pH and temperature
Term
What does the Bohr Effect do?
Definition
The Bohr Effect increases the efficiency of gas exchange
Term
What do we use hemoglobin as a transport molecule?
Definition
O2 has a low solubility coefficient so it doesn't stay in a solution well
Term
Why is CO2 transported in teh plasma as a dissolved gas?
Definition
CO2 has a higher solubility coefficient than O2
Term
What does the Bohr Effect state as the partial pressure of CO2 increases?
Definition
 the hemoglobin releases O2 more rapidly
Term
What does the Bohr Effect state as teh partial pressure of CO2 decreases?
Definition
less O2 is released by hemoglobin
Term
Why can CO2 diffuse into the capillaries?
Definition
In the tissues the partial pressure of CO2 is high and very soluble
Term
Becuase the partial pressure of CO2 is high and very soluble, it ______ the CO2 concentration int eh blood and cuases the hemoglobin molecules to do what?
Definition
increases; this causes the hemoglobin molecules to release the O2 and this will diffus across the membrane into the tissue
Term
Is the CO2 concentration high or low in teh blood coming form the pulmonary artery to the lungs? What about the alveoli?
Definition
high; in the alveoli it is very low
Term
Why will CO2/O2 (?) diffuse rapidy from the blood to the alveoli?
Definition
The CO2 concentration is high in the blood coming from the pulmonary artery to the lungs and very low in the alveoli
Term
How does hemoglobin interact with O2 in the lungs and tissues?
Definition
Hemoglobin binds O2 in teh lungs and releases it in the tissues
Term
What lowers the concetration of CO2 in the blood?
Definition
CO2 will rapidly diffuse from the blood to the alveoli because the CO2 concetration is high in the blood coming from the pulmonary artery to the lungs and very low in the alveoli (allowing it to diffuse out)
Term
Why will the O2 diffusing in the blood bind readily to the hemoglobin?
Definition
O2 will bing readily with hemoglobin becasue the CO2 levels/concentrations in the blood are low
Term
What are the effects of pH on Hb (= the Bohr Effect)?
Definition

As pH decreases (more acidic), O2 affinity will decrease

Directly proportional

Term
What type of pH will metabolically active tissues have?
Definition
metabolically active tissues will have a lower pH
Term
Why will metabolically active tissues have a lower pH?
Definition
Carbonic acid and lactic acid and O2 is released more easily from Hb
Term
What is teh effect of temperature on Hb saturation?
Definition

As temperature decreases, O2 affinity will increase

Inversely proportional

Term
Will active tissues have a higher or lower temperature? Why?
Definition
Active tissues will have a higher temperature because O2 is released more easily from hemoglobin
Term
What enchances Hb/O2 binding?
Definition
Lower temperatures in the lungs
Term
Where does fetal Hb pick up maternal O2?
Definition
in the placenta
Term
What is the difference between fetal and adult hemoglobin?
Definition
fetal Hb has a higher affinity for O2 than adult Hb
Term
What percent of CO2 is dissolved as a gas in blood plasma?
Definition
7%
Term
What percent of CO2 is bound to Hb? What is this called?
Definition
23%; carbaminohemoglobin
Term
What is the blood buffer equation?
Definition
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H(+) + HCO3(-)
Term
What are H(+) ions buffered by?
Definition
H(+) ions are buffered by Hb and other pH buffers
Term
What do HCO3(-) inside cells exchange for? What is this called?
Definition
HCO3(-) inside the cells exchange Cl(-) outside the cell; this is called the chlordie shift
Term
What is teh local control of gas exchange in active tissues?
Definition
Po2 is down and Pco2 is up
Term
Pertaining to the local control of gas exchange, what do the arteriole smooth muscles do in active tissues? What does this cause?
Definition
The arteriole smooth muscle relaxes, which increases the local blood flow where needed
Term
Pertaining to the local control of gas exchange, what is the reaction of the alveolar capillaries in low O2?
Definition
the capillareis constrict and blood shunts to other, oxygenated alveoli
Term
Pertaining to the local control of gas exchange, what do the bronchioles do in high carbon dioxide? Why?
Definition
teh bronchioles dilate because inhaled air ventilates alveoli containing the most CO2, flushing it out
Term
What are considered the respiratory peacemakers?
Definition
the medullary centers
Term
What are the two medullary centers?
Definition
the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and teh ventral respiratory group (VRG)
Term
What medullary center control quiet breathing?
Definition
the dorasal respiratory group (DRG)
Term
What type of breathing does the ventral respiratory group involve? What meuscles are incorporated?
Definition
forced breathing; incorporating accessory muslces
Term
What adjusts the output of the medullary centers?
Definition
the pons
Term
What do the apneustic centers of the pons promote?
Definition
inhalation
Term
What inhibits the apneustic center of the pons?
Definition
the pneumotaxic center
Term
What does the pneumotaxic center of the pons promote?
Definition
exhalation
Term
What is breathing modified by?
Definition
breathing is modifiedby sensory information
Term
Pco2, pH or Po2 respond to what reflexes?
Definition
chemoreceptor reflexes
Term
What is the name for increase Pco2 levels in the arterial blood?
Definition
hypercapnia
Term
What is the name for decreased levels of Pco2 in the arterial blood?
Definition
Hypocapnia
Term
When the BP falls, what do baroreceptors reflexes do?
Definition
stimulates breathing
Term
What do Hering-Breuer relfexes do?
Definition
Hering-Breuer reflexes prevent excessive lung inflation or deflation
Term
What are two protecting relfexes and their causes?
Definition
Sneezing (nasal irritation) and coughing (irritation of the larynx, trachea or bronchi)
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