Term
| What is the primary role of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| To bring oxygen from the atmosphere into the body cells and to eliminate carbon dioxide produced by the body cells. |
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Term
| What are the secondary functions of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
-eliminate water and heat
-enhance venous and lymph return
-contribute to acid/base balance
-enable vocalization
-defend against inhaled foreign matter
-removing and modifying substances in pulmonary circulation (e.g. small clots) |
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Term
| This process transports gases, facilitates exchange between blood and cells and increases use of oxygen by cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the organs that conduct respiration? |
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Definition
-nose
-pharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx
-larynx |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the nose as part of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
It traps particles, warms and humidifies air, detects odors and contributes to voice.
*note: conchae-- increase surface area, lined with mucous membranes with cilia and hair. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the pharynx as part of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
helps to maintain equal pressure on each side of the tympanic membrane, houses the tonsils and eustachian tube.
note: located above the soft palate |
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Term
| What is the role of the oropharynx in the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| It is the location where the respiratory passage and digestive system come together. In the oropharynx are housed the palatine tonsils (to the sides) and the lingual tonsils (at the base of the tongue). |
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Term
| What is the role of the laryngopharynx in the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| opens into the larynx (glottis, esophagus) and houses the epiglottis which covers the glottis. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the part of the respiratory system that houses 6 different cartilages, false vocal cord (vestibular fold) and the true vocal cord (vocal fold). |
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Term
| Why is the hyaline cartilage on the outside of the trachea in the shape of a C ? |
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Definition
| It allows for stretching so that food can move down the esophagus. |
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Term
| What causes smoker's cough? |
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Definition
| Nitric acid is created by the smoke and it kills cilia which cause mucous to drain down into the lungs. Smoker's must cough frequently to move the mucous out of the lungs. |
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Term
| Why are there 3 lobes on the right lung and 2 lobes on the left lung? |
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Definition
| The heart sits in the thoracic cavity toward the left lung. |
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Term
| What is the role of the lungs as part of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
They house the bronchus, pulmonary artery and veins.
There is a thin water film between the visceral and parietal pleura which lubricates for lung movement, reducing friction. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the loss of alveoli, which reduces gas exchange. Less oxygen provides lower levels of ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Generally speaking, the enzyme tripson which digests particulates in the lungs does not attack self tissue. In the case of smokers, the balance between tripson and anti-tripson is thrown off causing macrophages to attack self tissue. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of surfactant? |
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Definition
| It prevents cohesion of the water film between viscera and prevents collapse of the lungs. |
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Term
| Why are premature infants placed on an incubator? |
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Definition
| Because they do not produce enough surfactant and cannot get enough oxygen. |
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Term
| What is the respiratory center? |
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Definition
| the medulla oblongata (brain stem)/ |
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Term
| Inspiration (by way of the phrenic nerve) |
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Definition
| contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles |
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Term
| Expiration (phrenic nerve) |
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Definition
| inhibits contractions, relaxing of respiratory muscles. |
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Term
| Why might you control your breathing when you are engaging in strenuous exercise but not control it when you are relaxing? |
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Definition
| Because during strenuous exercise you need more oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange and in order to do so one must exert control over breathing patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| irregular breathing patterns |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How is the pressure outside the lungs related to the endothoracic pressure? |
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Definition
| The pressure differences create a gradient which helps to control breathing. |
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Term
| Case study: At a crime scene there is a dead infant. How can you tell if the infant was dead when it was born or if it died after it was born? |
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Definition
| If you take a piece of lung tissue from the infant and set it in water the tissue will either float or sink. If it floats then you know the tissue had air in it, meaning the infant was not a stillborn. |
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Term
| What are some factors that affect breathing rate? |
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Definition
| Chemoreceptors pick up signals in the blood and spinal fluid. Some important chemoreceptors are the carotid bodies and the medulla. |
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Term
| What happens when you hyperventilate? |
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Definition
| Breathing out, you expel carbon dioxide and you are not getting in more oxygen, you only continue to expel co2. This decreases blood pH and decreases the stimulus to breathe. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of Baroreceptors? |
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Definition
Located in the carotid and aortic arch, they monitor blood pressure.
If there is a decrease in Bp, there is a corresponding decrease in respiratory rate. If there is an increase in Bp, then there is an increase in respiratory rate. |
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Term
| What is the Hering-Breur reflex? |
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Definition
| A stretch receptor in the lungs which prevents overinflation and inhibits inhalation. |
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Term
| What triggers inhalation and exhalation? |
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Definition
inhalation: pH changes caused by carbon dioxide buildup.
exhalation: stretch receptors |
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Term
| Why does hyperventilation allow you to hold your breath for longer? |
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Definition
| Because buildup of carbon dioxide provides the reflex to breathe. If you hyperventilate and expel extra co2, then you slow down the reflex. |
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Term
| How does gas exchange occur in the lungs? |
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Definition
| oxygen travels out of the alveolus into the blood and circulates to other tissues while tissue cells send carbon dioxide to the blood circulation and then to the alveolus to receive oxygen. This is all initiated through simple diffusion. |
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Term
| What accounts for the pressure differences in the air vs in our lungs? |
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Definition
| The amount that is not expired has lower oxygen concentration in it and it dilutes the pressure of the fresh air. |
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Term
| What regulates the release of oxygen into the body? |
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Definition
| concentration gradients, decreases in pH and increases in temperature. |
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Term
| What is the effect of body temperature on the oxygen hemoglobin curve? |
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Definition
| The higher the body temperature, the lower hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. As the body temperature declines, affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen goes up. |
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Term
| What is the effect of pH on the oxygen hemoglobin curve? |
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Definition
| In an acidic environment hemoglobin latches on to oxygen very well. In the alkalosis state there is very little carbon dioxide present oxygen goes down. |
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Term
| What happens to hematocrit during exercise? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does blood doping help an athlete? |
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Definition
| More oxygen will be available to a lower amount of hemoglobin, making it less competitive and therefore easier for hemoglobin to pick up the oxygen. |
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Term
| What harm is there in blood doping? |
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Definition
| Increased blood volume increases blood pressure which in turn increases risk of stroke. |
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Term
| What is the harm in ingesting carbon monoxide? |
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Definition
| It competes with carbon dioxide for the same spot on hemoglobin. You would need an oxygen mask in a hyperbaric chamber in order to survive. It could take 120 days to return to normal. |
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Term
| What is nitrogen narcosis? |
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Definition
| When you become drunk off of the nitrogen in your blood. This happens in deep sea divers. |
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Term
| What are the important steps in carbon dioxide transport? |
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Definition
1. It dissolves in the plasma
2. It attaches to hemoglobin (as Co2Hb)
3. Most will be carried as bicarbonate |
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Term
| In the buffer system, when bicarbonate moves out of the plasma what happens? |
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Definition
| Chloride moves into the cell (the chloride shift). This keeps electronegativity equal. (carbonic anhydrase is what drives this rxn) |
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Term
| What is the nature of the blood supply of the alveolis? |
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Definition
Blood vessels constrict when oxygen is down, at the same time pH is also down as is ventilation as carbon dioxide levels are up.
Blood vessels expand when there is an increased level of oxygen, when pH goes up and when ventilation is enhanced. At this time carbon dioxide decreases. |
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