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Respiratory System
Respiratory
99
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
03/21/2016

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
respiratory system
Definition

 

consists of the respiratory passageways extending through the head, neck, and trunk, and the lungs themselves

Term
upper respiratory tract
Definition

 

includes the nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx.

 

Term
lower respiratory tract
Definition
includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.
Term
conducting zone
Definition

 

consists of passageways that serve primarily to transport air.

--any large passageway

--move air in and out through a tube--no aleveoli associated with their walls

 

Term
respiratory zone
Definition

consists of structures that participate in gas exchange with the blood.

--any tube associated with alveoli--purpose is to conduct air and allow for gas exchange

Term
mucosa
Definition
mucous membrane that lines the respiratory passageway
Term
Lamina propria
Definition

underlies the epithelium; it houses both mucus and serous glands.

--glands located here

Term
Mucous
Definition

produced from the combined secretions of the goblet cells, mucus glands, and serous glands.

--acts as a filter

--on top of the cilia, constantly produced

--most is swallowed and stomach acid kills things in it

Term
Mucin
Definition

--contained in mucus secretions

--a protein that increases viscosity of mucus to more effectivly trap dust, dirt particles, microorganisms, and pollen

Term
sputum
Definition
when mucus mixed with saliva and materials it entraps, it may be coughed up as this
Term
nose
Definition
main conducting passageway for inhaled air
Term
nasal cavity
Definition

extends from the nostrils to paired openings call choanae, which lead to the pharynx

--2 of these

Term
nasal septum
Definition
divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions
Term
nasal conchae
Definition

--superior, middle and inferior ones

--paired bony projections that produce turbulence in inhaled air

--on the lateral wall

Term
nasal meatus
Definition

--tunnels under the conchae

--inferior to each pair of nasal conchae

Term
nasal vestibule
Definition

located immediately internal to the nostrils and is lined by skin and coarse hairs called vibrissae (to catch materials in the air we breathe)

--one of three regions of the nasal cavities

Term
olfactory region
Definition

--one of three regions of the nasal cavity

--the superior portion of the nasal cavity and contains the olfactory epithelium.

--nerve endings for smell

 

Term
respiratory region
Definition

--one of three regions of the nasal cavities

--the main portion of the nasal cavity

--filtering, conditioning, and conducting air

Term
Primary function of the nasal cavity
Definition

--to warm, cleanse, and humidify air as it enters the respiratory tract

--conduct and condition air--preparing air to come in contact w/ alveoli

Term
Paranasal sinuses
Definition

--around the nose

--a cavity surround by bone--has a mucous membrane

--spaces within the skull bones

--include the paired frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary sinus and sphenoidal sinuses

Term
pharynx
Definition

a funnel-shaped passageway that is located posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx.

--has three regions

--Air is conducted along its entire length, and both air and food pass through its inferior portions.

Term
nasopharynx
Definition

--the superior most region of the pharynx

--It extends from the choanae to the tip of the soft palate.

--lateral walls house paired openings into auditory tubes that connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear.

--pharyngeal tonsil is located on posterior wall; it is called the adenoids when enlarged

Term
oropharynx
Definition

the middle pharyngeal region and is immediately posterior to the oral cavity.

--extends from the tip of the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone.

--the palatine tonsils tonsils are located on lateral walls

--the lingual tonsils are at the base of the tongue


 

 

a common passageway for food and air.

 

 

Term
laryngopharynx
Definition

 

is the inferior, narrowed region of the pharynx located posterior to the larynx.

lies between the hyoid bone and the superior portion of the esophagus.

 

 

a common passageway for food and air.

 

 

Term

structures of the lower respiratory tract

Definition

include the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.

Term

Functions of the larynx

Definition

a. Passageway for air

                    b. Prevents ingested materials from entering the respiratory tract

            c. Produces sound for speech

                        d. Participates in both a sneeze and a cough reflex.

 

Term
larynx
Definition

a cylindrical airway that is continuous with the laryngopharynx and the trachea. It is composed of nine cartilages that are supported by ligaments and skeletal muscle.

Term
thryoid cartilage
Definition

--holds the larynx in place

Shaped like a shield; anterior projection is the laryngeal prominence.

--the adam's apple--where cartilage is most prominent

Term
Epiglottis
Definition

anchored to the inner aspect of the thyroid cartilage and closes over the laryngeal inlet during swallowing.

--holds larynx in place

Term
glottis
Definition

includes the vocal folds and the opening between the folds.

Term
sound production
Definition
occurs as the vocal folds vibrate during expiration
Term
range of a voice
Definition
determined by the length and thickness of the vocal folds
Term
pitch
Definition

determined by the amount of tension on the vocal folds, which is regulated by the intrinsic laryngeal muscles.

Term
loudness
Definition

depends on the force of the air passing across the vocal cords.

Term
trachea
Definition

a flexible, tubular organ that extends inferiorly through the neck from the larynx.   It lies immediately anterior to the esophagus.

--remains open--never closes so air can keep moving--cartilage keeps it open

--approximately 13 cm long

--lined with respiratory epithelium that produces mucus

Term
bronchial tree
Definition

a highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originates at the main bronchi and progressively branches into narrower tubes that diverge throughout the lungs.

Term
bronchi
Definition
--has walls with cartilaginous support to keep them open--keep them patin
Term
bronchioles
Definition

have walls that lack cartilage.

have abundant smooth muscle

Term

brochoconstriction

 

Definition

--create resistance and stop flow of air or make it more difficult

--contraction of smooth muscle that increases the diameter of the brochiole

--decreases the amount of air passing through the bronchial tree

Term
bronchodilation
Definition

--encourages air flow

--relaxation of smooth muscle that increases the diameter of the brochiole

--increases the amount of air passing through the bronchial tree

Term
terminal bronchioles
Definition

the last portion of the conducting pathway; they lead to respiratory bronchioles, which are the first segments of the respiratory zone.

--end of conducting system before consulting with alveoli

Term
alveoli
Definition

--the functional unit of the lung

--small, saccular outpocketings off the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs

--thin-walled air sacs

--gas exchange occurs here

Term
alveolar sacs
Definition
--grape-like clusters of alveoli
Term

Alveolar type I cells

 

Definition

i. Simple squamous cell

ii. Make up 95% of alveolar surface area

iii. Have a moist surface that are prone to collapse due to high surface tension

 

--designed for gas exchange

Term
Alveolar type II cells
Definition

i. Cuboidal shaped cells--don't take up much space

ii. Secrete pulmonary surfactant, which opposes surface tension and prevents the collapse of alveoli.

Term
respiratory membrane
Definition

 

the thin barrier that oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across during gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

--gas exchanges by diffusion only

--consists of an alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane, and a capillary endothelium and its basement membrane

Term
lungs
Definition

house both the bronchial tree and the respiratory portions of the respiratory system.

Term
pulmonary circulation
Definition

conducts blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs to replenish its depleted oxygen levels and get rid of excess carbon dioxide.

Term
bronchial circulation
Definition

a component of the systemic circulation and transports oxygenated blood to the tissues of the lungs.

Term
pleura
Definition
the serous membranes of the lungs
Term
visceral pleura
Definition
adhere to the surface of the lungs
Term
parietal pleura
Definition

line the internal thoracic walls, the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm.

Term
pleural cavity
Definition

located between the visceral and parietal serous membrane layers.

Term
pulmonary ventilation
Definition

the movement of respiratory gases between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs.

--

movement of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs

Term
alveolar gas exchange
Definition

exchange of respiratory gases between the alveoli and the blood

Term
gas transport
Definition

transport of respiratory gases within the blood between the lungs and systemic cells of the body

Term
systemic gas exchange
Definition

exchange of respiratory gases between the blood and systemic cells of the body

Term
quiet breathing
Definition
the rhythmic breathing that occurs at rest
Term
forced breathing
Definition
vigorous breathing that accompanies exercise
Term
muscles of quiet breathing
Definition
diaphragm and the external intercostals
Term
muscles of forced inspiration
Definition

Include the sternocleidomastoid, scalenes and pectoralis minor.

Term
muscles of forced expiration
Definition

Include the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles.

Term
accessory muscles of breathing
Definition
muscles of forced inspiration and expiration
Term
Boyle's Law
Definition

states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container increases.  The pressure of a gas increases if the volume of the container decreases.

--inverse relationship

Term
air pressure gradient
Definition

occurs when the force per unit area is greater in one place than in another.

Term
atmospheric pressure
Definition

the pressure that gases in the air exert in the environment.

Term
eupnea
Definition

--breathing of an individual at rest

--the average range for rate of quiet breathing is about 12-15 times per minute

Term
central chemoreceptors
Definition

monitor pH changes of cerebrospinal fluid caused by the partial pressure of carbon dioxide.


Term
peripheral chemoreceptors
Definition

 

detect pH changes in the blood and changes in blood respiratory gases.

--housed within the walls of the aortic sinus and carotid sinus within the aorta and internal cortid arteries

--cause the respiratory centers to respond by changing depth and rate of breathing

Term
airflow
Definition
the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath
Term
inhalation reflex
Definition

Stretch receptors initiate a reflex to prevent overstretching of the lungs by inhibiting inspiration,

Term
compliance
Definition

an indication of the lungs’ ability to expand.  It is determined by surface tension and elasticity of the chest wall and lung.

Term
elasticity
Definition

an indication of the lungs’ ability to stretch and recoil back to its original position and shape.

Term
pulmonary ventilation volume
Definition

the amount of air that is moved between the atmosphere and alveoli in one minute.   (Respiratory rate) (Tidal volume)

Term
anatomic dead space
Definition

the portion of the airways where there is no exchange of respiratory gases; this has an average volume of about 150 mL.

Term
alveolar ventilation volume
Definition

the amount of air that reaches the alveoli and is available for gas exchange per minute; in the normal adult, this is about 4.2 L per minute.  (Respiratory rate)(Tidal volume - Anatomic dead space)

Term
resting tidal volume
Definition

the amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath during quiet breathing.

Term
inspiratory reserve volume
Definition

the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond the tidal volume, which is a measure of lung compliance.

Term
expiratory reserve volume
Definition

the amount that can be forcibly exhaled beyond the tidal volume, which is a measure of chest wall and lung elasticity.

Term
residual volume
Definition

the amount of air left in the lungs even after the most forceful expiration.

Term
vital capacity
Definition

the sum of the tidal volume plus both the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes.

Term
total lung capacity
Definition

the sum of all the volumes, including the residual volume.

Term
gas exchange
Definition

the movement of respiratory gases between blood and either alveoli or cells of systemic tissues.

Term
partial pressure
Definition

the pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture of gases and is measured in mm Hg; it is written with a P followed by the symbol for the gas.

Term
atmospheric pressure
Definition

the total pressure all gases exert in the environment.  760 mmHg.

Term
Dalton's Law
Definition

states that the sum of all partial pressures is equal to the total atmospheric pressure.

Term
Henry's Law
Definition

 states that at a given temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is dependent upon the partial pressure of the gas in the air and the solubility of the gas in the liquid.

Term
Perfusion
Definition

--blood flow

--altered by changes in vasodilation and vasoconstriction of pulmonary capillaries

--when oxygen increases, this increases

Term
ventilation
Definition

--airflow

--altered by changes in brochodilation and bronchoconstriction

Term
gas transport
Definition

the movement of respiratory gases within the blood between the lungs and systemic cells.

Term
oxyhemoglobin
Definition
oxygen bound to hemoglobin
Term
deoxyhemoglobin
Definition
hemobglobin without oxygen
Term
Hemoglobin
Definition

transports oxygen attached to iron, carbon dioxide attached to globin, and hydrogen ions bound to the globin.

Term
oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve
Definition

--how much O2 is being transported

the graph shows the saturation of hemoglobin as it is plotted against the partial pressure of oxygen.

Term
oxygen reserve
Definition

the amount of oxygen that remains bound to hemoglobin after passing through the systemic capillaries.

Term
hyperventilation
Definition

a breathing rate or depth that is increased above the body’s demand. During hyperventilation, PO2 levels increase and PCO2 levels decrease

Term
respiratory alkalosis
Definition

 a decreased concentration of H+ in the  blood due to hyperventilation.

more basic than normal in the blood stream

Term
hypoventilation
Definition

breathing that is either too slow or too shallow.  During hypoventilation, PO2 levels decrease and PCO2 levels increase.

Term
respiratory acidosis
Definition

results from an increase in blood H+ concentration.

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