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Respiratory System
University of Evansville EXSS113
69
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/15/2010

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Term
Pulmonary ventilation
Definition
breathing: movement of air into and out of the lungs
Term
External respiration
Definition
O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and the blood. Influenced by partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities, ventilation-perfusion coupling, structural characteristics of the respiratory membrane
Term
Transport
Definition
O2 and CO2 in the blood
Term
Internal respiration
Definition
O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
Term
Respiratory zone
Definition
site of gas exchange
Term
Conducting zone
Definition
conduits to gas exchange sites
Term
Respiratory muscles
Definition
diaphragm and other muscles that promote ventilation
Term
Bronchial tree
Definition
air passages undergo 23 orders of branching
first is left and right primary bronchi
each of these branches into lobar bronchi (3 on right, 2 on left), then branches into segmental tertiary then branches a ton
Term
Changes in structure from bronchi to bronchioles
Definition
cartilage rings give way to plates then disappears
Epithelium changes from pseudostratified to cuboidal
Cilia and goblet cells become sparse
Relative amount of smooth muscle increases
Term
300 million alveoli. What is this good for?
Definition
Huge surface area for gas exchange
Term
What do alveolar pores do?
Definition
connect adjacent alveoli
allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized
Term
respiratory membrane
Definition
very very very thin, make of alveolar & capillary walls & their fused basement membranes
Term
Epithelium that makes up alveolar walls
Definition
type I epithelial cells and they secrete angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
Term
Surfactant
Definition
secreted by type II cells of alveolar walls, prevents alveoli and tiny bronchioles from collapsing during exhalation
Term
alveolar macrophages
Definition
keep the alveolar surface sterile
Term
Pleurae of lung
Definition
thin double-layered serosa, parietal pleura on thoracic wall, visceral pleura on external lung surface
pleural fluid between the two layers, which reduces friction and creates a pressure gradient
Term
atmospheric pressure
Definition
760 mmHg at sea level. Respiratory pressures are relative to this. Negative is less than 760, positive is more
Term
intrapulmonary pressure
Definition
pressure in the alveoli, always eventually equalizes with P(atm)
Term
Intrapleural pressure
Definition
pressure in the pleural cavity, always less than P(atm)
elastic recoil of lungs and surface tension of alveolar fluid promote lung collapse and elasticity of the chest wall promotes lung enlargement
Term
Atelectasis
Definition
lung collapse: due to plugged bronchioles (collapse of alveoli) or wound that admits air into pleural cavity (pneumothorax) Happens when P(ip) = P(pul)
Term
How does pulmonary ventilation happen
Definition
Mechanical processes lead to volume changes
volume changes lead to pressure changes
pressure changes lead to gases flowing to equalize pressure
Term
Boyle's Law
Definition
The relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas. Pressure varies inversely with volume
Term
Factors influencing pulmonary ventilation
Definition
airway resistance
alveolar surface tension
lung compliance
Term
airway resistance
Definition
friction is the major source of nonelastic resistance
flow = change in pressure/ resistance
Term
Surface tension
Definition
attracts liquid molecules to one another at a gas-liquid interface. Surfactant resists surface tension and a lack of this causes infant breathing problems
Term
Law of LaPlace
Definition
pressure created is directly proportional to the surface tension and inversely proportional to the radius of the alveolus. Without surfactant, small alveoli would dump their air into larger alveoli, but this doesn't actually happen
Term
Lung Compliance
Definition
A measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure. Normally high due to distensibility of the lung tissue and alveolar surface tension
Term
Anatomical dead space
Definition
volume of the conducting zone conduits (about 150 mLs)
Term
Alveolar dead space
Definition
alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction
Term
Spirometer
Definition
used to measure respiratory volumes
can distinguish between obstructive pulmonary disease and restrictive disorders
Term
Minute ventilation
Definition
total amount of gas flow into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute
Term
Forced vital capacity
Definition
gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath
Term
forced expiratory volume
Definition
the amount of gas expelled during specific time intervals of the FVC
Term
tidal volume
Definition
amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
Term
inspiratory reserve volume
Definition
amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
Term
expiratory reserve volume
Definition
amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
Term
residual volume
Definition
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation (has to be there so your lungs don't collapse
Term
Total lung capacity
Definition
maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort
Term
vital capacity
Definition
maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort
Term
Inspiratory capacity
Definition
maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration
Term
functional residual capacity
Definition
volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration
Term
obstructive disease
Definition
increases in TLC, FRC, and RV may occur as a result of obstructive disease. Increased airway resistance, such as bronchitis
Term
Restrictive disease
Definition
reduction in VC, TLC, FRC, and RV, reduction in total lung capacity due to structural or functional lung changes such as fibrosis or TB
Term
Dalton's law of partial pressures
Definition
total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas. The partial pressure of each gas is directly proportional to its percentage in the mixture
Term
Henry's Law
Definition
when a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure. The amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid depends upon its solubility. COw is 20X more soluble than O2 and very little N2 dissolves in water
Term
solubility of oxygen
Definition
partial pressure gradient for O2 in the lungs is steep, so it can go through 3x as quickly, but still adequately oxygenates
Term
ventilation-perfusion coupling
Definition
ventilation: amount of gas reaching the alveoli and perfusion: blood flow reaching the alveoli
Changes in PO2 in the alveoli causes changes in the diameters of the arterioles
Changes in PCO2 in the alveoli cause changes in the diameters of the bronchioles
Term
O2 transport in the blood
Definition
1.5% dissolved in blood plasma
98.5% loosely bound to hemoglobin (4 O2 per Hb)
Term
Factors that effect rate of loading and unloading of O2
Definition
pressure of O2, temperature, blood pH, pressure of CO2, concentration of BPG
Term
Bohr effect
Definition
release of O2 in response to low pH
Term
hypoxia
Definition
inadequate O2 delivery to tissues because of: too few RBC's, abnormal or too little HB, blocked circulation, metabolic poisons, pulmonary disease, carbon monoxide
Term
hypoxic hypoxia
Definition
low arterial PO2 results in low tissue O2. Level of Hb is normal, caused by low air PO2, low ventilation, low alveolar diffusion, abnormal ventilatory-perfusion rate
Term
anemic hypoxia
Definition
low tissue O2 due to low carrying capacity of blood, usually Hb is low, PO2 is normal, CaO2 is reduced. Caused by low or abnormal Hb, carbon monoxide poisoning
Term
Ischemia (stagnant) hypoxia
Definition
low tissue O2 due to low blood flow. Hb, CaCO2, and arterial P(O2) is normal
Term
Histotoxic hypoxia
Definition
inability of tissue to utilize O2. Most common cause is cyanide poisoning
Term
transport of CO2 in blood
Definition
7-10% dissolved in plasma
20% bound to globin of Hb (carbaminohemoglobin)
70% transported in plasma as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
Term
Haldane Effect
Definition
the amount of CO2 transported is affected by the P(O2)
At the tissues, as more carbon dioxide enters the blood, more oxygen dissociates from hemoglobin (Bohr effect)
Term
blood pH
Definition
changes in respiratory rate can alter blood pH, HCO3- in plasma is the alkaline reserve of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
Term
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Definition
colorless, odorless gas, binds heme group of Hb 200x as strong as the binding of oxygen. Treated by administering pure oxygen. A concentration of 0.1% of CO will decrease oxygen carrying capacity by 50%
Term
Neural control of respiration
Definition
involves neurons in the reticular formation of the medulla and pons. Dorsal respiratory group integrates input from peripheral stretch & chemoreceptors
Ventral resperatory group sets eupnea, phrenic & intercostal nerves, expiratory nerurons inhibits the inspiratory neurons
Term
Hyperventilation:
Definition
increased depth and rate of breathing that exceeds the body's need to remove CO2, causes CO2 levels to decline (hypocapnia)
Term
Eupnea
Definition
normal respiration
Term
dsypnea
Definition
abnormally uncomfortable awareness of breathing (labored breathing with shortness of breath)
Term
hyperventilation
Definition
increased alveolar ventilation in relation to metabolic rate
Term
hypoventilation
Definition
decreased alveolar ventilation in relation to metabolic rate
Term
Apnea
Definition
cessation of respiration in the resting expiratory position
Term
Apneusis
Definition
cessation of respiration in the inspiratory position
Term
Hypercapnia
Definition
increase in P(CO2) tension above normal
Term
Hypocapnia
Definition
decrease in P(CO2) tension below normal
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