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Respiratory System
Structures and Functions
86
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
10/04/2006

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Term
NASOPHARNYX
Definition
EUSTACIAN TUBES, PHARANGEAL TONSIL
Term
OROPHARNYX
Definition
RECEIVES AIR FROM NASOPHARNYX AND FOOD FROM ORAL CAVITY--CONTAINS PALANTINE TONSIL AND LINGUAL TONSIL
Term
LARYNGOPHARYNX
Definition
PASSES FOOD TO THE ESOPHOGUS AND AIR TO LARYNX
Term
LARYNX
Definition
EPIGOTTIS, THYROID CARTILAGE
Term
EPIGLOTTIS
Definition
FIRST PIECE OF CARTILAGE OF THE LARYNYX-COVERS THE GLOTTIS, LOCATED IN UPPER REGION OF LARYNYX PREVENTS FOOD FROM ENTERING.
Term
THYROID CARTILAGE
Definition
PROTECTS THE FRONT OF THE LARYNX--FORWARD PROJECTION APPEARS AS ADAM'S APPLE
Term
CRICOID CARTILAGE
Definition
PAIRED WITH CUNIFORM CARTILAGES AND PAIRED WITH THE CORNICULATE CARTILAGES SUPPORT LARYNX
Term
TRACHEA
Definition
CONSISTS OF FOUR LAYERS --FLEXIBLE TUBE
Term
FOUR LAYERS OF TRACHEA
Definition
1)MUCUS-PRODUCING GOBLET CELLS AND PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED EPITHELIUM TO SWEEP DEBRIS AWAY FROM THE LUNGS. 2) SUBMUCOSA LAYER OF AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT SURROUNDS MUCOSA. 3) HYALINE CARTILAGE FORMS 16 TO 20 C SHAPED RINGS 4) ADVENTITIA OUTERMOST LAYER CONSISTS OF AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Term
PRIMARY BRONCHI
Definition
TWO TUBES THAT BRANCH FROM THE TRACHEA TO THE LEFT AND RIGHT LUNGS
Term
ALVEOLAR DUCTS
Definition
FINAL BRANCHES OF BRONCHIAL TREE
Term
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
Definition
CONSISTS OF ALVEOLAR AND CAPILLARY WALLS
Term
TYPE 1 CELLS
Definition
SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS - PRIMARY CELL TYPE OF ALVEOLAR WALL - OXYGEN DIFFUSION OCCURS ACROSS THESE CELLS.
Term
TYPE 2 CELLS
Definition
CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL CELLS- SECRETE SURFACTANT
Term
SURFACTANT
Definition
PHOSPHOLIPID BOUND TO PROTEIN THAT REDUCES SURFACE TENSION AND COVERS ALVEOLAR WALLS. THIS ALLOWS OXYGEN TO DIFFUSE MORE EASILY
Term
ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE
Definition
DUST CELLS THAT REMOVE DEBRIS
Term
ALVEOLAR WALL
Definition
OUTER LAYER IS A THIN EPITHELIAL BASEMENT MEMBRANE
Term
HILUS
Definition
WHERE THE BRONCHI, BLOOD VESSELS, AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS ENTER THE LUNG
Term
VISCERAL PLEURA
Definition
DOUBLE MEMBRANE SURROUNDS EACH LUNG
Term
PARIETAL PLEURA
Definition
DOUBLE MEMBRANE OUTER PLEURA CONNECTING TO THORACIC CAVITY.
Term
PLEURA CAVITY
Definition
SPACE BETWEEN PLEURA FILLED WITH FLUID, LUBRICANT SECRETED BY THE PLEURA
Term
FUNCTIONS OF RESPIRATION
Definition
OXYGEN INTAKE
EXPULSION OF CO2
SOUND/VOICE PRODUCTION
REGULATION OF PLASMA pH
REMOVAL DISTRUCTION OF AIRBORNE PATHOGENS
SMELL
Term
RESPIRATORY PROCESS
Definition
PULMONARY VENTILATION
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
GAS TRANSPORT
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Term
PULMONARY VENTILATION
Definition
movement of air into/out of the lungs.
Term
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
Definition
gas exchange between blood and the air-filled chambers of the lungs
Term
TRANSPORT OF GASES
Definition
between the lungs and the rest of the body tissues
Term
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
Definition
gas exchange between systemic blood and the tissue cells
Term
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Definition
the mitochondrial process in which oxygen is utilized during ATP synthesis. Note that this type of cellular respiration is often referred to as "aerobic respiration"
Term
ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY TRACT-CONDUCTING ZONE
Definition
NOSE
NASAL CAVITY
PHARNYX
LARYNX
TRACHEA
BRONCHI
BROCHIOLES
Term
ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY TRACT
RESPIRATORY ZONE
Definition
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
ALVEOLAR DUCTS
ALVEOLI
Term
CONDUCTING ZONE FUNCTIONS
Definition
TRANSPORT
CLEANSE AND
WARM INCOMING AIR
Term
RESPIRATORY ZONE FUNCTIONS
Definition
Function in gas exchange
Term
UPPER RESPIRATORY
Definition
Nose
Pharynx (Throat)
Term
LOWER RESPIRATORY
Definition
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchi
Lungs
Term
NASAL CAVITY
Definition
HISTOLOGY: PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR CILIATED EPITHELIUM WITH GOBLET CELLS
Term
CONCHAE
Definition
INCREASE MUCOSAL SURFACE AREA
ENHANCE AIR TURBULANCE AND HELP FILTER AIR
Term
MEATUSES
Definition
GROVED PATHWAYS DIVIDING CONCHAE
Term
PARANASAL SINUSES
Definition
Sinuses in bones that surround the nasal cavity
Sinuses lighten the skull and help to warm and moisten the air
Ducts open into the internal nares
Provide resonance for speech production.
Term
CARINA
Definition
An internal ridge at the bifurcation of the last tracheal cartilage
Very sensitive area for the cough reflex
Term
BRONCHIOLES
Definition
ƒÞCONSIST OF SIMPLE COLUMNAR OR CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
ƒÞCOMPLETE LAYER OF CIRCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE
ƒÞANS SYMPATHETIC AND ADRENAL MEDULLA PRODUCE EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE THAT RELAX SMOOTH MUSCLE AND DILATE BRONCHIOLES
ƒÞPARASYMPATHETIC AND ALLERGY RELEASE OF HISTAMINE CAUSE CONSTRICTION OF BRONCHIOLES
ƒÞLACK CARTILAGE AND MUCUS-PRODUCING CELL
Term
TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
Definition
THE LAST BRANCH OF THE CONDUCTING ZONE.
Term
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
Definition
THE INITIAL SEGMENT OF THE RESPIRATORY ZONE
ƒÞCONTAIN SPORADIC ALVEOLI
ƒÞLEAD TO ALVEOLAR DUCTS WHICH TERMINATE INTO CLUSTERS OF ALVEOLI CALLED ALVEOLAR SACS
Term
ALVEOLAR SACS
Definition
ALVEOLAR SACS LOOK LIKE CLUSTERS OF GRAPES
THE “INDIVIDUAL GRAPES” ARE ALVEOLI
Term
ALVEOLI
Definition
 SURROUNDED BY FINE ELASTIC FIBERS MADE BY FIBROBLASTS
 CONTAIN OPEN PORES THAT:
 CONNECT ADJACENT ALVEOLI
 ALLOW AIR PRESSURE THROUGHOUT THE LUNG TO BE EQUALIZED
 ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES (DUST CELLS)
 WANDERING MACROPHAGES REMOVE DEBRIS BECAUSE THERE IS NO CILIA TO MOVE THINGS UP AND OUT OF THE LUNGS
 TYPE 1 CELLS: SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
 TYPE 2 CELLS: SECRETE ALVEOLAR FLUID THAT ALSO CONTAINS SURFACTANT
Term
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
THIS AIR-BLOOD BARRIER IS COMPOSED OF
Definition
 ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM
 THEIR FUSED BASAL LAMINAS
 CAPILLARY EPITHELIUM
Term
PULMONARY ARTERIES
Definition
SUPPLY SYSTEMIC VENOUS BLOOD TO BE OXYGENATED
BRANCH PROFUSELY, ALONG WITH BRONCHI
ULTIMATELY FEED INTO THE PULMONARY CAPILLARY NETWORK SURROUNDING THE ALVEOLI
Term
PULMONARY VEINS
Definition
CARRY OXYGENATED BLOOD FROM RESPIRATORY ZONES TO THE HEART
Term
BRONCHIAL ARTERIES
Definition
PROVIDE SYSTEMIC BLOOD TO THE LUNG TISSUE
ƒÞ ARISE FROM AORTA AND ENTER THE LUNGS AT THE HILUS
ƒÞ SUPPLY ALL LUNG TISSUE EXCEPT THE ALVEOLI
Term
BRONCHIAL VEINS
Definition
ANASTOMOSE WITH PULMONARY VEINS
Term
VENTILATION PROFUSION COUPLING
Definition
ARTERIOLES IN THE LUNGS VASOCONSTRICT IN RESPONSE TO HYPOXIA (LOW OXYGEN IN THE LUNGS)
THIS DIVERTS PULMONARY BLOOD FROM POORLY VENTILATED AREAS TO WELL VENTILATED REGIONS
THIS IS THE OPPOSITE OF WHAT HAPPENS IN THE REST OF THE BODY:
IN THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION, WHEN TISSUES ARE LOW IN OXYGEN, THE ARTERIOLES VASODIALATE TO INCREASE BLOOD FLOW
Term
BREATHING
Definition
ƒÞ PULMONARY VENTILATION
ƒÞ GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS DUE TO A PRESSURE GRADIENT (PARTIAL PRESSURES OF GAS)
ƒÞ TWO PHASES
ƒÞ INSPIRATION-BREATHING IN
ƒÞ ACTIVE PROCESS
ƒÞ EXPIRATION:BREATHING OUT
ƒÞ PASSIVE PROCESS
Term
BOYLE'S LAW
Definition
VOLUME OF GAS IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO PRESSURE (IF TEMPERATURE CONSTANT)

.VOLUME=CONSTANT/PRESSURE

SO, WHEN THE VOLUME OF THE CONTAINER INCREASES (EXPANSION OF THE LUNGS), THE PRESSURE DECREASES
Term
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE (PATM)
Definition
PRESSURE EXERTED BY THE AIR SURROUNDING THE BODY. AT SEA LEVEL ITS EQUAL TO 760MMHG.
Term
INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE
Definition
PRESSURE EXERTED BY THE AIR WITHIN THE ALVEOLI. IT RISES AND FALLS DURING INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION, BUT IT ALWAYS EQUALIZES WITH ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.
Term
INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE
Definition
PRESSURE WITHIN THE PLEURAL CAVITY. IT IS ALWAYS LOWER THAN BOTH ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AND INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE
Term
INSPIRATION PROCESS
Definition
ALVEOLAR PRESSURE FALLS BELOW ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.
CONTRACTION OF THE DIAPHRAGM AND EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES INCREASES THE SIZE OF THE THORAX (THEREBY DECREASING THE INTRA-PLEURAL PRESSURE) AND THE LUNGS EXPAND.
INTRA-PLEURAL (THORACIC) PRESSURE IS ALWAYS 4 MMHG LESS THAN THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE JUST BEFORE INHALATION (756 MM HG)
EXPANSION OF THE LUNGS DECREASED ALVEOLAR PRESSURE TO 758 MM HG
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS 760 MM HG
AIR FLOWS INTO THE LUNGS BECAUSE OF THIS PRESSURE GRADIENT
INSPIRATION CAUSES INTRA-PLEURAL PRESSURE TO DECREASE TO 754 MM HG
Term
INSPIRATION MUSCLES
Definition
DIAPHRAGM CONTACTS FLATTENING IT AND INCREASES VERTICAL DIMENSION OF THORACIC CAVITY (75%)
INNERVATED BY PHRENIC NERVE (C3,4,5 FROM CERVICAL PLEXUS)
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS ELEVATE RIBS INCREASING ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR-LATERAL DIAMETERS (25%)
DURING FORCEFUL INSPIRATION (EXERCISING) ALSO USE ACCESSORY MUSCLES
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID: ELEVATES STERNUM
SCALENE: ELEVATES RIBS 1 & 2
PECTORALIS MINOR: ELEVATES RIBS 3 & 4
Term
EXPIRATION PROCESS
Definition
ƒÞ OCCURS WHEN ALVEOLAR PRESSURE IS HIGHER THAN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
ƒÞ 762 MM HG
ƒÞ ELASTIC RECOIL OF THE CHEST WALL AND LUNGS (MAIN FORCE) AND THE RELAXATION OF THE DIAPHRAGM INCREASES INTRA-PLEURAL AND ALVEOLAR PRESSURE AND DECREASES LUNG VOLUME
ƒÞ AIR MOVES OUT
ƒÞ QUIET BREATHING DOES NOT TAKE ANY EFFORT (NO MUSCLES ARE BEING CONTRACTED)
Term
EXPIRATION MUSCLES
Definition
ƒÞ FORCED EXPIRATION USES CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES
ƒÞ INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS AND ABDOMINAL MUSCLES INCREASE PRESSURE IN THE ABDOMEN AND THORAX
ƒÞ AIR IS FORCED OUT OF THE LUNGS AS THE MUSCLES RELAX REDUCING THE VOLUME OF THE CHEST CAVITY AND INCREASING THE PRESSURE
Term
PULMONARY VENTILATION
3 MAJOR FACTORS
Definition
ƒÞ ALVEOLAR SURFACE TENSION
ƒÞ COMPLIANCE
ƒÞ AIRWAY RESISTANCE
Term
ALVEOLAR SURFACE TENSION
Definition
CAUSES THE ALVEOLI TO ASSUME THE SMALLEST DIAMETER
ƒÞ MAJOR COMPONENT OF LUNG ELASTIC RECOIL
ƒÞ SURFACTANT IS A PHOSPHOLIPID PRODUCED BY TYPE II CELLS IN ALVEOLAR WALLS
ƒÞ ALTERS SURFACE TENSION BELOW THE SURFACE TENSION OF PURE WATER
ƒÞ PREVENTS ALVEOLAR COLLAPSE FOLLOWING EXPIRATION
ƒÞ IF SURFACE TENSION IS TOO HIGH, ALVEOLI COLLAPSE AND GREAT EFFORT IS NEEDED TO REOPEN THEM
Term
COMPLIANCE
Definition
 THE EASE WITH WHICH THE LUNGS AND THORACIC WALL CAN BE EXPANDED
 MORE COMPLIANT AT LOWER VOLUMES
 DECREASED COMPLIANCE (STIFF LUNGS)
 ANY CONDITION DESTROYING LUNG TISSUE CAUSING IT TO FILL WITH FLUID
 DEFICIENCY IN SURFACTANT
 IMPEDES LUNG EXPANSION OR CONTRACTION
 EXAMPLE: ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME.
Term
RESISTANCE
Definition
 THE WALLS OF THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAYS HAVE RESISTANCE TO THE NORMAL FLOW OF AIR INTO THE LUNGS
 THE SMALLER THE DIAMETER, THE GREATER THE RESISTANCE
 ANY CONDITION THAT OBSTRUCTS THE AIR PASSAGEWAY INCREASES RESISTANCE, AND MORE PRESSURE IS NEED TO FORCE AIR THROUGH
 ASTHMA
 INFLAMMATION DUE TO INFECTION
 EMPHYSEMA
Term
DALTON’S LAW
Definition
PARTIAL PRESSURE
EACH GAS IN A MIXTURE OF GASES EXERTS ITS OWN PRESSURE AS IF ALL OTHER GASES WERE NOT PRESENT
 AIR 79% NITROGEN, 21% OXYGEN, 1% OTHER (CO2)
 PARTIAL PRESSURE OF A GAS IS THE PRESSURE OF AN INDIVIDUAL GAS IN A MIXTURE.
 PO2 21% X 760 = 159.6 MM HG
 TOTAL PRESSURE IS ADDING ALL THE PARTIAL PRESSURES
Term
PARTIAL PRESSURE VALUES
Definition
 ATMOSPHERIC O2= 160 MM HG
 ALVEOLAR PO2 (PAO2) =105 MM HG
 ARTERIAL PO2 (PAO2)= 105 MM HG
 VENOUS PO2 (PVO2) =40 MM HG
 CO2: PCO2=0.3 MM HG
PACO2 =40 MM HG
PACO2 =40 MM HG
PVCO2 =45 MM HG
Term
EXCHANGE OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE
Definition
ƒÞ O2 AND CO2 DIFFUSE FROM AREAS OF HIGHER PARTIAL PRESSURES TO AREAS OF LOWER PARTIAL PRESSURE
ƒÞ RESULTS IN EXCHANGE OF O2 AND CO2 IN THE ALVEOLI
ƒÞ ALVEOLI: PAO2=105 MM HG, PCO2=40 MM HG
ƒÞ CAPILLARIES: PVO2=40 MM HG, PVCO2 =45 MM HG
ƒÞ PULMONARY VEIN:PAO2=100 PCO2=40 MM HG
Term
OXYGEN TRANSPORT
Definition
ƒÞ 1.5% DISSOLVED IN THE PLASMA
ƒÞ 98.5% CARRIED ON HEMOGLOBIN AS OXYHEMOGLOBIN
ƒÞ THE GREATER THE PO2 OF OXYGEN, THE MORE OXYGEN THAT WILL COMBINE WITH HEMOGLOBIN (LIKE IN THE LUNGS)
ƒÞ LOW PO2 CAUSES HEMOGLOBIN TO RELEASE THE OXYGEN
Term
BOHR EFFECT
Definition
OXYGEN-HEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE
 AT LOW PH (ACIDIC CONDITIONS) OXYGEN RELEASES FROM HEMOGLOBIN MORE EASILY
 THE DISSOCIATION CURVE SHIFTS TO THE RIGHT
 LOW BLOOD PH RESULTS FROM HIGH PCO2
BOHR EFFECT
OXYGEN-HEMOGLOBIN
DISSOCIATION CURVE
 SHIFTS TO THE RIGHT: LOW AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN
 HIGH CO2
 HIGH H+
 LOW PH

 SHIFT TO THE LEFT: HIGH AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN
 FETAL HEMOGLOBIN
 LOW CO2
 LOW H+
 HIGH PH
Term
CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT
Definition
 7% DISSOLVED IN PLASMA
 23% CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN
 70% AS BICARBONATE IONS HCO3-
 THE CONVERSION OF CO2 TO HCO3- (HAPPENS IN THE RBC) AND THE RELATED CHLORIDE SHIFT MAINTAINS THE IONIC BALANCE BETWEEN PLASMA AND RBC
 THE H+ RELEASED BINDS WITH HEMOGLOBIN TRIGGERING THE BOHR EFFECT
Term
CHLORIDE SHIFT
Definition
 IN THE PLASMA THERE IS NACL
 WHEN THE HCO3- LEAVES THE RBC, IT COMBINES WITH NA+ IN THE PLASMA TO CREATE SODIUM BICARBONATE
 LOSS OF A NEGATIVE CHARGE FROM INSIDE THE RBC CAUSES CHLORIDE FROM THE PLASMA TO ENTER THE RBC
Term
MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY AREA
Definition
ƒÞ DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP
ƒÞ CONTROLS THE BASIC RHYTHM OF RESPIRATION
ƒÞ INSPIRATORY AREA HAS AN INTRINSIC EXCITABILITY OF AUTORHYTHMIC NEURONS
ƒÞ EXPIRATORY AREA NEURONS REMAIN INACTIVE DURING QUIET RESPIRATION
Term
VENTRAL RESPIRATORY AREA
Definition
ƒÞ ACTIVATED DURING HIGH LEVELS OF VENTILATION
ƒÞ USED FOR FORCEFUL INSPIRATION/EXPIRATION
ƒÞ NORMALLY INSPIRATION LASTS 2 SECONDS, EXPIRATION LASTS 3 SECONDS
Term
PNEUMOTAXIC AREA
Definition
 ACTIVATED DURING HIGH LEVELS OF VENTILATION
 USED FOR FORCEFUL INSPIRATION/EXPIRATION
 NORMALLY INSPIRATION LASTS 2 SECONDS, EXPIRATION LASTS 3 SECONDS
Term
CEREBRAL CORTEX
Definition
 ALLOWS CONSCIOUS CONTROL OF RESPIRATION
 BREATH HOLDING IS LIMITED BY THE OVERRIDING STIMULI OF INCREASED H+ AND CO2
Term
CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS
Definition
 LOCATED IN THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA
 RESPOND TO H+ AND PCO2 IN CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID
 PROVIDES INPUT TO THE RESPIRATORY CENTER
Term
PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS
Definition
ƒÞ LOCATED IN THE WALLS OF
ƒÞ COMMON CAROTID ARTERY: STIMULATES FIBERS IN THE GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE CN IX
ƒÞ AORTIC BODIES IN AORTIC ARCH: STIMULATES FIBERS IN THE VAGUS NERVE CN X
ƒÞ RESPOND TO CHANGES IN H+ AND PCO2 IN THE BLOOD
ƒÞ THE PAO2 HAS TO BE BELOW 60 BEFORE IT STIMULATES BREATHING (ONLY WITH PERIPHERAL RECEPTORS, CENTRAL RECEPTORS DO NOT RESPOND AT ALL)
ƒÞ CO2 FLUCTUATIONS ARE THE MAJOR FACTOR
Term
HYPERCAPNIA
Definition
ƒÞ SLIGHT INCREASE IN PCO2 AND H+IN ARTERIES
ƒÞ STIMULATE CHEMORECEPTORS
ƒÞ ACTIVATES MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY AREA
ƒÞ CAUSES INCREASED BREATHING
Term
HYPOCAPNIA
Definition
 ARTERIAL PCO2 LESS THAN 40 MM HG
 CHEMORECEPTORS ARE NOT STIMULATED
 ONLY STIMULATED FOR HIGH PCO2
 MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY AREA SETS ITS OWN PACE UNTIL CO2 ACCUMULATES AND PCO2 RISES TO 40 MM HG
 CAUSED BY HYPERVENTILATION
Term
HERING BREUER REFLEX
Definition
 DETECTS LUNG EXPANSION WITH STRETCH RECEPTORS AND LIMITS IT DEPENDING ON VENTILATORY NEED AND PREVENTION OF DAMAGE
 VAGUS NERVE SENDS INFORMATION TO THE RESPIRATORY RHYTHMICITY CENTERS
 CAUSES INHALATION TO STOP AND EXHALATION TO BEGIN
Term
HYPOXIA
Definition
OXYGEN DEFICIENCY AT THE TISSUE LEVEL
Term
HYPOXIC HYPOXIA
Definition
LOW PO2 IN ARTERIAL BLOOD
HIGH ALTITUDE, AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION, FLUID IN LUNGS
Term
ANEMIC HYPOXIA
Definition
TOO LITTLE FUNCTIONING HEMOGLOBIN
ƒÞ HEMORRHAGE, ANEMIA, CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
Term
STAGNANT HYPOXIA
Definition
INABILITY OF BLOOD TO CARRY OXYGEN TO TISSUES FAST ENOUGH
 HEART FAILURE, CIRCULATORY SHOCK
Term
HISTOTOXIC HYPOXIA
Definition
BLOOD DELIVERS ADEQUATE OXYGEN BUT TISSUES ARE UNABLE TO USE IT
 CYANIDE POISONING
Term
ASTHMA
Definition
SPASMS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE IN BRONCHIAL TUBES, INFLAMMATION, INFLATED ALVEOLI AND EXCESS MUCOUS “TRAPS AIR IN
Term
COPD
Definition
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTION OF AIR FLOW WHICH INCREASES AIRWAY RESISTANCE
 EMPHYSEMA IS CAUSED BY DAMAGE TO THE ELASTIC FIBERS OF THE LUNGS (FIBROSIS) SO THEY DON’T RECOIL. THIS IN TURN CAUSES AIR TRAPPING (CAN’T BREATH OUT).
 CHRONIC ASTHMA
 CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
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