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Respiratory System and Digestive System
for massage therapy
120
Anatomy
Professional
07/11/2010

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Term
What are the 10 main structures of the respiratory system?
Definition
1) Nose
2) Nasal Cavity
3) Pharynx
4) Larynx
5) Trachea
6) Bronchi
7) Bronchioles
8) Alveoli
9) Lungs
10) Respiratory diaphragm
Term
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
Definition
- Exchange of gases - Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
Term
What are the 3 secondary functions of the respiratory system?
Definition
- Olfaction - refers to the sense of smell
- Speech - the production of speech is a complex cooradination of muscles and nerves. Speech and other sounds are produces by air moving over the vocal cords
- Homeostasis - helps maintain oxygen levels in the blood, helps maintain elimination of wastes
The act of breathing helps regulate blood pH.
Term
What are the 4 structures of the upper respiratory tract?
Definition
1) Nose
2) Nasal Cavity
3) Pharynx
4) Layrnx
Term
What are the 6 structures of the lower respiratory tract?
Definition
1) Trachea
2) Bronchi
3) Bronchioles
4) Alveoli
5) Lungs
6) Respiratory Diaphragm
Term
The Nose
Definition
- Port of entry for air and the beginning of the air conduction pathway
- Primarily made of hyaline and elastic cartilage
- Associated with these bones: Nasal bones, process of the maxillae bone, and frontal bone
- has 2 external openings
Term
Anterior nares
Definition
Nostrils - the two external openings of the nose
Term
Nasal Cavity
Definition
- Air-conditioning chambers
- Main purpose is to try to clean the air before it enters the lungs
- Divided into three passageways by projections that form lateral walls
- Consists of: Nasal conchae, meatuses, cilia and goblet cells
Term
Nasal Conchae
Definition
- These are the walls that are formed by projections, creating three passageways in the nasal cavity
- Individually classified as superior, middle and inferior
Term
Meatuses
Definition
- the passageway created by the conchae in the nasal cavity
Term
Cilia
Definition
- hair-like projections on the outer surfaces of certain cells
Term
Goblet cells
Definition
- produce mucus that moistens the air and traps incoming foreign particles
Term
Paranasal Sinuses
Definition
- lined with nasal mucosa
- contain openings into the nasal cavity
- are air-containing spaces in the skull and facial bones that lighten the head and act as resonance chambers for sound
Term
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
Definition
1) Frontal Sinus
2) Sphenoidal sinus
3) Ethmoidal sinus
4) Maxillary Sinus
Term
Pharynx
Definition
- throat
- is a muscular tube approximately 5 inches long
- Shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems
- Contains the tonsils (pharyngeal or adenoids, palatine, and lingual)
Term
Larynx
Definition
- Voice box
- formed by 3 single and 3 paired cartilages
- contains vocal cords
- superior pair called the false vocal cords and the inferior pair called the true vocal cords (used for normal voice production)
Term
Epiglottis
Definition
- the guardian of the airways
- one of the single laryngeal cartilages
- closes the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering the lower respiratory passageways
Term
Trachea
Definition
- windpipe
- is a 9-10 inches long tube from the larynx to the upper chest
- consists of 16-21 half-ring hyaline cartilages
Term
What are the 2 purposes of the half-ring hyaline cartilages of the trachea?
Definition
1) allow the esophagus to expand into the trachea when a food bolus is swallowed
2) keeps the tracheal wall from collapsing during pressure changes that occur during breathing
Term
Bronchi
Definition
- large air-conduction passageways leading from the trachea to each lung
- right is slightly wider and has a slightly steeper downward angle than the left
Term
Bronchioles
Definition
- the smallest divisions of the bronchi
Term
Alveoli/Alveolar sacs
Definition
- tiny sacs attached to ducts
- resemble a cluster of grapes
- made of single-layers epithelial tissue
Term
Surfactants
Definition
- phospholipids that assist in the exchange of gas by reducing surface tension
- contributes to lung elasticity and thereby contributes to its general compliance
- stabilize the alveoli
Term
Lungs
Definition
- are spongy, highly elastic paired organs of respiration
- fill most of the thoracic cavity
- external surfaces are lined by a serous membrane
- are encased by a pleural membrane, which secretes a thin serous fluid, which prevents friction
- are the main organs of respiration
Term
Respiratory Diaphragm
Definition
Term
Respiratory Diaphragm
Definition
- separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
- have an airtight seal
- main muscle of respiration
Term
Breathing
Definition
- muscular contraction and relaxation required to move air in and out
- has 2 phases - inspiration and expiration
- Occurs because of diffusion
Term
What are the 3 processes requited to get oxygen from the atmosphere into the body's cells?
Definition
1) External Respiration
2) Internal Respiration
3) Breathing
Term
Inspiration
Definition
- aka inhalation
- the process that is responsible for drawing air into the lungs
- during this phase the diaphragm contracts and DESCENDS into the abdominal cavity
Term
Expiration
Definition
- aka exhalation
- is the process that is responsible for expelling air from the lungs
- during this process the diaphragm relaxes and ASCENDS back up toward the thoracic cavity
- decreases the size of the thoracic cavity, creating an increase in air pressure
Term
Dyspnea
Definition
- is labored or difficult breathing
Term
Apnea
Definition
temporary cessation of breathing
Term
Hypoxia
Definition
- inadequate oxygen at the cellular level
Term
Anoxia
Definition
- a lack of oxygen either locally or systemically
Term
Vital Capacity
Definition
- the total amount of air that can be forcibly inspired and expired from the lungs in one breath
Term
What are the 2 distinct processes of respiration?
Definition
1) External respiration
2) Internal respiration
Term
External Respiration
Definition
- aka Pulmonary Respiration
- the gas exchange in the lungs, between blood and air in the alveoli that came from the external environment
Term
Internal Respiration
Definition
- aka tissue respiration
- is the gas exchange between blood and body's tissues
- Oxygen diffuses from the blood into the cells, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into the bloodstream
- Mitochondria "Powerplant of a cell" - Absorbs oxygen into a cell
Term
What are the purposes of the processes of the digestive system?
Definition
- is a disassembly line
- provides processes by which molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are broken down into a state more easily assimilated into the body
Term
How are the functions of the digestive system initiated?
Definition
- by the parasympathetic nervous system during periods of low stress
Term
What are the 7 main structures of the digestive system?
Definition
1) Alimenmtary canal (tube from mouth to anus)
2) Gallbladder
3) Liver
4) Pancreas
5) Salivary glands
6) Teeth
7) Tongue
Term
What are the 4 functions of the digestive system?
Definition
1) Ingestion
2) Digestion
3) Absorption
4) Defecation
Term
Ingestion
Definition
- the process of orally taking materials into the body. (Food, liquids, and oral medications)
Term
Digestion
Definition
- the mechanical and chemical process that occurs as food is mixed with digestive enzymes and converted into an absorbable state. Mechanical digestion includes chewing in the oral cavity, churning in the stomach, and mixing movements of the intestinal tube (peristalsis)
Term
Absorption
Definition
- the process of products of digestion move into the bloodstream or lymph vessels and then into the body's cells
Term
Defecation
Definition
- the process of eliminating indigestible or unabsorbed material from the body
Term
Alimentary Canal
Definition
- aka Gastrointestinal tract
- mostly coiled, muscular passageway leading from the mouth to the anus
- approximately 30 ft long
- consists of 4 tunics (layers)
Term
What are the four tunics of the Alimentary Canal?
Definition
(From deepest to the most superficial)
1) Mucosa
2) Submucosa
3) Muscularis
4) Serosa
Term
What purposes are served by the tunics of the alimentary canal?
Definition
- Hosts to blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and glands that produce and secrete digestive enzymes
Term
What purposes are served by the tunics of the alimentary canal?
Definition
- Hosts to blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and glands that produce and secrete digestive enzymes
Term
What is an enzyme?
Definition
- a catalyst that accelerates chemical reactions
Term
What are the 2 types of tonic contractions?
Definition
1) Sphincter
2) Peristalsis
Term
Sphincter
Definition
- a ring of muscle fibers that regulates movement of materials from one compartment to another
Term
Peristalic contractions
Definition
- most common muscular contraction of the digestive system
Wavelike contractions mix and propel materials farther into the GI tract
Term
What is a bolus?
Definition
- a ball-like, masticated lump of food once swallowed
Term
Peritoneum
Definition
- envelops the entire abdominal wall
- largest serous membrane in the body
- houses blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
Term
Oral Cavity (mouth)
Definition
- port of entry for good and drink
- contains tongue, teeth, gums, and opening from the salivary ducts
Term
Mastication
Definition
- chewing
Term
Saliva
Definition
- main function is to act as a lubricant and an adhesive by causing food to form a bolus for deglutition
- aided by the tongue
- contains water, mucus, organic salts, and digestive enzymes
Term
Deglutition
Definition
- swallowing
Term
Gustatory Organs
Definition
- taste buds
- chemoreceptors that detect primary tests of sweet, sour, bitter, and salty
Term
Pharynx - digestive purposes
Definition
- takes food from the oral cavity to the esophagus during deglutition
Term
Esophagus
Definition
- gullet
- a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach by piercing the diaphragm
- lining of tube secretes mucus to help transport of a bolus
Term
Stomach
Definition
- J-shaped organ
- an enlargement of the GI tract bound at both ends by sphincters
1) cardioesophageal sphincter
2) pyloric sphincter
Term
Cardioesophageal Sphincter
Definition
- the superior sphincter of the stomach
- is the junction between the esophagus and stomach
- also known as cardiac sphincter
Term
Pyloric sphincter
Definition
- located between the stomach and small intestine
Term
Rugae
Definition
- longitudinal folds in the lining of the stomach that permit for expansion
Term
What are the 3 tunic layers of the stomach
Definition
1) oblique
2) circular
3) longitudinal
Term
Chyme
Definition
- a viscous fluid that is the remains of a bolus, once it has reached the stomach
Term
G Cells
Definition
- endocrine cells, that secrete hormones, which initiates the production and stimulates bile and pancreatic enzyme emission into the small intestine
Term
What are the only substances absorbed by the stomach?
Definition
1) water
2) some minerals
3) alcohol
4) some medications
Term
Chief cells
Definition
- responsible for protein digestion
- produce the gastric enzyme pepsinogen
Term
Small Intestine
Definition
- is the longest section of the alimentary canal
- contains 2 sphincters, plicae circulares, villi, and lacteals
Term
Plicae Circulares
Definition
Circular folds that are in the lumen of the small intestines
Term
Villi
Definition
- finger-like projections that house blood and lymph capillaries
Term
Lacteals
Definition
- are the lymph capillaries in the villi
- assist in the absorption of fat
Term
What are the three divisions of the small intestines?
Definition
1) the duodenum
2) the jejunum
3) the ileum
Term
Duodenum
Definition
- is the first section of the small intestine
- between 10 and 12 inches long
- Contains the sphincter of Oddi and the major duodenal papilla
Term
Sphincter of Oddi
Definition
- regulates the flow of secretions from the pancreas, liver and gallbladder
Term
Major Duodenal Papilla
Definition
- is the site of entry for the secretions regulated by the Sphincter of Oddi
Term
Jejunum
Definition
- is the second section of the small intestine
- 6 ft long
- runs from duodenum to ileum
- contains large villi for increased absorption
Term
Ileum
Definition
- 3rd section of the small intestine
- 9 ft long
- ends at the ileocecal sphincter
- contains numerous clusters of lacteals to enhance fat absorption
Term
Ileocecal sphincter
Definition
- connects the ileum of the small intestine to the cecum of the large intestine
Term
Mesenteries
Definition
- All of the divisions of the small intestines are connected to each other and to the posterior abdominal wall by a section of the peritoneum called _______.
- It is a large fan-shaped structure consisting of two omentums
Term
Greater Omentum
Definition
- also known as the fatty apron
- is a double-layered structure that connects to the greater curvature of the stomach and duodenum, drapes down over the coils of the small intestine, and then attaches to the transverse colon
Term
Lesser Omentum
Definition
- is a fatty, membranous extension of the peritoneum and attaches from the right side of the stomach and first section of the duodenum to the liver.
Term
Where does absorption occur?
Definition
- 90% in the small intestine
- 10% split between the large intestine and the stomach
Term
Brunner's Glands
Definition
- secrete alkaline mucus, and other digestive enzymes
- these enzymes promote the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates
Term
Large Intestine
Definition
- also known as the colon
- is the final stretch of the undigested and unabsorbed food takes before exiting the body.
- produces mucus that allows developing fecal matter to move down more easily
Term
What is the main function of the large intestine
Definition
- water absorption is the main function
Term
How is the large intestine divided?
Definition
- cecum
- colon proper (4 divisions)
- rectum
- anal canal
- and anus
Term
What are the 4 divisions of colon proper?
Definition
1) ascending
2) transverse
3) decending
4) sigmoid
Term
Taenia Coli
Definition
- thick, longitudinal bands located in the large intestines, that resemble a thread-gathering fabric
Term
Haustra
Definition
- is a series of pouches formed by the gathers, or tucks, along the length of the colon
Term
Cecum
Definition
- is the 1st section of the colon
- it is a small saclike structure located in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen
Term
Vermiform Appendix
Definition
- is a lymph gland that is suspended from and opening into the inferior portion of the cecum
Term
What is the main function of the rectum and anal canal?
Definition
- storage of fecal matter
Term
What are the two sphincters of the anal canal?
Definition
1) Internal sphincter - containing visceral muscle
2) External sphincter - containing skeletal muscle.
Term
Liver
Definition
- is the largest internal organ of the body
- the main function (pertaining to the digestive system) is the production of bile
- consists of:
- hepatocytes
- sinusoids
- kupffer's cells
Term
Hepatocytes
Definition
- liver cells
Term
Sinusoids
Definition
- venous channels, in the liver, made up of hepatocytes
Term
Kupffer's cells
Definition
- phagocytic cells that destroy pathogens
Term
Bile
Definition
- digestive emulifier
- breaks down fat globules into smaller ones, which makes it easier for digestive enzymes to work
Term
Gallbladder
Definition
- stores bile produced by the liver
- the sphincter of Oddi controls the release of bile into the duodenum
Term
Pancreas
Definition
- is the most important digestive gland
- breaks down digestible foods
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Fats
Term
Pancreatic enzymes
Definition
- secreted by the pancreas to neutralize the acid chyme from the stomach
Term
Proteins
Definition
- naturally occurring organic compounds that contain large combinations of amino acids
Term
Amino Acids
Definition
- the building blocks of protein
- are a major component for building muscles, blood, skin, hair, nails, and visceral organs
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
- starches and sugars
- body's preferred source of energy
- required for the metabolism of other nutrients
Term
Fats
Definition
- needed to store energy and insulation
- composed of lipids or fatty acids
- can range in consistency
- solid - saturated
- liquid - unsaturated
Term
Vitamins
Definition
- organic compounds essential for normal physiological and metabolic functioning of the body
Term
Minerals
Definition
- essential NON-ORGANIC compounds found in nature
- needed for building bones
Term
Water
Definition
- essential nutrient that every part of the body needs
Term
Coughing
Definition
- is a sudden expulsion of air to clear the lungs and lower respiratory passageways of irritants or foreign materials
Term
Crying
Definition
- is a response to emotions, such as grief, pain, fear, or joy
Term
Hiccups
Definition
- are intermittent contractions of the diaphragm followed by a spasmodic closure of the vocal cords
Term
Laughing
Definition
- involves the same modified respiratory patterns as crying and is usually in response to happiness, being tickled, or something that strikes us as funny
Term
Sneezing
Definition
- is a forceful involuntary expulsion of air through the nose and mouth to clear the upper respiratory passageways
Term
Snoring
Definition
- is audible breathing during sleep resulting from vibration of the uvula and soft palate
Term
Yawning
Definition
- is a very deep breath, initiated by opening the mouth wide and through movements of the upper torso to expand the chest
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