Have:  Man, Dogs, Cats, Monkeys, Rodents

Have nots:  Cattle, Sheep, Pig (predisposed to emphysema and pneumonia)

1.  Nasal Turbinates (Turbulence; Particle deposition

2.  Mucociliary apparatus

3.  Inflammatory cells

1.  Congenital

2.  Mycoplasma spp.

3.  Bordetella spp.

- Bronchiectasis is dilation of the bronchi. 

- Lack of cilia lead to retention of mucus and bacteria.  This leads to inflammation which damages and weakens wall of bronchi.  This in turn causes Bronchiectasis

**1.  Strangles (Step. equi)**

2.  Equine Rhinopneumonitis (Equine Herpes virus)

3.  Equine Influenza (Equine Orthomyxovirus)

4.  Fungal rhinitis

1.  Lymphadenitis (drainage to l.n.)

2.  Mucopururlent rhinitis

3.  Abscess formation in multiple organs

1.  Guttural Pouch Mycosis

2  Fungal Rhinitis

3.  Ethmoid hematoma

4.  Excercise- induced pulmonary hemorrhage

**1. Epistaxis**

2.  Spontaneous / Severe Hemorrhage

- Disease is caused by a fungal infection = Aspergillus most often

• Ulcerative conjutivitis, keratitis, rhinitis, stomatitis

What are the routes of infection for Cryptococcus neoformans?

What type of patients is this disease associated with? What type of lesions will you observe?

1.  Nasal cavity

2.  Cutaneous/Mucocutaneous

3.  Can then become systemic

- Often associated with immunosuppressed individuals (FIV, FelV);

- Minimal inflammation.   Turbinate destruction

1.  Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis

2.  BVD

3.  Malignant Catarrhal Fever

4.  Rinderpest (Cattle Plague)

1.  Ulcers throughout nasal cavity and trachea

2.  Ulcers in esophagus and forestomach

3.  Abortion

1.  Virus infects "NK" lymphocytes and transforms them.  Transformed cells replicate and attack host

2.  Long incubation period; Low morbidity; Mortality 100%

- Wt. loss, enlarged lymph nodes, corneal opacity, rhinitis

Sheep = Ovine herpesvirus-2

Wildebeest = Alcelaphine herpesvirus - 1

Goat = Caprine herpesvirus -2

1.  Bordetella infecion promotes nasal colonization by Pasteurella.  Produce cytotoxins.  Inhibit osteoblasts, promote osteoclastic resorption in nasal bones.  Abnormal bone remodeling results in atrophy of conchae

2.  Appear 3-8 wks of age - sneezing, coughing, and inflammation of the lacrimal duct

1.  Stenotic nares

2.  Elongated soft palate

3.  Eversion of the laryngeal saccules

4.  Hypoplasia of the trachea

5.  Tracheal collapse

1.  Classic "goose honking" cough

2  Fainting spells due to lack of oxygen

3.  Exercise intolerance

1.  Excercise intolerance and inspiratory respiratory noise (roaring) during excercise

2.  Neurogenic atrophy of the left cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle

1.  as a result of left-sided heart failure

2.  Pulmonary edema

1.  Increased hydrostatic pressure

2  Increased permeability of endothelium

3.  Decreased plasma oncotic pressure

4.  Lymphatic obstruction

1.  Dirofilaria immitis (Endothelial injury)

2.  Renal amyloidosis (Hypercoagulable)

- Infarts.  If Pulmonary artery is occluded, have an acute onset of dyspnea and massive hypoxia = death

Congenital:  1) Fetal stillbirth, 2) Dystocia, 3) Premature birth; lack of production of surfactant

Aquired - Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in cats

1.  Bronchopneumonia

2.  Interstitial pneumonia

3.  Granulomatous pneumonia

4.  Embolic pneumonia

Bronchopneumonia

1.  Lung lobe distribution

2.  Inflammatory reaction locations

1.  Cranioventral lung lobe distribution

2.  Inflammatory reaction primarily located in bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal air spaces (alveoli)

-Suppurative(purulent) and Fibrinous

Suppurative

1. Pasteurella multocida

2.  Streptococcus suis

3.  Mycoplasma spp.

4.  E. Coli

Fibrinous

1.  Mannheimia (P. haemolytica - cattle)

2.  A. pleuropneumonia (pigs)

3.  P. multocida (chickens)

4  E. coli (chickens and dogs)

- Red and swollen - hyperemia and congestion

-Firm and swollen (consolidation) lungs - air has been replaced by inflammatory cells (neutrophils) and necrotic debris

Cattle/Small Ruminants = Mannheima (P.) hemolytica; Arcanobacterium pyogens; P. multocida

Pigs = Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; M. hyopneumoniae; P. multocida, S. suis

Dogs = toxic strains of E. coli; Bordetella bronchiseptica

Chickens = P. multocida; Mycoplasma; E. Coli

1.  Stress (overcrowding, changes in temp.)

2.  Viral infections

- Cattle (BRSV, BVDV)

- Pigs  (Swine Influenza Virus, PRRSV)

-Dogs ( Canine Influenze Virus, Canine Distemper Virus)

Interstitial pneumonia

1. Portal of entry

2. Lesion distribution

3.  Kind of exudate

4.  Example

1.  Aerogenous or hematogenous

2.  Anteroventral of diffuse

3.  Can't see them.  Are within alveoli

4.  Influenza, PRRS, toxins

1.  inhaled gases, toxins or endotoxemia Exudation of fluid, protein, including fibrin, from vascular bed into alveolar spaces

2.  Mild to moderate - complete resolution; Severe - thickening (fibrous tissue is deposited in alveolar septa)

1.  Fungus

• Cryptococcus
• Blastomyces
• Histoplasma
• Aspergillus

2.  Mycobacteria

- M. Avium complex

- M. tuberculosis

3.  Rhodococcus equi

Distribution :  intially cranioventral.  Can be multifocal

Pneumonia of Cattle

1.  Enzootic Pneumonia of Calves

2.  Shipping Fever

3.  Viral Interstitial Pneumonias

4.  Non-Infectious Insterstitial Penumonias

5.  Lungworms

6.  Respiratory Histophilosis

7.  Mycobacterium

8.  Vena-Caval Syndrome

1.  Seen in intensively housed calves

2.  Up to 90% morbidity

3.  Begin as an acute infection (BRSV + PI3/Mycoplasma sp.) and Stress/overcrowding = Secondary Bronchopneumonia (Pasteurella, Mannheima, Arcanobacterium) - - - Leads to Enzootic Pneumonia

1.  Cause:  Manheimia hemolytica

2.  Stressors:  Transport, Weaning, Crowding, Fatigue, Viruses

3.  Lesion:  Severe fibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleuritis; Exotoxin

4.  Not seen in other species

1.  Bovine Respiratory Synctial Virus ( IBR, BVD, Virus)

2.  BRSV can cause severe interstitial pneumonia

3.  Provide initial damage for devel. of 2' bacterial pneumonia

Cause:  1) Moldy sweet potatoes ( 4 -ipomeanol)

2)  Tryptophan in lush pasture ( 3-mthylindole in rumen)

- are transported to lungs, converted to toxic metabolites by Clara cells.  Metabolites damage Type-1 pneumocytes, endothelium.

- Get Acute Bovine Edema and Emphysema

1.  M. bovis

M. avium-intracellulare

M. tuberculosis

2.  Inhalation is most common route of infection

3.  MP spread via airway to rest of lung --- regional l.n. -- systemic infection occurs

(Granulomatous pneumonia)

1.  Mild - almost complete recovery

2.  death via severe pulmonary edema

3.  Thrombotic abscess -- fatal epstaxis and exanguination aka bleed out

1.  Dictyocaulus viviparus

2. Lesions seen in caudo-dorsal lung lobes

1.  Intracellular Gram pos. bacteria

2.  Young or immunocomp. horses

3.  Organism inhaled --- Enterocolitis

1.  Allergic reaction to innocuous substances (ex. moldy hay - Aspergillus)

2.  repeated bouts of inflammation involving bronchi and bronchioles

Acute:  increased mucus and bronchoconstriction

Chronic:  weakening of bronchial walls, Bronchiectasis, and 2' bacterial infections

1. Prolonged, labored expiration

2.  Classic heave line (hypertrophy of abdominal muscles)

3.  Wheezes, crackles

1. Usually the result of tying up the head of horses during transports

2.  "choke" esophageal obstruction

3.  laryngeal hemiplagia

• Tomato-soup exudate
• Sulfur granules
• Nocardia
• Actinomyces

• rupture of thoracic duct
• seen in cardiomyopathy, thoracid and mediastinal neoplasia, mediastinal fungal granulomas

1.  Pigs = Metastrongylus spp.

2.  Sheep and Goats = Muellerius spp.

3.  Cow = Dictyocauls viviparus

4.  Horses = Parascaris equorum

5.  Cats = A. abstruses

6.  Carnivores = P. Kellicotti

7.  Dogs = Filaroides osleri

1.  Dogs and Cats = Bronciolar-alveolar carcinoma

2.  Horse = Granular cell tumor (do wheelbarrow test)

3.  Cow = Mesothelioma