Term
| how common are developmental abnormalities of the lung? |
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Definition
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Term
| developmental abnormalities (6) |
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Definition
| 1. congenital melanosis in sheep 2. pulmonary hypoplasia 3. pulmonary hamartoma 4. ectopic lung tissue 5. agenesis 6. vascular anomalies |
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Term
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Definition
| black pathches on lung of sheep |
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Term
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Definition
| xs redundant pulmonary tissue that doesnt communicate with normal bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
| underedevelopment of one or more lung lobes |
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Term
| vascular anomalie - atresia = |
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Definition
| absence or narrowing or pulmonary a. |
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Term
| primary lung tumours usually = |
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Definition
| tumours of bronchiolar(clara and cuboidal cells) or alveolar(type I and type II pneumocytes) epithelium or the glands. |
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Term
| primary benign lung tumour |
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Definition
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Term
| shape of pulmonary adenoma= |
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Definition
| =papillary or bronchioalveolar pattern |
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Term
| bronchioalveolar shape of pulmonary adenoma implies what is the origin of the tumour? |
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Definition
| clara cells or type II pneumocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| malignant tumour with acinar (glands) or papillary pattern |
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Term
| where do adenocarcinomas tend to metastasize to in cats? |
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Definition
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Term
| bronchioalveolar carcinoma = |
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Definition
| = malignant tumour of clara or type II cells. with bronchioalveolar pattern |
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Term
| common primary malignant lung tumour in sheep |
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Definition
| ovine pulmonary carcinoma |
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Term
| ovine pulmonary carcinoma is caused by... |
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Definition
| ...retrovirus (Jaagsiekte - chronic contagious dz of sheep lung that evolves into pulmonary carcinoma) |
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Term
| tumours that frequently metastasise to the lungs = |
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Definition
=
-mammary tumours
-haemangiosarcomas (espec in R. atrium in dogs)
- osteosarcomas
-thyroid carcinomas in cats |
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Term
| tumours that frequently metastasise to the lungs = |
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Definition
=
-mammary tumours
-haemangiosarcomas (espec in R. atrium in dogs)
- osteosarcomas
-thyroid carcinomas in cats |
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Term
|
Definition
| incomplete distension of the lung |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. obstruction
2. compression (low grade pneumothorax)
3. massive atelectasis (severe pneumothroax)
4. congenital (incomplete expansion of airways and alveoli at birth -defective surfactant production or problems at parturition eg asphyxiation, aspiration of amniotic fluids or meconium) |
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Term
| vet dz's associated with emphysema |
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Definition
| fog fever in cattle and RAO in horses |
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Term
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Definition
1. obstruction (espec on expiration)- trapped air in alveoli
2.agonal change - forced resp. efforts |
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Term
|
Definition
| trapped air in alveoli = enlarged alveoli, damaged walls |
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Term
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Definition
| trapped air in interstital tissues, mainly seen in cattle. |
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Term
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Definition
| contigous empysematous airspaces (airspaces join tohgether =one large air pocket) |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of air in visceral pleura (air leaks under pleura), often at lung apex-bubbles/blisters sevreal cm's wide. |
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Term
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Definition
| air spaces in lung due to destruction of contigous (neighbouring) alveoli walls. |
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Term
| rupture of pulmonary blebs and bullae can cause... |
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Definition
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Term
| circulatpry disturbances of the lung:(6) |
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Definition
1. hyperamia
2. congestion
3. pulmonary oedema
4. thrombosis/embolism/infarction
5. haemorrhage
6.pulmonary hypertension |
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Term
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Definition
| active - increased BF into lungs |
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Term
| hyperamia is associated with... |
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Definition
| ...acute pulmonary inflam. |
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Term
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Definition
| impaired outflow from lungs (passive action) |
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Term
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Definition
=
heart failure
shock
terminal haemodynamic changes =common PM finding |
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Term
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Definition
| dark red, heavy lungs with XS exudate when cut surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| gravitational pooling of blood, eg in recumbancy |
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Term
| why doesnt alveolar normally become flooded with interstitial fluid?.... |
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Definition
...alveolar epi permeability < capillary endothelium permeability
and alveolar epi has type II and clara cells with a Na pump which pump Na out of alveolar spaces = draws water with it.
Interstitail fluid is drained via lymphatics |
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Term
| causes of pulmonary oedema= |
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Definition
1. alveolar epi damage
2. increase HP
3. Increased capillary endothelial permeability
4. decreased colloid osmotic pressure
decreased lymphatic drainage
(2 - 4 = XS interstitial fluid = over flows to alveolar space) |
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Term
| most common cells in pulmonary oedema |
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Definition
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Term
| if see haemosiderein -laden macrophages in pulmonary oedema = |
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Definition
| = pulmonary oedema due to heart failure |
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Term
| why are lungs fairly resistant to infarction? |
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Definition
| dual vascular supply and extensive collateral circulation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
fat
air
tumour cells
parasite/FB |
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Term
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Definition
red and white layers on thrombus
red= RBCs
white= platelets and fibrin |
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Term
|
Definition
1. abnormal BF
2. increased coagulation
3. damage to bv wall
4. angiostrongylus vasorum
5. vasculitis
6. immune mediated haemolytic anaemia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| small sterile thromboembolism of healthy lung =* |
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Definition
* =infarction
intra-alveolar haemorrhage
thrombolysis and resolution in 2-4days :) |
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Term
| small sterile thromboembolism in unhealthy lung (with pre-existing pulmonary congestion and oedema)=* |
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Definition
*= infarction
haemorrhage and alveolar necrosis
organised healing and scar tissue |
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Term
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Definition
= haemorrhage
necoriss
vasculitis
aneurysm
spread of infection
embolic pneumonia - can lead to abscess formation |
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Term
| causes of spetic thromboembolism = |
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Definition
| 1. liver abscess in cattle 2. endocarditis of R. heart valve 3. joint & umbilical infections 4. infected intravenous catheters |
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Term
| EIPH (excercise induced pumonary haemorrhage) |
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Definition
in >75% of race horses
1-10% of these = epistaxis upon excercise. at PM get blue grey dorsocaudal lungs(caused by accumulation of haemosiderin) |
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Term
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Definition
| increased pressure in pulmonary bvs |
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Term
acute fibrinoid necrosis
chronic thickening of bv walls and capillary endothelial hyperplasia
hypertrophy of tunica muscularis
fibrosis |
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Definition
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Term
healthy lung = a in water
unhealthy lung = b in water |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1. bronchopneumonia
2. interstitial pneumonia
3. embolic pneumonia
4. granulomatous pneumonia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| cranioventral damage of lung = |
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Definition
| bronchopneumonia distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| = interstitial pneumonia distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| embolic or granulmoatous pneumonia distribution |
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Term
| cause of bronchopneumonia |
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Definition
-bacteria mainly
-fungi
-impaired defences
-aspiration |
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Term
entry of agents causing
A) bronchopneumonia
B) interstitial
C) embolic
D) granulmoatous |
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Definition
A) inhaled
B) inhaled and haematogenous
C) haematogenous
D) inhaled and haematogenous |
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Term
| whyare cattle and pigs right cranial lung more predisposed to pneumonia? |
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Definition
| ...they have a tracheal bronchus |
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Term
| gross morphology of bronchopneumonia |
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Definition
| dark red, firm/consolidated cranioventral lung parts. Exudate filled airspaces |
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Term
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Definition
| get through interlobular septaedue to injury and necrosis of lung parenchyma = infect large areas of the lung = yellow frosted appearance = fibrin exudate onto surface of lung effecting pleura |
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Term
| suppurative bronchopneumonia exudate = |
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Definition
| = purulent/mucopurulent (lots of neutrophils) |
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Term
| fibrinous bronchopneumonia exudate |
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Definition
| fibrin, oedema,neutrophils, necrosis |
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Term
| distribution of suppurative bronchopneumonia |
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Definition
| confined within lobules or confluent/merged lobules |
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Term
| distribution of fibrinous bronchopneumonia |
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Definition
| large areas of lung affected (rapidly spreads between lobules) |
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Term
| example of suppurative bronchopneumonia |
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Definition
| enzootic pneumonia in pigs |
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Term
| example of a fibrinous bronchopneumonia |
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Definition
| bovine mannheimiosis (shipping fever) |
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Term
| enzootic suppurative bronchopneumonia in pigs |
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Definition
pigs:
-ciliostasis
-hyperplasia of BALT (bronchiolar associated lymhoid tissue) =cuffing pneumonia
-v. common, persists in herds |
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Term
| bovine pneumonic mannhaeimiosis (shipping fever) |
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Definition
transported weaner claves infected with Mannheimia haemolytica
leukotoxin = lysis of macro and neutro = tissue necrosis due to release if lysosomes
-extensive deposistion of fibrin in interlobular septa
-whole lobes-dark, necrotic, fibrin on surface of lung
- fatal |
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Term
| fibrinopurulent pneumonia |
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Definition
| suppurative and fibrinous bronchopneumonia co-existing |
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Term
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Definition
| compression/narrowing of bronchioles due to fibrous/scar tissue or inflammation. |
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Term
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Definition
| destruction of bronchiole wall (=exudate) |
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Term
| interstitial pneumonia = inflam of... |
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Definition
| ...alveolar walls and interlobular septae |
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Term
| causes of interstitial pneumonia = |
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Definition
| usually virus (parainfluenza) or toxin (tryptophan) |
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Term
| gross morphology of interstitial pneumonia = |
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Definition
| = can look pretty normal, lack of exudate, heavy lungs, elastic/rubbery/meaty feel,firm, red lines where lungs pushed against ribs (as failure to collapse on expiration) |
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Term
| histiological morphology of interstitial pneumonia |
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Definition
-hyaline membrane formation (surfactant +plasma proteins from exudate)
-thick alveolar walls of mainly type II pneumocytes. |
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Term
| signs of fog fever in cattle |
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Definition
| sever interstitial oedema and emphysema (bubbles in septae) |
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Term
| causes of embolic pneumonia |
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Definition
| 1. septic emboli 2. hepatic abscess 3. endocarsitis of R. heart valve 4. joint and umbilical infections |
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Term
| gross morphology of embolic pneumonia |
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Definition
early lesion= cream/grey, firm, nodular foci surrounded by red halo of haemorrhage/congestion
foci can then expand = abscessed |
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Term
| abscesses can arise from what types of pneumonia? |
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Definition
| bronchopneumonia and embolic pneumonia |
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Term
| granulomatous pneumonia is caused by |
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Definition
| persistant infections/agents that manage to evade the hosts innate immune response |
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Term
| special type of interstitial pneumonia = |
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Definition
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Term
| causes of granulomatous pneumonia (5) |
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Definition
M. Bovis = TB
lungworm
FIP
fungi
FB |
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Term
| TB (granulomatous pneumonia) |
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Definition
| large white caseous granulomatous lesions |
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Term
| sequelae of granulomatous pneumonia |
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Definition
dissemination of agent to other organs
persistant pneumonia
fibrosis |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ...damages mucociliary esculator |
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Term
|
Definition
| seromucous discharge and conjunctivitis |
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Term
|
Definition
| mucopurulent dishcarge, ulcerated mucosa and focal damage |
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Term
|
Definition
| extensive fibrinopurulent exudate |
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