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Respiratory Lecture
Respiratory Lecture
63
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
07/14/2011

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Term
Primary functions of the respiratory systems are what?
Definition
1) gas exchange, 2) regulation of body PH, 3) protection from potentially dangerous inhaled irritants and from pathogens, 4) Olfaction (sense of small, 5) vocalization (voice production)
Term
What is required for aerobic cellular respiration?
Definition
Oxygen
Term
What happens if the body becomes too acidic?
Definition
Carbon dioxide is removed from the body by rapid breathing.
Term
What are the 4 steps of gas exchange?
Definition
1)ventilation 2)gas exchange across pulmonary capillaries 3)bas transport in blood 4)gas exchange across systemic capillaries.
Term
Air is filtered, moistened, and warmed in the nose by what nasal features?
Definition
Nasal conchae facilitate all three processes.
Term
Nasal conchae subdivide the nasal cavity into channels called __________.
Definition
meatuses
Term
Channels for airflow in the nasal cavity are __________.
Definition
Meatuses
Term
Diffusion works better in warmer or colder conditions?
Definition
warmer
Term
What is the purpose of the air swirling through the meatuses?
Definition
Swirling helps filter, moisten and warm air.
Term
What is the purpose of the goblet cells and cilia in the nasal hairs?
Definition
goblet cells secret muscus that filter large particles and the cilia filter mucus trapped particles.
Term
Air is moistened in the nose by contact with what?
Definition
Mucus, drainage of nasolacrimal ducts, and secretions of paranasal sinuses.
Term
Air is warmed in the nasal cavity by heat exchange with __________ _________ deep in the nasal epithelium.
Definition
blood capillaries
Term
Olfactory
Definition
Term
Olfactory receptors lie in the superior nasal epithelium for what purpose?
Definition
For the sense of smell.
Term
Olfactory receptors lie in the superior nasal epithelium for what purpose?
Definition
For the sense of smell.
Term
During swallowing, both the nasopharynx and larynx are protected from entry of food and saliva by what?
Definition
The uvula closes the nasopharynx during swallowing so food does not enter the nasal cavity. Epiglottis closes the opening of the larynx during swallowing, so food does not enter airway.
Term
What connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea?
Definition
Larynx
Term
The larynx is strengthened and held open by cartilage pieces called ________?
Definition
Thyroid cartilage
Term
The larynx is protected during swallowing by the ________.
Definition
epiglottis
Term
The thyroid cartilage is enlarged in males by _____________. Another name for the thyroid cartilage in a male is _________ _________.
Definition
testosterone, adams apple
Term
Air passes through an opening in the larynx called the _________ ___________.
Definition
Rima glottidis
Term
What is the origin of voice production?
Definition
Larynx, air movement vibrates vocal folds.
Term
Inferior tracheal cartilage has ridge called the ________. Also called the base of the trachea.
Definition
Carina
Term
This cartilage is rich with tickle and touch receptors.
Definition
Carina
Term
What is the relationship of the trachea to the esophagus?
Definition
The esophagus is located posteriorly to the trachea.
Term
This is the pathway of airflow during inhalation.
Definition
Bronchial Tree
Term
What is the order of airflow in the bronchial tree?
Definition
Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
Term
Another name for secondary bronchi is _____ _________. This is used for medical procedures.
Definition
lobar bronchi
Term
How many secondary bronchi are there total?
Definition
Five
Term
What is the last portion of the conducting zone?
Definition
terminal bronchioles
Term
The epithelial lining changes as the bronchial tree branches. How?
Definition
gradually changes from ciliated epithelium with goblet cells, to nonciliated epithelium lacking goblet cells.
Term
The hyaline cartilage changes as the bronchial tree branches. How?
Definition
cartilage is reduced from rings to smaller plates and finally disappears in the distal bronchioles.
Term
The smooth muscle changes as the bronchial tree branches. How?
Definition
smooth muscle in airway increases as cartilage decreases.
Term
Sympathetic nervous stimulation (fight or flight) relaxes bronchiole smooth muscle for what purpose?
Definition
Allows more airflow making airway wider.
Term
What has the same effect on as symathetic nervous stimulation in widening airway?
Definition
Hormones epinephrine (from adrenal gland) and norepinephrine (also a neurotransmitter).
Term
Parasympathetic nervous stimulation causes slight bronchiole contraction for what purpose?
Definition
Like having a muscle tone to the airway.
Term
Large amounts of histamine release causes severe bronchiole contraction called _______.
Definition
As in asthma attack.
Term
Where do the bronchi, vessels, and nerves enter the lung?
Definition
At the hilum
Term
The covering over the surface of each lung is ________ _________.
Definition
Visceral pleura
Term
Lines the thoracic cavity around the lung.
Definition
parietal pleura
Term
The small space between the pleurae of each lung is called the ______ ________.
Definition
pleural cavity
Term
2 important functions of the pleural fluid are :
Definition
1)reduces friction of the external lung surfaces during breathing 2)causes parietal and visceral pleurae to adhere to each other.
Term
Supplies air to each lob of the lung.
Definition
secondary bronchus
Term
The left lung as two lobes and a depression from the heart called the _________ ________.
Definition
cardiac notch
Term
Pulmonary arteries enter the hilum carrying __________ _____ from the right side of the heart.
Definition
deoxygenated blood
Term
Pulmonary veins leave the hilum carrying ___________ ________ to the left side of the heart.
Definition
oxygenated blood
Term
Serves as gas exchange between pulmonary capillaries and air.
Definition
respiratory zone
Term
What is the site of pulmonary gas exchange?
Definition
aveoli
Term
Gas exchange occurs by __________.
Definition
Diffusion
Term
Microscopic passages surrounded by alveoli are ___________ _________
Definition
alveolar ducts
Term
________ and _________ exchange between alveolar air and blood in pulmonary capillaries.
Definition
oxygen and carbon dioxide
Term
The wall of the alveolar consists of type I cells and type II cells. Describe each:
Definition
Type I cells are simple squamous cells forming most of the alveolar wall. Gas exchange occurs readily across these very then cells. Type II cells secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant. Alveolar fluid keeps the inner alveolar surfaces moist.
Term
What is the purpose of surfactant?
Definition
Surfactant in the fluid reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse. Surfactant decreases the work of breathing, by making it easier to inflate the lungs.
Term
Premature babies lack __________ and may not survive.
Definition
surfactant
Term
What structures form the respiratory membrane?
Definition
capillary endothelium, capillary basement membrane, epithelial basement membrane, type I alveolar cell, interstitial space.
Term
In which directions do oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange across the surface of alveoli?
Definition
oxygen moves from the alveolar air space to the plasma of the capillaries. Carbon dioxide moves from the plasma of the capillary to the alveolar air space.
Term
These "dust cells" move along inner alveolar surface removing microscopic debris. These are the last layer of defense.
Definition
Alveolar macrophages
Term
Networks covering up to 90% of the alveolar surface and are ideal for rapid gas exchange.
Definition
Pulmonary capillaries
Term
These provide passive recoil during normal exhalation. Located in interstitial spaces around alveoli and other structures.
Definition
Elastic fibers
Term
Alveolar walls are destroyed in this disease.
Definition
Emphysema
Term
What are the two sets of arteries that deliver blood to the lungs?
Definition
Bronchial arteries and pulmonary arteries
Term
This provides the lung's own blood supply. Carries oxygenated blood to the bronchioles. Branches from the aorta and is systemic circulation. Supplies lung tissue with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
Definition
bronchial arteries
Term
Carry deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary capillaries surrounding the alveoli. Branch from the pulmonary trunk. These arteries belong to the pulmonary circulation. Supply blood for gas exchange between air and blood.
Definition
pulmonary arteries
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