Term
| Primary functions of the respiratory systems are what? |
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Definition
| 1) gas exchange, 2) regulation of body PH, 3) protection from potentially dangerous inhaled irritants and from pathogens, 4) Olfaction (sense of small, 5) vocalization (voice production) |
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Term
| What is required for aerobic cellular respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens if the body becomes too acidic? |
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Definition
| Carbon dioxide is removed from the body by rapid breathing. |
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Term
| What are the 4 steps of gas exchange? |
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Definition
| 1)ventilation 2)gas exchange across pulmonary capillaries 3)bas transport in blood 4)gas exchange across systemic capillaries. |
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Term
| Air is filtered, moistened, and warmed in the nose by what nasal features? |
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Definition
| Nasal conchae facilitate all three processes. |
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Term
| Nasal conchae subdivide the nasal cavity into channels called __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Channels for airflow in the nasal cavity are __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Diffusion works better in warmer or colder conditions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of the air swirling through the meatuses? |
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Definition
| Swirling helps filter, moisten and warm air. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the goblet cells and cilia in the nasal hairs? |
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Definition
| goblet cells secret muscus that filter large particles and the cilia filter mucus trapped particles. |
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Term
| Air is moistened in the nose by contact with what? |
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Definition
| Mucus, drainage of nasolacrimal ducts, and secretions of paranasal sinuses. |
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Term
| Air is warmed in the nasal cavity by heat exchange with __________ _________ deep in the nasal epithelium. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Olfactory receptors lie in the superior nasal epithelium for what purpose? |
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Definition
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Term
| Olfactory receptors lie in the superior nasal epithelium for what purpose? |
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Definition
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Term
| During swallowing, both the nasopharynx and larynx are protected from entry of food and saliva by what? |
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Definition
| The uvula closes the nasopharynx during swallowing so food does not enter the nasal cavity. Epiglottis closes the opening of the larynx during swallowing, so food does not enter airway. |
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Term
| What connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea? |
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Definition
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Term
| The larynx is strengthened and held open by cartilage pieces called ________? |
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Definition
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Term
| The larynx is protected during swallowing by the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The thyroid cartilage is enlarged in males by _____________. Another name for the thyroid cartilage in a male is _________ _________. |
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Definition
| testosterone, adams apple |
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Term
| Air passes through an opening in the larynx called the _________ ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the origin of voice production? |
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Definition
| Larynx, air movement vibrates vocal folds. |
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Term
| Inferior tracheal cartilage has ridge called the ________. Also called the base of the trachea. |
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Definition
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Term
| This cartilage is rich with tickle and touch receptors. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the relationship of the trachea to the esophagus? |
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Definition
| The esophagus is located posteriorly to the trachea. |
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Term
| This is the pathway of airflow during inhalation. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the order of airflow in the bronchial tree? |
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Definition
| Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles |
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Term
| Another name for secondary bronchi is _____ _________. This is used for medical procedures. |
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Definition
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Term
| How many secondary bronchi are there total? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the last portion of the conducting zone? |
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Definition
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Term
| The epithelial lining changes as the bronchial tree branches. How? |
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Definition
| gradually changes from ciliated epithelium with goblet cells, to nonciliated epithelium lacking goblet cells. |
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Term
| The hyaline cartilage changes as the bronchial tree branches. How? |
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Definition
| cartilage is reduced from rings to smaller plates and finally disappears in the distal bronchioles. |
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Term
| The smooth muscle changes as the bronchial tree branches. How? |
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Definition
| smooth muscle in airway increases as cartilage decreases. |
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Term
| Sympathetic nervous stimulation (fight or flight) relaxes bronchiole smooth muscle for what purpose? |
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Definition
| Allows more airflow making airway wider. |
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Term
| What has the same effect on as symathetic nervous stimulation in widening airway? |
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Definition
| Hormones epinephrine (from adrenal gland) and norepinephrine (also a neurotransmitter). |
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Term
| Parasympathetic nervous stimulation causes slight bronchiole contraction for what purpose? |
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Definition
| Like having a muscle tone to the airway. |
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Term
| Large amounts of histamine release causes severe bronchiole contraction called _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do the bronchi, vessels, and nerves enter the lung? |
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Definition
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Term
| The covering over the surface of each lung is ________ _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lines the thoracic cavity around the lung. |
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Definition
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Term
| The small space between the pleurae of each lung is called the ______ ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 important functions of the pleural fluid are : |
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Definition
| 1)reduces friction of the external lung surfaces during breathing 2)causes parietal and visceral pleurae to adhere to each other. |
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Term
| Supplies air to each lob of the lung. |
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Definition
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Term
| The left lung as two lobes and a depression from the heart called the _________ ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pulmonary arteries enter the hilum carrying __________ _____ from the right side of the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pulmonary veins leave the hilum carrying ___________ ________ to the left side of the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| Serves as gas exchange between pulmonary capillaries and air. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the site of pulmonary gas exchange? |
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Definition
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Term
| Gas exchange occurs by __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Microscopic passages surrounded by alveoli are ___________ _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ and _________ exchange between alveolar air and blood in pulmonary capillaries. |
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Definition
| oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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Term
| The wall of the alveolar consists of type I cells and type II cells. Describe each: |
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Definition
| Type I cells are simple squamous cells forming most of the alveolar wall. Gas exchange occurs readily across these very then cells. Type II cells secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant. Alveolar fluid keeps the inner alveolar surfaces moist. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of surfactant? |
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Definition
| Surfactant in the fluid reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse. Surfactant decreases the work of breathing, by making it easier to inflate the lungs. |
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Term
| Premature babies lack __________ and may not survive. |
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Definition
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Term
| What structures form the respiratory membrane? |
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Definition
| capillary endothelium, capillary basement membrane, epithelial basement membrane, type I alveolar cell, interstitial space. |
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Term
| In which directions do oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange across the surface of alveoli? |
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Definition
| oxygen moves from the alveolar air space to the plasma of the capillaries. Carbon dioxide moves from the plasma of the capillary to the alveolar air space. |
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Term
| These "dust cells" move along inner alveolar surface removing microscopic debris. These are the last layer of defense. |
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Definition
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Term
| Networks covering up to 90% of the alveolar surface and are ideal for rapid gas exchange. |
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Definition
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Term
| These provide passive recoil during normal exhalation. Located in interstitial spaces around alveoli and other structures. |
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Definition
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Term
| Alveolar walls are destroyed in this disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two sets of arteries that deliver blood to the lungs? |
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Definition
| Bronchial arteries and pulmonary arteries |
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Term
| This provides the lung's own blood supply. Carries oxygenated blood to the bronchioles. Branches from the aorta and is systemic circulation. Supplies lung tissue with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. |
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Definition
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Term
| Carry deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary capillaries surrounding the alveoli. Branch from the pulmonary trunk. These arteries belong to the pulmonary circulation. Supply blood for gas exchange between air and blood. |
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Definition
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