Term
The___________ system which is divided into the nasal cavity, nasopharnyx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchiole provides a channel where air is cleaned, moistened and warmed before entering the lungs.
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Definition
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Term
The _________ portion consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and individual alveoli. This portion is where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
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Definition
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Term
Respiratory Epithelium (FYI)
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar (PSCC) epithelium lines most of the conducting portion of the respiratory system, which gradually change to simple cuboidal epithelium in the terminal bronchioles.
A goblet cell population becomes gradually reduced, in the terminal bronchioles they are no longer observed. Ciliated cells are still present, whereas goblet cells are lacking in the deeper bronchioles, to prevent mucus accumulation in the respiratory portion of the system.
The secretion from serous glands floats on the cilia of the epithelia. Cilia from these cells move a mixture of this fluid with the mucus from goblet cells, along with trapped particles, towards the oral cavity, where it is swallowed or expectorated.
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Definition
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Term
| Name Five cell types found in the respiratory epithelium |
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Definition
-Ciliated columnar cells
-Goblet cells
-Brush cells
-Basal cells
-Small granule cells
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Term
If you see ciliated cells and goblet cells, you know you are viewing ________epithelium. The goblet cells are not present in the ________epithelium.
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Definition
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Term
Olfactory epithelium is a pseudostratified columnar epithelium consisting of three cell types. These cell types are ________________.
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Definition
-Supporting cells
-Basal cells
-Olfactory cells
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Term
______________ epithelium lines most of the conducting portion of the respiratory system. The PSCC cells gradually change to simple cuboidal epithelium in the terminal bronchioles.
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Definition
| Pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
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Term
_______ are found in the lamina propria and provide serous secretions.
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Definition
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Term
____________ are also in the lamina propria of the conchae. These structures are large venous plexuses which on one side or the other of the nasal fossae become engorged with blood every 30 minutes, directing air to the opposite nasal fossae. This allows the respiratory epithelium to recover from desiccation on the side with reduced air flow.
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Definition
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Term
[image][image]
The ____________ is the first part of the pharnyx which continues caudally with the oropharnyx. This region is lined by respiratory epithelium in the portion in contact with the soft palate.
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Definition
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Term
The __________ connects the pharynx to the trachea.
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Definition
larynx
-Large hyaline cartilages and smaller elastic cartilage are found within the lamina propria.
-Ligaments bind the cartilages together.
-The epiglottis projects from the rim of the larynx, extends into the pharynx, lined by stratified squamous epithelium, at the base on the laryngeal surface the epithelium becomes respiratory epithelium. |
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Term
-Two pair of folds, below the epiglottis, extend into the lumen of the larynx. The upper pair is the ________, lined by respiratory epithelium.
-The lower pair of folds are the _________, lined by a squamous epithelium. Bundles of skeletal m., the vocalis muscle, lie parallel to the vocal ligaments and regulate tension of the fold and ligament.
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Definition
| false vocal cords, true vocal cords |
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Term
When you see goblet cells and a large amount of cartilage, you know you are in the ___________ .
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Definition
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Term
The ________ divides into two primary bronchi at the hilus of the lung. The primary bronchi divide into secondary bronchi, 3 in the right lung and 2 in the left lung.
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Definition
trachea(the primary bronchi are very similar to the trachea)
-Bronchi are still lined with PSCC with goblet cells. |
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Term
| Secondary bronchi reduces in size, about 5 mm in diameter. The cartilage in the lamina propria becomes irregular (plates or islands). __________ fibers become more prominent with further division reductions. |
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Definition
| smooth muscle and elastic |
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Term
__________ are less than 5 mm in diameter and lack glands and cartilage, with only few goblet cells.
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Definition
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Term
_________ have PSCC cells which decrease to become ciliated simple columnar or ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium in the smaller terminal bronchioles.
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Definition
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Term
____________ have Clara cells (80% of cell population in terminal bronchioles) which secrete________. These cells are dome shaped with no cilia and assist to detoxify toxins. Clara cells have also been associated with chloride release (cystic fibrosis patients suffer from thick mucous plugs in the respiratory tract).
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Definition
Terminal bronchioles
glycosaminoglycans (a component of surfactant material). |
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Term
The _________ of bronchioles show abundant smooth muscle and elastic fibers. Vagal nerve stimulation decreases the size of the bronchiole lumen, while sympathetic stimulation has the opposite effect.
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Definition
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Term
Each terminal bronchiole divides into 2 or 3 respiratory bronchioles. The respiratory bronchiole represents the transition between the ____________ portion of the respiratory system.
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Definition
| conducting and respiratory |
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Term
_________ are evident in the walls of the respiratory bronchiole. These bronchioles are lined by ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium (cilia absent in more distal portions) with Clara cells. Smooth muscle and elastic fibers may still be evident beneath the epithelium of the respiratory bronchioles.
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Definition
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Term
What are the regions around the respiratory bronchiole where alveolar openings are evident?
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Definition
Aveolar Ducts
The alveolar ducts and alveoli are lined by Type I alveolar cells with some smooth muscle.
The alveolar ducts open into the atrium which communicates with an alveolar sac.
Elastic fibers allow alveoli to expand and contract, reticular fibers prevent over distention. |
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Term
_________ are regions around the respiratory bronchiole where alveolar openings are evident.
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Definition
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Term
What are the sac-like structures in the respiratory bronchiole and outcroppings of the alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged?
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Definition
Aveoli
-An interalveolar wall or septum lies between adjacent alveoli. |
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Term
Aveoli (FYI)
The blood-air barrier consists of cytoplasm from Type I alveolar cells, basal lamina from Type I alveolar cells, basal lamina from capillary endothelium and the cytoplasm of the capillary endothelial cells.
The basement membrane results from the fusion of the basal lamina from Type I alveolar cells and capillary endothelium.
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillary blood through the layers of the barrier, oxygen diffuses in the opposite direction.
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Definition
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Term
Interaveolar Septum consists of endothelial cells of capillaries are continuous and nonfenestrated.
The_________ alveolar cells make up 40% of the cells that line 90% of the alveolar surface. These cells have desmosomes and occluding junctions and function to provide a barrier readily permeable to gas exchange.
The _________ alveolar cells are cuboidal-shaped and are interspersed with Type I alveolar cells. They make up 60% of the cells but cover only 10% of the alveolar surface.
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Definition
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Term
Type II alveolar cells have vesicles (lamellar bodies) within the cytoplasm. The contents of the lamellar bodies is released at the apical surface providing the coating of pulmonary surfactant.
What is the role of surfactant in these cells?
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Definition
| Surfactant consists of protein and dipalmitoyl phophatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol. This mixture reduces surface tension of alveolar cells such that less inspiratory force is needed to inflate alveoli, reducing the work of breathing. |
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Term
The __________ is the thinnest barrier between blood and air.
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Definition
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Term
| How can you distinguish in an image the difference between the trachea, the bronchi, and bronchioles? |
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Definition
-As you get into the bronchi, you get plates of cartilage, as you go lower into the airway into the bronchioles, the cartilage disappears.
-Bronchioles are smaller in diameter, no cartilage, as soon as you see this you know you are viewing the bronchioles.
-Due to the amount of cartilage in the trachea, you can tell difference b/w trachea, bronchi and bronchioles based on the size of the structure and also the presence of cartilage and what form the cartilage is presented in.
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Term
The respiratory system consists of ___________
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Definition
| the lungs and tubes that connect sites of gas exchange with the outside environment. |
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Term
A ventilation mechanism is important for ____________ and consists of____________.
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Definition
movement of air through the lungs
the thoracic cage, intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. |
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Term
Which cell of the respiratory epithelium is the most abundant? |
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Definition
Ciliated columnar cells are the most abundant. |
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Term
Goblet cells of the respiratory epithelium contain ___________
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Definition
Goblet cells contain mucus droplets in their apical cytoplasm are the next most abundant cell type after ciliated columnar cells.
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Term
__________cells of the respiratory epithelium are columnar in shape with numerous microvilli on their apical surface and afferent nerve endings on the basal surface, thought to be sensory receptors.
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Definition
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Term
Which cells of the respiratory epithelium likely have mitotic capability and can differentiate into other cell types of the epithelium?
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Definition
| Basal cells are small cells which lie on the basal lamina and do not reach the luminal surface of the epithelium. These cells likely have mitotic capability and can differentiate into other cell types of the epithelium |
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Term
| Which cells of the respiratory epithelium are similar to basal cells but may be part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system which contain hormones, epinephrine, norepinephrine and serotonin? |
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Definition
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Term
The __________ is the most anterior and dilated part of the nasal cavity, consisting of the nares and vibrissae (thick short hairs). The epithelium changes from keratinized to typical respiratory epithelium before entering the nasal fossae.
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Definition
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Term
| The__________ consist of two chambers separated by the nasal septum. From each lateral wall are three bony projections known as conchae. The middle and inferior are lined with respiratory epithelium, the superior by olfactory epithelium. |
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Definition
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Term
Supporting cells of the olfactory epithelium have a narrow base and cylindrical apex and contain _______ on the surface with a serous-mucoid secretion.
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Definition
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Term
___________ cells of the olfactory epithelium are small spherical or cone-shaped at the base of the epithelium.
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Definition
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Term
___________ cells of the olfactory epithelium are bipolar neurons found between basal and supporting cells. These cells contain cilia which are receptors for smell. |
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Definition
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Term
In the Larynx __________ bind the cartilages together.
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Definition
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Term
The epiglottis projects from the rim of the larynx and extends into the pharynx, lined by ________ and at the base on the laryngeal surface the epithelium changes to _________ epithelium. |
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Definition
stratified squamous epithelium
respiratory
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Term
The trachea is a 10 cm long tube which extends from the larynx to a point of bifurcation into __________.
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Definition
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Term
The trachea is lined by respiratory epithelium and has a lamina propria containing ________ C-shaped rings of _______ cartilage.
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Definition
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Term
In the trachea, the cartilage is bridged by a fibroelastic ligament and the trachealis muscle. This ligament prevents ______________.
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Definition
| over distension of the tracheal lumen and the muscle allows for regulation of the lumen. |
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Term
The alveolar ducts and alveoli are lined by _________ with some smooth muscle.
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Definition
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Term
The alveolar ducts open into the ________ which communicates with an alveolar sac.
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Definition
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Term
| ________ of the aveolar ducts allow alveoli to expand and contract, reticular fibers prevent over distention. |
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Definition
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Term
________ or dust cells are found on the surface of the alveolar septum. These cells derive from monocytes and eliminate small particles not trapped by mucous-coated ciliated epithelium and coughed out.
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Definition
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Term
Alveolar pores within the interalveolar septum connect _______ and serve to equalize pressure. |
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Definition
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