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Respiratory & Digestive System
Unit III
94
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
10/27/2013

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Cards

Term
FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Definition
  • supply blood with O2
  • disposes of CO2 (regulates pH: higher CO2, lower pH)
  • produces sounds
Term

NASAL CAVITY

Definition
  • conducting zone (passage of air)
  • airway for respiration
  • filters, humidifies and warms air (nasal conchae)
  • resonates sound for speech
  • houses olfactory receptors (cribiform plate)
Term

PHARYNX

Definition
  • connects nasal cavity and mouth
  • Nasopharynx- behind nasal cavity, containg pharyngeal tonsils
  • Oropharynx- behind mouth, contains palatine and lingual tonsils
  • Laryngopharynx- continuous with esophagus and larynx, below epiglottis
Term

LARYNX

Definition
  • supports open airway, voice production, routes air and food into proper channels 
  • Thyroid Cartilage- laryngeal prominence (adam's apple)
  • Epiglottis- covers trachea during swallowing
  • Cricoid and Arytnoid Cartilage- contain vocal ligaments
  • Vocal Folds (true)- sound production, form glottis (opening)
  • Vestibular Folds (false)- protects, support vocal folds
Term

TRACHEA

Definition
  • in mediastinum: post. to heart, ant. to esophagus
  • Mucosal Layer to lumen (ciliated pseudo-strat columnar epith., moves mucous up

       Goblet Cells- produce mucous

         Cilia- beat only up to propel mucous to pharynx 

  • Trachealis- smooth muscle on post. surface
  • Tracheal Cartilage- hyaline, C-rings (non-collapsable)
  • Carina- divides into primary bronchi
Term

BRONCHI

Definition
  • Primary (main)- Right is wider and shorter, Left is slimmer and longer
  • Secondary (lobar)- one in each lobe of lung
  • Tertiary (segmental)- less cartilage, more smooth muscle
Term

BRONCHIOLES

Definition
  • no cartilage, only smooth muscle
  • control air flow and resistance
  • Terminal- just before alveoli
  • Respiratory- contain alveoli
  • Bronchodilation- more airflow- fight or flight (sym. ANS)
  • Bronchoconstriction- rest and digest (parasym. ANS/histamine)
Term

LUNGS

Definition
  1. Parietal Pleura- reduce friction with thorax muscles when expanding
  2. Pleural Fluid
  3. Visceral Pleura
  • Right- 3 Lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
  • Left- 2 Lobes (superior, inferior)
  • Apex, Base, Hilum (primary bronchi enter)
  • Produce ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme- released in blood to retain water (anti-diuretic)
  • consist of alveoli
Term
ALVEOLI
Definition
  • sacs of simple squamous epith
  • Pneumocytes I- thin, flat, form sacs
  • Pneumocytes II- septal cells (release surfactant to reduce surface tension), prevent sacs from collapsing
  • Alveolar macrophages- phagocytize dust/pathogens
Term
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
Definition
  • where blood cap. and alveoli touch (gas exchange surface area)
  • thin and moist membrant (b/c of surfactant)

EXTERNAL

  1. Pneumocyte I
  2. Basement Membrane
  3. Endothelial Cell (of blood cap.)

INTERNAL (blood plasma)

Term
RESPIRATION
Definition
  • Breathing
  • 3 Processes
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation
  2. External Respiration
  3. Internal Respiration
Term
PULMONARY RESPIRATION
Definition
  • mechanics of moving air in and out
  1. Inspiration
  2. Expiration
Term
INSPIRATION
Definition
  • Volume of thoracic cavity increases, draws O2 in
  • Decrease in lung pressure (less than atmospheric)- 758 mmHg
  1. Diaphragm flattens
  2. External intercostals contract; raises ribs
  • Deep- scalenes (neck), sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior
Term
EXPIRATION
Definition
  • Volume of thoracic cavity decreases, CO2 pushed out
  • Increased lung pressure (763 mmHg)
  1. Diaphragm moves sup.
  2. Internal intercostals and transversus thoracis contract 
  • Forced expiration- abdominal muscles contract
Term
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
Definition
  • Gas exchange in LUNGS 
  • Partial Pressure Concentration Gradient: HI --> LO 
  • O2 --> blood cap. (internal)
  • CO--> alveolus (external)
Term
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
Definition
  • Gas exchange in TISSUES
  • Partial Pressure Concentration Gradient:     HI --> LO
  • O2 blood --> tissues
  • Cell CO2 production --> blood cap.
Term
DESCRIBE GAS EXCHANGE AT RESP. MEMBRANE
Definition

External Resp.


HIGH 

P O2 = 100 mmHg (Alveolus)

P CO2 = 45 mmHg (Pulm. Art.)


LOW

P O2 = 40 mmHg (Pulm. Cap.)

P CO2 = 40 mmHg (Alveolus)


  • exchange at Pulm. Art. of cap. - deoxy blood
  • Pulm. Veins have same partial pressures as alveolus --> NO GAS EXCHANGE (already O2 rich)


Term
DESCRIBE GAS EXCHANGE AT TISSUES
Definition

 

Internal Respiration


HIGH

P O2 = 95 mmHg (Art.)

P CO2 = 45 mmHg (Tissue-IF)

 

LOW

P O2 = 40 mmHg (Tissue-IF)

P CO2 = 40 mmHg (Blood Cap.) 


 

  • exchange at Art. end of cap. - oxy blood
  • Veins have same partial pressures as tissues --> NO GAS EXCHANGE (CO2 rich)
Term
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE RATE OF RESPIRATION
Definition
  • P O2P CO2H+
  • Carotid Bodies- monitor how much O2/CO2 in blood going to brain

      -on coratid sinus (behind ear)

  • Aortic Bodies- monitor how much O2/CO2 in blood going to visceral organs

      -on aortic arch

  • Medulla Oblongata- houses respiratory centers 
Term
LUNG CAPACITIES
Definition
  • Vital Capacity (VC)- max air in & out of lungs

VC = TD + IRV + ERV 

  • Tidal Volume (TD)- normal breathing
  • Ispiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)- forced inspiration
  • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)- forced expiration
  • Residual Volume (RV)- remaining in lungs after forced expiration
  • Total Lung Capacity (TLC)- total volume 

TLC = VC + RV

Term
DESCRIBE HOW O2 and COARE CARRIED IN THE BLOOD
Definition

O2

  • 98% bound to Hb (HbO2)
  • 2% dissolved in plasma (forms gas)

 CO2

  • 70% Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)
  • 23% bound to Hb
  • 7% dissolved in plasma (forms gas) 
Term
pH BUFFERING SYSTEM
Definition

O2

                     Lungs

                       -->

DeoxyHb + 4 O2        OxyHb

                        <--

                                                 Tissue


CO2

CO2 + H2O <carbonic anhydrase> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3-


  • too much CO2 in blood = low pH (acidic)
  • blood pH = 7.4 

 

Term

OXYGEN-HEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE

 

Definition

Hb affinity for Ovaries

higher P O2higher affinity (more O2, more sticky)

  • Lungs- High (100%), high P O2 (100 mmHg)
  • Tissue at Rest- Low (75%), low P O2 (40 mmHg)
  • Tissue Excercise- Very Low (35%), very low P O2 (20 mmHg)
Term
SHIFTS ON OXYGEN-HEMOGLOBIN CURVE
Definition

Lower Hb affinity for O2 (more O2 to cells)

  • High Temp
  • Low pH (acidic)

Higher Hb affinity for O2 (no O2 for cells)

  • Low Temp
  • High pH (basic) 
Term
ASTHMA
Definition

excessive bronchoconstriction

 

limited airflow

 

*Albuterol- smooth muscle relaxer 

Term
BRONCHITIS
Definition
inflammation of bronchial wall
Term
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Definition

autosomal recessive

  • Exocrine gland (too much mucous)
  • Integument (too much sweat)
  • Respiratory (hard to breathe, recurring infections)
  • Digestive (pancreas stop enzyme production, can't digest food)
Term
EMPHYSEMA
Definition

Destruction of alveoli (cells not enough O2)

 

Pneumoctyes replaced by fibroblasts(collagen) - NO DIFFUSION

 

*need O2 tank- forces faster diffusion 

Term
HYPOXIA
Definition
not enough oxygen supply
Term
PLEURISY
Definition
inflammation of the pleural membranes
Term
PNEUMONIA
Definition

inflammation of the alveolar wall (respiratory membrane)

 

fluid leaks into alveolar sacs, comprised function

 

can be fungal, bacterial, or viral 

Term
ALTITUDE SICKNESS
Definition
not enough oxygen from air at high altitudes
Term
FUNCTIONS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Definition

Ingestion

 

Digestion

 

Absorption

 

Elimination

Term
INGESTION
Definition
food into mouth
Term
DIGESTION
Definition

breakdown of food molecules 

  1. Mechanical- chewing (mouth), churning (stomach), segmantation (intestines)
  2. Chemical- enzymes hydrolyze molecular bonds (intestines)

 

Term
ABSORPTION
Definition

nutrients enter blood, lymph

  • amino acids, glucose, glycerol (fatty acids)-building blocks
Term
ELIMINATION
Definition

removal of wastes

 

POOP, URINE

Term
PERITONEUM
Definition

Connective tissue

  1. Parietal- lines interior abdominal wall
  2. Peritoneal Cavity
  3. Visceral (serosa)- directly covers organs

 

Term
MESENTERIES
Definition

folds in membranes to secure organs

-where membranes fuse (sides, front/back)

Term
LAYERS OF THE GI TRACT
Definition
  1. Mucosa- Epith (st. sq., sim. col.), Lamina Propria (areolar ct), Muscularis mucosa
  2. Submucosa- contains ct, vessels, nerves, glands
  3. Muscularis Externa- circular inner, longitudinal outer (peristalsis, sphincter)
  4. Serosa- tough ct, sim. sq. epith.
Term
FALCIFORM LIGAMENT
Definition
Liver mesentary
Term
LESSER OMENTUM
Definition
Stomach/duodenum (small intestine) mesentary
Term
MESENTERY PROPER
Definition
small intestine mesentery
Term
MESOCOLON
Definition
large intestine
Term
GREATER OMENTUM
Definition
fatty apron over intestines
Term
SALIVARY AMYLASE (PTYALIN)
Definition

-enzyme released by salivary glands in oral cavity

-digests CARBS

 

-lubricates food- bolus

-rich in bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) to neutralize acidic food

Term
PEPSINOGEN
Definition

-produced by chief cells in gastric glands into stomach

-inactive until reacts with HCl to make pepsin

-acive state digests PROTEINS

 

pepsinogen + HCl -> pepsin

(inactive)                 (active)

Term
PEPSIN
Definition

-produced by Chief Cells in gastric glands into stomach

-active enzyme

-digests PROTEINS

 

pepsinogen + HCl -> pepsin

(inactive)                 (active)

Term
PANCREATIC AMYLASE
Definition

-produced by pancreas 

-enter duodenum

-digests CARBS/POLYSACCHARIDES 

 

Term
TRYPSINOGEN
Definition

-produced by pancreas (acini) and released in duodenum

-inactive, reacts with enterokinase -> trypsin

-helps to digest PROTEINS

 

Tysingogen + enterokinase -> trypsin

(inactive)                              (active)

Term
TRYPSIN
Definition

-produced by pancreas and enters duodenum

-activated by enterokinase 

-digests PROTEINS

 

trypsinogen + enterokinase -> trypsin

(inactive)                              (active)

Term
PANCREATIC LIPASE
Definition

-produced by pancreas, released into duodenum

-digests LIPIDS 

Term
BRUSH BORDER ENZYMES
Definition

-produced by simple columnar cells on microvilli in duodenum

-final breakdown of di- saccharides/peptides/fatty acids chains-> simple sugars/amino acids/fatty acids

 

Term
GASTRIN
Definition

-hormone produced by G cell of gastric glands in stomach

-stimulated by stretch receptors in stomach

-stimulates gastric glands to activate stomach 

Term

GASTROINHIBITORY PEPTIDE 

(GIP)

Definition

-hormone secreted by enteroendocrine cells in intestinal crypts (tell enzymes what to do)

-antagonist of gastrin

 

-stimulated by glucose/chyme

-decrease stomach activity

-increase insulin production (pancrease)to absorb glucose

 

Term
SECRETIN
Definition

-hormone produced by enteroendocrine cells in intestinal crypts 

 

-stimulated by chyme

-increase HCO3- rich mucous release by pancreas 

-increase bile secretion by liver

Term

CHOLECYSTOKININ

(CCK)

Definition

-hormone produced my enteroendocrine cells in intesinal crypts

 

-stimulated by lipid/chyme

-increase bile ejection from gallbladder

-increase secretion of pancreatic enzymes

Term
VAGUS NERVE
Definition

-stimulates peristalsis and secretion in esophagus, stomach, pancreas, intestines 

 

-stimulates release of bile in liver

Term
SUBMUCOSAL/MYENTERIC PLEXUSES
Definition

stimulated by vagus nerve/stretch receptors 

 

submucosal:

-senses the environment within the lumen

-regulates GI blood flow

-controls epithelial cell function (mucous, chief, parietal, g) 

 

myesteric:

-controls involuntary muscles along GI tract

 

Term
CEPHALIC PHASE
Definition

-results from sight, smell, thought, or taste of food

 

-causes secretion of histamine and HCl in stomach 

 

-inhibits parietal and G cells

Term
GASTRIC PHASE
Definition

3-4 hours

 

-stimulated by stomach distension (stretch), food in stomach, lowered pH

 

-stimulates parietal and G cells

 

-protein breakdown

 

Term
INTESTINAL PHASE
Definition

-food in duodenum triggers intestinal gastrin 

 

-inhibits vagus nerve: pyloric shincter tightens and prevents more food from entering

 

-gastric inhibition, pancreatic secretion, bile secretion

Term
PERISTALSIS
Definition
rhythmic contraction of circular inner layer and longitudinal outer layer of muscularis externa to move and mix bolus/chyme through GI tract
Term
SEGMENTATION
Definition

rhythmic contraction of circular muscles in small and large intestines

 

no directional mvmt

 

increase absorption

Term
DEGLUTITION
Definition

swallowing

 

closes epiglottis

from pharynx to esophagus

Term
MASTICATION
Definition

chewing

 

food is crushed and ground by teeth

Term
BOLUS
Definition
ball of food that has been chewed and mixed with saliva to travel easier down esophagus
Term
HYDROLYSIS
Definition

cleavage of chemical bonds by addition of water

 

brush border enzymes:

 

polysaccharides -> monosaccharides

(sucrose + H2O -> fructose + glucose)

 

polypeptides (proteins) + H2O-> amino acids

 

 

 

Term
ABSORPTIVE STATE
Definition

FED

-digestion, absorption and transport of nutrients

-up to 4 hours after meal

-catabolic and anabolic are both active

 

-glycogenesis to form glycogen and release insulin to use up glucose from blood

Term
FASTING STATE
Definition

HUNGER

-post-absorptive

4+ hours after meal 

-no dietary intake

-catabolic run by energy stores

 

-glycogenolysis  to break down glycogen and release glucagon 

 

-gluconeogenesis: make glucose from non-carb source (adipose)

Term
CARDIAC SPHINCTER
Definition

-gastroesophageal

-between esophagus and stomach 

Term
PYLORIC SPHINCTER
Definition
between stomach and duodenum of small intestine
Term
ANAL SPHINCTER
Definition

control exit of feces

 

internal- involuntary

 

external- voluntary 

Term
ILEOCECAL SPHINCTER
Definition
between small and large instestine
Term
SPHINCTER OF ODDI
Definition

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

 

controlling secretions from the liver, pancreas and gall bladder into the duodenum

Term
BILE
Definition

-produced in liver

-stored in gallbladder

-function: emulsify fat 

-release stimulated by CCK 

 

       Pancreas/duodenum

                   |

       Common bile duct

           /               \

  cystic duct     common hepatic duct (R&L)

Term
METABOLISM
Definition

rxns in body cells used to generate and control Energy 

 

glucose supplies Energy to make ATP (for growth, repair, reproduction: all jobs)

Term
ANABOLISM
Definition

build up of small nutrients to large organic molecules

 

Requires Energy

Term
CATABOLISM
Definition

break down of large organic molecules to small nutrients 

 

Releases Energy

Term
PROTEIN
Definition

-last resort for Energy (4 Cal/g)

-amino acids used for structural, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, hemoglobin 

 

-found in meats, nuts, beans, dairy, eggs

Term
CARBOHYDRATE
Definition

-short term Energy supply (4 Cal/g)

-used in blood or stored for later

-found in grains (wheat, rice, oats, corn), fruits, veggies

 

1. Monosaccharides (1 C ring)

      glucose, fructose

 

2. Disaccharide (2 C rings)

      sucrose, maltose

 

3. Polysaccharide (many C rings)

     starch, glycogen, cellulose (fiber)

Term
LIPID/TRIGLYECERIDE
Definition

-long term Energy reserve (9 Cal/g)

-for padding, insulation (stored in hypodermis, around organs), carry fat in blood (lipoproteins: HDL, LDL)

-found in nuts, red meat, milk, eggs, butter 

 

 

Term
STORED SUGAR/ENERGY RESERVE
Definition

Glycogenesis 

(absorptive;insulin release)

glucose -> glycogen (stored sugar) 

 

Glycogenolysis

(fasting;glucagon release)

glycogen -> glucose

 

Gluconeogenesis

(glucose from new energy source)

non-carb (adipose) -> glucose

Term
GERD
Definition

Gastroesophageal Reflex Disease

 

heart burn

 

acid from stomach enters esophagus bc cardiac sphincter is relaxed

Term
ULCER
Definition
breach in the mucosal layer bc of acid and pepsin in lumen of stomach or duodenum
Term
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
Definition
insufficient levels of lactase, an enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of lactose into glucose and galactose
Term
HEMORRHOIDS
Definition
inflammation of vessels in the anal canal which help with stool control
Term
CIRRHOSIS
Definition
hepatocytes replaced by fibroblasts
Term
HEPATITIS
Definition
inflammation of the liver, can lead to jaundice and cirrhosis
Term
GALL STONES
Definition

crystallization of bile components due to cholesterol (most common) or overproduction of bilirubin

 

most common in females 40+

Term
INSULIN
Definition

-hormone released by islet (besta) cells in pancreas

- decrease blood glucose

- cells use glucose for Energy: GLYCOGENESIS, adipogenosis

-absorptive state (after meal)

Term
GLUCAGON
Definition

-hormone released by islet (alpha) cells of pancreas

-increase blood glucose

-cells use fat for Energy: GLYCOGENOLYSIS

-fasting (between meals)

Term
THYROXIN (T4)
Definition

-hormone released by thyroid gland (follicular cells)

-increase cell basal metabolic rate (BMR)

-without this, cells can't use glucose to make ATP

Term
HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (hGH)
Definition

-hormone produced by pituitary gland

-builds muscle, bones, connective tissue

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