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Respiratory Ch. 16
Respiratory Ch. 16
46
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
11/12/2011

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Term
Respiration is what?
Definition
Process of gas exchange btwn environment and body cells. Occurs in lungs between capillaries.
Term
Name the organs of the respiratory tract - upper(4) and lower (4)
Definition
upper: nose, nasal cavity, sinuses and pharynx
Lower: Larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
Term
Sinusitis
Definition
inflammation of sinuses. "sinuses flare up" which blocks drainage into nasal cavity
Term
Pharynx: throat. Acts as a...
Definition
...passageway for food (goes to the esophagus) and air (goes to larynx)
Term
What are the 3 regions of pharynx?
Definition
1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Laryngeopharynx
Term
Larynx: voicebox. Enlargement superior to trachea.
Definition
Houses vocal cords (false superior to true). Passageway for air.
Made of cartilage & muscle --> Thyroid & Cricoid cartilage.
Epi/glottis.
Term
Glottis is:
Definition
vocal folds and space between the vocal chords
Term
Trachea:
Definition
flexible tube.
bifurcates into R and L bronchi
lined with ciliated mucus membrane.
C shaped cartilage rings prevent trachea from collapsing.
Smooth muscle in between those cartilage rings.
Term
What makes up the "bronchial tree"?
Definition
Primary bronchi on both sides.
Down to: Secondary bronchi - branch into the lungs & have cartilage plate.
Down to: Bronchioles (do not have cartilage; little smooth muscle)
Down to: Alveoli (gas exchange occurs at this level)
Term
Alveoli. How many in each lung? Purpose? Made of what kind of epithelium?
Definition
300 million in one lung. Provide large surface area for gas exchange. Simple squamous epithelium. Oxygen come out of alve's and carbon dioxide goes into them from blood capillaries.
Term
Visceral pleura is
Definition
directly touching the lungs while parietal pleura touches thoracic cavity.
Term
Inhalation is caused by:
Definition
Atmospheric pressure moves air into the lungs
When respiratory tract is at rest, pressure inside the lungs is equal to pressure outside thoracic wall.
Term
Pressure is BLANK-ly related to Volume.
Definition
Inversely.
Term
Low pressure in lungs/alveoli causes air to
Definition
enter the lungs. to Increase volume.
Term
Inhalation uses which organs
Definition
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
Term
Diaphragm stimulated by which nerve?
Definition
phrenic.
Term
When diaphragm stimulated, what direction does it move and what happens to thoracic cavity? What happens to surrounding muscles?
Definition
the muscle moves downward and the t. cavity expands
The other muscles contract, which elevates the ribs & sternum. & lungs expand.
Term
What lies between visceral and parietal layers of pleura?
Definition
serous fluid. attracts visceral layer to move to chest wall.
Term
What helps expand the lungs?
Definition
Moist pleural membranes.
Term
Some cells secrete surfactant which:
Definition
decreases surface tension and allows alveoli to inflate easily during inhalation
Term
What's Compliance?
Definition
the ease with which lungs expand.
Term
What doesn't help expand the alveoli?
Definition
being moist (opp of lungs.) most alveoli collapse so surfactant tries to counteract that from happening during inhalation.
Term
What other muscles are used in deeper breaths?
Definition
pectoralis minor and sternocleidomastoid. these expand and raise the rib cage
Term
What constitutes one respiration cycle?
Definition
One inhalation and one expiration.
Term
Tidal volume is:
Definition
the total amount of air in one respiratory cycle.
Term
Resting tidal volume is:
Definition
same thing as tidal volume just ensure that no deep breaths. 500 ml of air.
Term
Inspiratory reserve volume is:
Definition
during maximal INspiration.
so it's resting tidal volume + extra.
3000 mL
Term
Expiratory reserve volume is:
Definition
during maximal EXpiration.
so it's resting tidal volume + extra air that LEAVES lungs.
1100 mL
Term
Residual volume is:
Definition
air that remains in the lungs (1200 mL)
Term
Nonrespiratory movement: Coughing
Definition
Air is forced towards glottis and it suddenly opens. Used to dislodge object in lower respiratory tract.
Term
Nonrespiratory movement: Sneezing
Definition
Air is forced towards nasal cavity. Clears upper respiratory tract.
Term
Nonrespiratory movement: Laughing/crying
Definition
breath is released in series of short exhalations
Term
Nonrespiratory movement: Hiccup
Definition
Sudden exhalation due to contraction of diaphragm while glottis is closed. Air striking the vocal cords causes sound.
Term
Nonrespiratory movement: Speech
Definition
air is forced through larynx causing vocal cords to vibrate
Term
Basic breathing rhythms controlled by
Definition
medullary repiratory center: SPECIFICALLY DORSAL R. CENTER
Term
Inhalation controlled by
Definition
pons
Term
Forceful breathing controlled by
Definition
medullary repiratory center: SPECIFICALLY VENTRAL R. CENTER
Term
Partial pressure in breathing is the amount of each gas in a mixture. uses which receptors?
Definition
mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors.
Term
Which receptors keep lungs from overinflating?
Definition
stretch receptors
Term
central chemoreceptors in ventral medulla oblongata respond to changes in:
Definition
in blood pH levels by sensing CO2 levels
Term
a decrease in oxygen stimulates 2 things:
Definition
an increase in tidal volume and alveolar ventilation
Term
peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid bodies & aortic bodies monitor the partial pressure of
Definition
OXYGEN.
Term
Hyperventilation occurs when: and causes:
Definition
blood concentrations of carbon dioxide increase and oxygen decreases. causes quick, shallow breaths in order to reduce CO2 levels
Term
what other chemicals can be found in respiratory membranes besides air, since membranes are so thin?
Definition
alcohol. and acetone in untreated diabetics.
Term
bonds between oxygen and hemoglobin are weak. hemoglobin releases oxygen in tissues that are low on it.
Definition
yep.
Term
CO2 binds to:
Definition
a different part of hemoglobin. Carbamino-hemoglobin. 25% of CO2 is transported this way.
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