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Respiratory and Digestive
grcc BI117
44
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
06/10/2010

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Term
Why do we breath?
Definition
It's a bad habit developed at birth.
Cells need a constant supply of oxygen to live and function.
Cells also need to constantly remove CO2 .
Term
Distinguish between Ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration, transportation, and cellular respiration.
Definition
1. Ventilation - Movement of air into and out of the lungs.
2. External respiration - gas exchange between air and blood in lungs. O2 in CO2 out.
3. Internal Respiration - Gas exchange between cells and blood. O2 in cell, CO2 out of cell.
4. Transportation - Movement of gases to cells and back. Blood/Cardiovascular system.
5. Cellular Respiration - Cells using oxygen to release energy, and releasing CO2. (what the cell does).
Term
Which organs are in the upper respiratory system (tract)?
Definition
Upper respiratory system is NOT in the thorax.
Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal cavities, Pharynx (includes Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx), as well as sometimes the larynx.
Term
Which respiratory organs are in the lower respiratory system (tract)?
Definition
Those organs INSIDE the thorax. Trachea, bronchi (or bronchial tubes), bronchioles, and alveoli.
Term
Trace a drop of air from the nose to the alveoli.
Definition
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, broncioles, alveoli.
No Please Leave That Broccoli Bunch Alone.
Term
Describe the structure and function of the organs of the respiratory tract.
Definition
Big one, Basically, all have a covering of mucus membranes. Cilieated epithelium cells line nearly all surfaces down to the bronchi. Alveoli have single layer of simple epitheluim cells.
Term
Describe the structure of the alveoli.
Definition
Made up of simple epithelium cells, surrounded by capillaries, filled with watery fluid to aid diffusion, surfactant prevent collapse during exhale.
Term
What important event takes place in the alveoli?
Definition
External respiration. gas exchange between the blood and air.
Term
Discuss the steps to inspiration.
Definition
essay! Diaphragm contracts, reducing the air pressure inside the thoracic cavity, lungs are pulled outward with the thoracic cavity, atmospheric pressure now is greater, air will flow to the lower pressure,filling the lungs with fresh air.
Term
What process causes both internal and external respiration to occur?
Definition
Diffusion. Think O2 and CO2 concentrations. Higher concentrations flow to lower concentrations via diffusion.
Term
What are paranasal sinuses?
Definition
Air filled spaces in the facial bones that connect with the nasal cavity. Named after the bones they are in.
Sphenoid sinus,Ethmoid sinus, frontal sinus, maxillary sinus.
Term
What are the functions of the sinuses?
Definition
sinuses lighten the skull, and provide resonating spaces for speech.
Term
What bones contain sinuses?
Definition
Ethmoid bone (ethmoid sinus), Frontal bone (frontal sinus), Maxillary bone (maxillary sinus), Parietal bone (parietal sinus).
Term
What event occurs at the respiratory Membrane? Describe the structure of the respiratory membrane.
Definition
Better yet, what is the respiratory membrane? (epithelial cells of alveolus, endothelial cells of capillary, Two fused basement membranes).
SO what occurs here? External respiration (between air and blood).
Term
What is the force that causes air to move into and out of the lungs?
Definition
Atmospheric pressure.
Term
What is surface tension?
Definition
The cohesion of similar molecules in liquids.
Term
How does surface tension assist respiration?
Definition
surface tension between the visceral pleura, the parietal pleura, and the serous fluid in the intra pleural space between is what causes the lungs to expand with the intercostal muscles (BBQ Muscles) and the diaphragm.
Term
List the major functions of the Respiratory system.
Definition
1. Gas exchange
2. filter and warm air
3. Control temperature and water content of air.
4. Vocal sound.
5. Smell
6. Blood Ph.
Term
State Boyles Law.
Definition
Pressure and volume are inversely related. As pressure decreases, volume (of air in this case) increases, this is how the lungs are filled, and exhausted. By increasing the volume of the lungs, the air pressure outside will fill the space. By decreasing the volume, air is exhausted, an exhalation.
Term
State the rule of breathing and relate it to respiration.
Definition
1st rule of breathing, don't stop.
actually, volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize pressure. If you know Boyles law, this is silly.
Term
Distinguish between the organs of the alimentary canal and the accessory organs.
Definition
The alimentary canal is the entire system which food passes thru. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, Cecum, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus. Accessory organs to not have food pass thru them, but assist with digestion. Liver, gall bladder, pancreas, teeth, appendix, salivary glands, etc.
Term
What is peristalsis?
Definition
A wave like contraction of smooth muscle which propels food thru the digestive tract.
Term
In what organs does peristalsis occur?
Definition
All the organs involved in the alimentary digestive tract. Esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, cecum, large intestine, rectum, and I suppose the Anus.
Term
Trace a particle of food thru the alimentary canal.
Definition
Lips, teeth, mouth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, esophageal sphincter, stomach, pyloric sphincter, duodenum, Jejunum (small intestine), Ileum (small intestine), ileocecal Valve, Cecum, Large intestine (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid sections), Rectum, Anus.
Term
Briefly describe the structure and functions of the organs of the digestive system.
Definition
This is lengthy, Function - to process food from larger units to molecular size usable by the cells of the body.
Structure - too much for a card.
Term
Which cells secrete HCL into the stomach?
Definition
Parietal cells.
Term
What is the function of HCL (hydrochloric acid) in the stomach?
Definition
Converts Pepsinogen to Pepsin
Destroys bacteria.
Deactivates Amalase.
Term
What is the function of the mucus secreted throughout alimentary canal?
Definition
Lubrication of bolus of food, binding of bolus together, and ease of passage.
Term
Describe the term Secretion.
Definition
Releasing a useful chemical from a cell or gland. Contrast with excretion, which is not useful, or a waste product.
Term
Describe the term elimination.
Definition
Removal of indigestible molecules.
Term
Describe the term Absorption.
Definition
Movement of nutrients along the GI tract wall to be delivered to the cells via the blood stream.
Term
Describe the term mechanical digestion.
Definition
Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces which are more easily handled by later systems.
Term
Describe the term Chemical Digestion.
Definition
Splitting of complex, non-absorbable food molecules into small, absorbable nutrient molecules by hydrolysis: forms simpler compounds.

SIMPLE! Chemically breaks down food into molecules.
Term
Describe the inner layer of the alimentary canal in terms of structure and function.
Definition
Lumen - its the hole thru which things pass.
1. Mucosa - (S)simple columnar epithelium but varies by function. (F)secrete digestive enzymes and mucus.
OR Secretes mucus only
OR Absorbs nutrients.
Term
Describe the next innermost layer of the alimentary canal in terms of structure and function.
Definition
Sub Mucosa- (S) Has nerves, lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and loose connective tissue. (F) carries away absorbed material.
Term
Describe the third (from inside) layer of the alimentary canal in terms of structure and function.
Definition
Muscularis - (s) two layers of smooth muscle that differ in fiber orientation.
Inner layer is circular. (contricts the tube)
Outer layer is Longitudinal. (shortens the tube)
Term
Describe the Outer layer of the alimentary canal in terms of structure and function.
Definition
Serosa - (s) Formed of the Visceral Peritoneum, and is continuous with the parietal peritoneum.
(F) secretes serous fluid onto the outer surface of the canal which aids against friction and protects underlying tissues.
Term
Name and locate the major salivary glands.
Definition
1. Parotid gland - Largest gland, In front of each ear over the masseter muscle.
2. Sub-mandibular gland - Located in floor of the mouth.
3. Sub-lingual gland - Located under the tongue. Smallest salivary gland.
Term
Describe the components of Saliva.
Definition
99.5% water - dissolves substances.
Mucus - Binds food during chewing and swallowing.
Salivary Amalase - Speeds digestion of starch and glycogen into maltose.
Lysozyme - Kills certain bacteria.
Term
What is the function of the parietal cells of the Gastric glands?
Definition
Secrete HCL (Hydrochloric acid), which converts pepsinogen to pepsin (digests proteins).
Term
What is the function of the Chief cells of the Gastric glands?
Definition
Secrete Pepsinogen which is later converted to Pepsin (digests proteins)
Term
What is the function of the Mucus cells of the Gastric glands?
Definition
Secrete mucus which protects the mucosa from the actions of the other digestive secretions.
Term
List the functions of the digestive system.
Definition
Ingestion - Intake of food and potential energy.
Digestion - Mechanically and chemically breaking down food into subunits.
movement - Move food thru the GI tract to fulfill all functions.
Absorption - Movement of nutrients across GI tract wall to be delivered to the cell via the blood.
Elimination - Removal of indigestible molecules.
Term
Distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion with examples.
Definition
mechanical digestion is the breaking of large pieces of food into smaller pieces. Chewing.
chemical digestion - is the chemical alteration of unusable nutrients into usable nutrients. Conversion of glycogen to maltose with enzymes.
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