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Reproductive
Reproductive System flashcards
88
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/04/2013

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Cards

Term
What separates the testis?
Definition
Midline septum
Term
Describe the function of the dartos muscle.
Definition
Elevates the scrotum to regulate temperature.
Term
Name the two tunics of the testes.
Definition
  • Tunica vaginalis
  • Tunica albuginea
Term
In what part of the testes does sperm start being produced?
Definition
Seminiferous tubules
Term
What do interstitial cells around the seminiferous tubules produce?
Definition
Testosterone
Term
Where do the testicular arteries arise from?
Definition
Branch off the aorta
Term
Name the 3 structures that control the temperature of the testis.
Definition
  • Dartos muscle
  • Cremaster muscle
  • Pampiniform plexus
Term
Describe the nervous innervation of the testes and where the nerves travel.
Definition
  • Both branches off the autonomic system and sensory nerves
  • Travels with the blood vessels and lymphatics in the spermatic cord
Term
What surrounds the urethra in the penis?
Definition
Corpus spongiosum
Term
Name the paired erectile bodies of the penis.
Definition
Corpora cavernosa
Term
What does the head of the epididymis join and where are the body and tail?
Definition
  • Head joins the efferent ductules
  • Tail and body are on the posterior aspect of the testis
Term
Characterize the sperm entering the epididymis.
Definition
Nonmotile
Term
Where is the vas deferens?
Definition
Follows the spermatic cord into the pelvis.
Term
What structures form the ejaculatory duct?
Definition
Ampulla of the epididymis and the duct of the seminal vesicle.
Term
Name the three regions of the male urethra.
Definition
  • Prostaticurethra
  • Membranous urethra
  • Spongy urethra 
Term
What does the seminal vesicle produce?
Definition
A viscous alkaline fluid that accounts for about 60% of the semen.
Term
What is the purpose of prastatic secretions?
Definition
  • Activates sperm
  • Accounts for 1/3 of the semen 
Term
What does the bulbourethral gland produce?
Definition
Thick mucous secretion
Term
What is the basic mechanism of an erection and what part of the nervous system controls it?
Definition
  • Smooth muscle in the arterioles relax and allow erectile tissue to fill with blood
  • Parasympathetic system 
Term
What part of the nervous system controls ejaculation?
Definition
Sympathetic system
Term
Detail the 3 events that take place in ejaculation.
Definition
  • Reproductive ducts and glands empty their contents
  • Bladder sphincter muscle relaxes
  • Bulbospongiosus muscle of the penis undergoes a rapid series of contractions 
Term
What is the role of prostaglandins in semen?
Definition
Alters cervical mucus and initiates reverse peristalsis in the uterus
Term
What is the role of clotting factor in semen?
Definition
Fibrinolysis allows sperm to swim out of the ejaculate
Term
What is the function of seminalplasmin in semen?
Definition
Antibiotic
Term
List the parts of a sperm cell and their function.
Definition
  • Acrosome-tip that carries hydrolytic enzymes to help penetrate the egg
  • Head- contains DNA
  • Midpiece- has contractile elements
  • Tail-flagellum  
Term
What is the difference between a type A daughter cell and a type B daughter cell in sperm production?
Definition
  • Both produced by mitosis of spermatogonia
  • Type A daughter cells are germ cells
  • Type B daughter cells are spermatocytes 
Term
Describe meiosis of spermatocytes
Definition
  • Spermatocytes become secondary spermatocytes
  • Secondary spermatocytes become spermatids 
Term
What cell forms the blood-testis barrier?
Definition
Sustentacular cells
Term
Map out the course of sperm starting with the seminiferous tubule.
Definition
  • Seminiferous tubule
  • Rete testis
  • Efferent ductule
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
  • Ejaculatory duct
  • Urethra 
Term
Discuss the role of FSH and LH in the brain-testicular axis
Definition
  • FSH stimulates gamete production by causing sustentacular cells to produce androgen binding protein (ABP)
  • LH causes interstitial cells to produce testosterone.
Term
List the two regions of the ovaries and what is contained in each.
Definition
  • Outer cortex for gamete production
  • Inner medulla contains blood vessels 
Term
Name the ligaments of the ovaries and where they attach.
Definition
  • Ovarian ligament anchors ovary to uterus medially
  • Suspensory ligament anchors ligament to pelvic wall
  • Mesovarium suspended between uterus and ovary
  • Broad ligament- suspensory ligament and the broad ligament 
Term
Where does the ovary derive its blood supply?
Definition
  • Ovarian arteries from the abdominal aorta
  • Ovarian branch of the uterine artery 
Term
Name the fibrous capsule of the ovary
Definition
Tunica albuginea
Term
Describe a follicle in the ovary
Definition
Sac like structure that contains an oocyte
Term
If more than 1 layer of cells surrounds an oocyte, what are those cells called?
Definition
Granulosa cells
Term
Detail the differences between a primordial, primary, and secondary follicles.
Definition
  • Primordial follicle has one layer of squamous like cells
  • Primary follicle has two or more layers of cuboidal or columnar granulosa cells
  • Secondary follicle has fluid in the cavity (between granulosa layers) 
Term
A follicle that bulges at the surface of the ovary is called a?
Definition
Mature vesicular or Graafian follicle
Term
What does a ruptured follicle become?
Definition
Corpus luteum
Term
Where does fertilization take place?
Definition
Fallopian tubes
Term
Describe the end of the fallopian tube nearest the ovary
Definition
  • Ampulla-enlargement of the distal end
  • Infundibulum- funnel-shaped opening with ciliated finger like projections known as fimbriae 
Term
Where is the vagina located and what is embedded in its anterior wall?
Definition
  • Lies between the bladder and rectum
  • Urethra is embedded in the anterior wall 
Term
Describe the mucosa of the vagina
Definition
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • No glands, lubrication comes from mucus of the cervix 
Term
Name the segment of the vagina that surrounds the cervix.
Definition
Formix
Term
Characterize the difference between the vaginal secretions of a teenager versus and adult
Definition
  • Teenager- alkaline secretions
  • Adult- acidic secretions 
Term
Describe the three regions of the uterus.
Definition
  • Body-the major portion
  • Fundus-the rounded top
  • Cervix-outlet that projects into the vagina 
Term
  • Describe the difference between anteverted and retroverted
  • Describe the difference between anteflexed and retroflexed 
Definition
  • Anteverted- entire organ is inclined forward
  • Retroverted- entire organ is inclined backwards
  • Anteflexed- fundus is tilted anteriorly compared to the cervix
  • Retroflexed- Fundus is tilted posteriorly compared to the cervix. 
Term
Name the ligaments of the uterus and what they insert into.
Definition
  • Mesometrium- lateral support (portion of the broad ligament)
  • Lateral cervical (cardinal)- from the cervix and vagina to the lateral wall of the pelvis
  • Uterosacral- paired secure the uterus to the sacrum posteriorly
  • Round ligament- to the labia via the inguinal canal 
Term
Name the three layers of the uterine wall
Definition
  • Perimetrium- serous layer
  • Myometrium- muscle layer
  • Endometrium- mucosal lining 
Term
Describe the layers of the endometrium
Definition
  • Stratum functionalis- undergoes cyclic changes
  • Stratum basalis forms a new functionalis layer at the end of menstruation 
Term
Describe the blood flow to the uterus
Definition
  • Uterine arteries branch from the internal iliacs
  • Arcuates branch from the uterine artery to the endometrium
  • Radials branch from the arcuates
  • Radials branch into straight arteries of the stratum basalis and spiral arteries of the stratum functionalis 
Term
Define the landmarks of the perineum.
Definition
  • Pubic arch
  • Ischial tuberosities
  • Coccyx 
Term
Describe the two hair-covered fatty folds of the vulva and their male couterpart.
Definition
  • Labia majora-scrotum
  • Labia minora- ventral penis 
Term
Define the vestibule.
Definition
Recess enclosed by the labia minora
Term
Where are the greater vestibular or Bartholin's glands found?
Definition
Flank the vaginal opening
Term
The breast is a modified what?
Definition
Sweat gland
Term
Why is the areola of the breast bumpy?
Definition
Contains large sebaceous glands that produce sebum to prevent the nipple from drying out
Term
Describe the lobes of the mammary glands and what they contain.
Definition
  • 15-25 lobes
  • Contains lobules that have the alveoli cells that produce milk
  • Lactiferous ducts that collect milk and lactiferous sinuses that store the milk 
Term
What attaches the breast to the underlying muscle fascia and overlying dermis?
Definition
Suspensory ligament
Term

Primary oocytes are stalled prophase I.

What event causes meiosis to continue and what is produced?

Definition
  • Puberty
  • Results in formation of a large secondary oocyte and a small first polar body 
Term
What happens to the first polar body and the secondary oocyte?
Definition
  • First polar body undergoes the rest of meiosis II yielding 2 smaller polar bodies
  • The secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis II which is arrested in metaphase II 
Term
What event must take place for the secondary oocyte to finish meiosis and what is produced?
Definition
  • Fertilization of the egg
  • Produced is one large ovum and a small secondary polar body 
Term
Name the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle.
Definition
  • Follicular phase
  • Ovulation
  • Luteal phase 
Term
During the follicular phase, what happens to the connective tissue around the follicle?
Definition
Condenses to become a theca folliculi
Term
What do granulosa and thecal cells produce during the follicular phase?
Definition
  • Estrogen
  • Granulosa cells also produce a thick transparent membrane called the zona pellucida 
Term
What is the basic event in the follicular stage?
Definition
Maturation of the follicle in preparation for ovulation
Term
Define ovulation
Definition
Rupture of the ovary wall and expulsion of the secondary oocyte.
Term
Define Mittelschmerz
Definition
Intense pain caused by stretching of the ovarian wall during ovulation.
Term
What factor determines which follicle will mature during any given ovarian cycle?
Definition
FSH sensitivity
Term
What happens to the follicle when it ruptures and what do the granulosa cells become? (first part of the luteal phase)
Definition
  • Follicle fills with blood becoming a corpus hemorrhagicum
  • Granulosa cells enlarge and become a corpus luteum 
Term
What does the corpus luteum do and what is its relationship to pregnancy?
Definition
  • Produces progesterone
  • If pregnancy does not occure the corpus luteum degenerates 
Term
What inhibits the release of GnRH in childhood and what happens to the hypothalamus at puberty?
Definition
  • Growing ovaries during childhood produce estrogen which inhibits GnRH
  • At puberty the hypothalamus becomes less sensitive to estrogen 
Term
How is a regular menstral cycle established?
Definition
  • GnRH is released in a rhythmic pulse like manner
  • The anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH
  • Gonadotropin levels increase for 4 years without ovulation

 

Term
What is the first menstrual period called and how long does it take to become regular
Definition
  • Menarche
  • 3 years 
Term
What do rising levels of GnRH do?
Definition
Stimulates the production of FSH and LH
Term
Describe the effect of FSH and LH
Definition
  • Both stimulate follicle growth and maturation, and estrogen secretion
  • FSH affects the follicle
  • LH affects the thecal cells to produce androgens 
Term
What effect does rising estrogen levels have?
Definition
  • Inhibit production of FSH and LH
  • Estrogen increases estrogen output by intensifying the effects of FSH

 

Term
What is released by the granulosa cells that inhibits the release of FSH?
Definition
Inhibin
Term
Detail the relationship between LH and the dominant follicle.
Definition
  • High estrogen levels cause a LH burst
  • LH causes the dominant follicle to complete the first meiotic division and form a secondary oocyte (around day 14)
  • Causes the formation of the corpus luteum after the follicle has ruptured
Term
What causes the follicle to rupture and what are the consequences of that?
Definition
  • Blood flow is cut off to the protruding part of the follicle and rupture occurs about 5 minutes after that
  • Estrogen levels decline secondary to damage of the follicle
Term
After ovulation what is the relationship of estrogen and progesterone?
Definition
  • Rising levels of estrogen and progesterone have an inhibitory effect on LH and FSH
  • As LH drops the copus luteum degenerates and serum estrogen and progesterone drop
  • Declining estrogen and progesterone level stop the blockade of LH and FSH on days 26-28 
Term
Name the three phases of the menstrual cycle
Definition
  • Menstrual phase
  • Proliferative phase (preovulatory)
  • Secretory phase (postovulatory) 
Term
Describe the menstrual phase
Definition
  • Days 1-5 menstration takes place
  • Uterus sheds all but the deepest part of the endometrium
  • 3-5 days of bleeding

 

Term
What is occuring during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?
Definition
  • Endometrium rebuilds under the influence of estrogen, glands enlarge, and spiral arteries increase in number
  • Estrogen induces synthesis of progesterone receptors
  • Cervical mucus becomes thick and crystalline
Term
When does ovulation take place with regards to the menstrual cycle?
Definition
At the end of the proliferative phase at about day 14
Term
Describe the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle.
Definition
  • Day 15-28 the most consistent time wise
  • Endometrium preparing for implantation
  • Progesterone converts the functional layer into a secretory mucosa
  • Mucus of the cervix becomes viscous again 
Term
What happens during the secretory phase if pregnancy does not occur?
Definition
  • Corpus luteum degenerates dropping levels of progesterone
  • Spiral arteries kink and spasm
  • Blood gushes into the weakened capillaries causing rupture and sloughing of the endometrium 
Term
List the extrauterine effects of estrogen.
Definition
  • Growth of breasts
  • Deposits of subcutaneous fat in the hips and breasts
  • Widening and lightening of the pelvis
  • Growth of axillary and pubic hair
  • Lowers total cholesterol with a rise in HDL
  • Faciliate calcium deposits in bone  
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