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Reproductive system, Embryology, Genetics, Biotechnology
Test 5
251
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/28/2010

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Cards

Term
What is the primary organ of the male reproductive system?
Definition
Testes
Term
From the testes, what is the sperm factory that takes 30 days to develop?
Definition
Seminiferous Tubules
Term
About how long are the Seminiferous Tubules in the testicles?
Definition
1200 feet per testicle
Term
How fast is sperm produced by the Seminiferous Tubules?
Definition
At a rate of about 4,000 per second
Term
Other than sperm, what else do the testes produce?
Definition
Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone
Term
Where is testosterone and dihydrotestosterone produced within the testes?
Definition
Interstitial cells
Term
After sperm is produced by the Seminiferous Tubules in about 30 days, where does it enter to be stored?
Definition
Epididymis
Term
What is the function of the Epididymis?
Definition
To store immature sperm
Term
What is another name for Ductus Deferens?
Definition
Vas deferens
Term
Which male reproductive organ is a duct between the testes and ejaculatory duct?
Definition
Ductus vas deferens
Term
The Ductus Vas Deferens is a duct between ___________ and ____________  __________
Definition
Testes and ejaculatory duct
Term
When the Ductus Vas Deferens is in use, what action is taking place?
Definition
Ejaculation
Term
How much of semen comes from the Seminal Vesicles?
Definition
60%
Term
What 5 fluids or hormones are produced by the Seminal Vesicles and what are their purposes?
Definition

1. Alkaline fluid - Neutralizes vaginal acidity

 

2. 1% Saline - Osmotic balance

 

3. Fructose - Food for sperm with 5 calories

 

4. Prostaglandins - Hormones that stimulate Male and Female muscle contractions

 

5. Fibrinogen - Helps sperm to "clot" when ejaculated

Term
What is produced by the Seminal Vesicles that neutralizes vaginal acidity?
Definition
Alkaline fluid
Term
What is produced by the Seminal Vesicles that assists in osmotic balance?
Definition
1% Saline
Term
What is produced by the Seminal Vesicles that is food for sperm and how many calories come from it?
Definition

Fructose

 

5 calories

Term
What is produced by the Seminal Vesicles that is a hormone that stimulates male and female muscle contractions?
Definition
Prostaglandins
Term
What is produced by the Seminal Vesicles that helps sperm to "clot" when ejaculated?
Definition
Fibrinogen
Term
How much of semen is actually sperm?
Definition
20%
Term
How much of semen comes from the Prostate?
Definition
20-30%
Term
What 2 fluids or hormones are produced by the Prostate and what is their purpose?
Definition

1. Seminal Plasm - antibiotic that is slightly acidic

Protects sperm and egg from infection

 

2. Citrate - For ATP production for sperm motility

Term
What is produced by the Prostate that acts as an antibiotic which is slightly acidic and protects the sperm and egg from infection?
Definition
Seminal Plasm
Term
What is produced by the Prostate that produced ATP for sperm motility?
Definition
Citrate
Term
What is the Bulbul Urethral Gland also called?
Definition
Cowper's Gland
Term
What 2 fluids or hormones are produced by the Bulbul Urethral Gland and what is their purposes?
Definition

1. Alkaline fluid - Neutralizes vaginal acidity

 

2. Mucous - Lubricates glans prior to ejaculaction for easier penetration.

Term
What is produced by the Bulbul Urethral Gland that neutralizes vaginal acidity?
Definition
Alkaline fluid
Term
What is produced by the Bulbul Urethral Gland that lubricates glans prior to ejaculation for easier penetration?
Definition
Mucous
Term
What is the function of the penis?
Definition
To deliver semen into the vagina near the cervical opening through the urethra.
Term
What are the 4 parts of the penis?
Definition

1. Glans

2. Shaft

3. Corpora Cavernosa

4. Corpus Spongiosum 

Term
Which part of the penis is the head which is most sensitive?
Definition
Glans
Term
What covers the glans of the penis?
Definition
Prepuce (foreskin)
Term
What is the external length of the penis?
Definition
Shaft
Term
What is the internal portion of the penis?
Definition
Root
Term
What part of the penis is erectile tissues that fill with blood?
Definition
Corpora Cavernosa
Term
What part of the penis encapsulates the urethra, preventing collapse by keeping the urethra open?
Definition
Corpus Spongiosum
Term
What part of the penis is covered by prepuce?
Definition
Glans
Term
What part of the penis is the shaft?
Definition
External length
Term
What part of the penis is the root?
Definition
Internal portion
Term
What type of tissues are in the Corpora Cavernosa?
Definition
Erectile tissues
Term
What does the Corpora Cavernosa fill with?
Definition
Blood
Term
What does the Corpus Spongiosum encapsulate?
Definition
Urethra
Term
What does the Corpus Spongiosum prevent?
Definition
The collapse of the urethra
Term
What are the 7 important organs of the male reproductive system?
Definition

1. Testicular ducts

2. Epididymis

3. Ductus Vas Deferens

4. Seminal vesicles

5. Prostate

6. Bulbul urethral gland

7. Penis 

Term
What response is an Erection?
Definition
Parasympathetic
Term
During an erection, what releases to cause penile artery dilation?
Definition
Nitric oxide
Term
During an erection, what does the release of nitric oxide cause?
Definition
Penile artery dilation
Term
During an erection, what engorges with blood?
Definition
Erectile tissues
Term
During an erection, when the erectile tissues engorge with blood, what also occurs that traps the blood in the tissues?
Definition
Venus return is pinched closed
Term
During an erection, what causes the penis to enlarge and stiffen?
Definition
Trapped blood
Term
Describe the process of an erection.
Definition

Parasympathetic stimulation

 

1. The release of Nitric Oxide cause Penile Artery Dilation

 

2. Erectile tissues engorge with blood because Venus return is pinched closed

 

3. Trapped blood enlarges and stiffens the penis

Term
What type of response is ejaculation?
Definition
Sympathetic
Term
During ejaculation, what prevents urination?
Definition
The urethral sphincter closes
Term
During ejaculation, after the urethral sphincter closes to prevent urination, what type of contractions are initiated?
Definition
Peristaltic contractions of smooth muscles
Term
During ejaculation, what do the smooth muscles line that go through peristaltic contractions?
Definition

(The entire reproduction tract of the male)

 

1. Testicular ducts

2. Epididymis

3. Ductus vas deferens

4. Seminal vesicles

5. Prostate

6. Ejaculatory duct

7. Urethra

 

Term
During ejaculation, about how many mls of semen propel out?
Definition
2-5 mls
Term
During ejaculation, about how many sperms propel out with the 2-5 mls of semen?
Definition
250-500 million
Term
During ejaculation, of the 250-500 million sperms that propel out with the 2-5 mls of semen, what percentage of sperm is motile?
Definition
60%
Term
During ejaculation, about how fast does semen and sperm propel out?
Definition
200 inches per second
Term
What creates the sense of pleasure during ejaculation?
Definition
Simultaneous release of large doses of endorphines
Term
Describe the process of ejaculation.
Definition

Sympathetic stimulation

 

1. Urethral sphincter closes to prevent urination

 

2. Which initiates peristaltic contractions of smooth muscles that line:

a. Testicular ducts

b. Epididymis

c. Ductus vas deferens

d. Seminal vesicles

e. Prostate

f. Ejaculatory duct

g. Urethra

 

3. 2-5 mls of semen with 250-500 million sperm (60% motile) propel out at 200 inches per second

 

4. Simultaneous release of large doses of endorphins create a great sense of pleasure

Term
What are the 4 internal structures of the female reproductive system and the 5 external structures?
Definition

Internal Structures

1. Ovaries

2. Uterine tube (fallopian tube)

3. Uterus

4. Vagina

 

External Structures

1. Labia Majora

2. Labia Minora

3. Clitoris

4. Vestibule

5. Vestibular glands

Term
What do the ovaries produce?
Definition
eggs, estrogen, and progesterone
Term
What word describes the production of eggs?
Definition
 Oogenesis
Term
Where does fertilization occur?
Definition
Uterine tube (fallopian tube)
Term
What is the function of the uterine tube (fallopian tube)?
Definition
To carry the egg from the ovaries to the uterus
Term
Where does implantation and fetal development occur?
Definition
Uterus
Term
What happens in the uterus?
Definition
Implantation and fetal development
Term
What is a receptacle for the penis and semen?
Definition
Vagina
Term
What is the function of the vagina?
Definition

  • Receptacle for penis and semen
  • Canal for childbirth

Term
What receives uterine secretions?
Definition
Vagina
Term
Describe the 4 internal female reproduction organs.
Definition

1. Ovaries - Produces eggs, estrogen, and progesterone

 

2. Uterine tube (fallopian tube) - Fertilization occurs with in 24-48 hours and then the tube carries the egg from the ovaries into the uterus

 

3. Uterus - Implantation and fetal development occurs

 

4. Vagina - Receptacle for penis and semen

Canal for child birth

Receives uterine secretions

Term
Which external structure of the female reproductive system encapsulates and protects other external structure such as the clitoris?
Definition
Labia majora
Term
Which external structure does the Labia Majora encapsulate and protect?
Definition
Clitoris
Term
Which external structure of the female reproductive system encapsulates and protects vaginal and urethral openings?
Definition
Labia minora
Term
What does the Labia Minora encapsulate and protect?
Definition
Vagina and Urethral Openings
Term
Which external structure of the female reproductive system is similar to the glans of the penis and is for sexual pleasure?
Definition
Clitoris
Term
Which external structure of the female reproductive system is located between the vaginal and urethral opening?
Definition
Vestibule
Term
Where is the vestibule located?
Definition
Between the vaginal and urethral openings
Term
Which external structure of the female reproductive system is similar to the bulbul urethral gland by secreting mucous liquid to facilitate in penile penetration?
Definition
Vestibular glands (Bartholin's gland)
Term
What is the purpose of the vestibular gland (Bartholin's gland)?
Definition
To secrete mucous liquid to facilitate in penile penetration.
Term
Describe the 5 external structures of the vagina.
Definition

1. Labia majora - Encapsulates and protects other external structures such as the clitoris

 

2. Labia minora - Encapsulates and protects vaginal and urethral openings

 

3. Clitoris - Similar to glans penis for sexual pleasure

 

4. Vestibule - Located between the vagina and urethral opening

 

5. Vestibular glands - Similar to bulbul urethral gland by secreting mucous liquid to facilitate in penile penetration

Term
During a female erection, what happens to the clitoris?
Definition
It engorges with blood causing it to enlarge and stiffen
Term
During a female erection, after the clitoris engorges with blood and enlarges and stiffens, what happens to the vagina?
Definition
It expands and elongates
Term
During a female erection, after the vagina expands and elongates, what external structure begins to secrete fluid?
Definition
Vestibular gland
Term
During a female erection, once the vestibular glands secrete fluid, what happens to the labia?
Definition
It engorges with blood and swells
Term
Describe the process of a female erection.
Definition

Parasympathetic stimulation

 

1. Clitoris engorges with blood causing it to enlarge and stiffen

 

2. Vagina expands and elongates

 

3. Vestibular glands secrete

 

4. Labia engorges with blood and swells

Term
What type of response is an orgasm?
Definition
Sympathetic
Term
During an orgasm, what happens to the vagina?
Definition
Swells
Term
During an orgasm, what is the purpose of the swelling of the vagina?
Definition
To create increased friction for the penis
Term
During an orgasm, what type of contractions help propel sperm toward the cervical opening?
Definition
Peristaltic contractions
Term
During an orgasm, what is the purpose of peristaltic contractions?
Definition
To help propel sperm toward the cervical opening
Term
During an orgasm, what created the sense of pleasure?
Definition
Simultaneous release of a large dose of endorphins 
Term
Describe the process of an orgasm.
Definition

Sympathetic stimulation

 

1. Vagina swells creating increased friction for the penis

 

2. Peristaltic contractions help to propel sperm toward the cervical opening

 

3. Simultaneous release of large dose of endorphins crease a sense of pleasure

Term
Where do sex hormones come from?
Definition
Anterior pituitary and ovaries
Term
What are the 2 sex hormones released by the Anterior Pituitary?
Definition
FSH and LH
Term
What is the purpose of FSH
Definition
For sex cell maturation
Term
Which sex hormone released by the Anterior Pituitary is for sex cell maturation?
Definition
FSH
Term
What is the purpose of LH?
Definition
To stimulate the release of estrogen and progesterone
Term
Which sex hormone released by the Anterior Pituitary stimulates the release of estrogen and progesterone?
Definition
LH
Term
What are the 2 sex hormones released by the ovaries?
Definition
Estrogen and Progesterone
Term
Which sex hormone released by the ovaries is for female maturation and secondary sex characteristics?
Definition
Estrogen
Term
What is the purpose of estrogen?
Definition

For female maturation and

secondary sex characteristics

Term
Which hormone released by the ovaries stimulates breast growth and the female cycle?
Definition
Progesterone
Term
What is the purpose of progesterone?
Definition

To stimulate breast growth and 

the female cycle

Term
What 4 hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle?
Definition

1. FSH

2. LH

3. Estrogen

4.Progesterone

Term
During the menstrual cycle, which hormone stimulates the maturation of the follicle?
Definition
FSH
Term
What is FSH's responsibility during the menstrual cycle?
Definition
To stimulate the maturation of the follicle
Term
During the menstrual cycle, which hormone stimulates egg release (ovulation)?
Definition
LH
Term
What is LH's responsibility during the menstrual cycle?
Definition
To stimulate egg release (ovulation)
Term
During the menstrual cycle, which hormone stimulates the uterine wall development?
Definition
Estrogen
Term
What is estrogen's responsibility during the menstrual cycle?
Definition
To stimulate uterine wall development
Term
During the menstrual cycle, which hormone advance uterine wall development to become more grandular and vascular?
Definition
Progesterone
Term
What is progesterone's responsibility during the menstrual cycle?
Definition
To advance uterine wall development to become more grandular and vascular
Term
Describe the menstrual cycle.
Definition

FH - stimulates maturation of the follicle

 

LH - stimulates egg release (ovulation)

 

Estrogen - stimulates uterine wall development

 

Progesterone - advance uterine wall development to becoming more grandular and vascular

Term
During pregnancy, what releases HCG?
Definition
The dividing fertilized egg
Term
During pregnancy, what does the dividing fertilized egg release?
Definition
HCG
Term
What does HCG stand for?
Definition
Human Chronic Gonadotropin 
Term
During pregnancy, what does the release of HCG stimulate?
Definition
An increasing release of estrogen and progesterone
Term
During pregnancy, what stimulates increasing release of estrogen and progesterone?
Definition
HCG
Term
During pregnancy, once HCG is release, increasing estrogen and progesterone, what is interrupted?
Definition
The menstrual cycle through out pregnancy
Term
During pregnancy, what interrupts the menstrual cycle through out pregnancy?
Definition
The release of HCG increasing estrogen and progesterone
Term
Describe the hormonal changes during pregnancy.
Definition

The dividing fertilized egg releases HCG

 

Which stimulates an increase in the release of estrogen and progesterone

 

Which interrupts the menstrual cycle throughout pregnancy

Term
What are the 10 life stages?
Definition

1. Cleavage period

2. Pre-embryo 

3. Embryonic

4. Fetal

5. Neonatal

6. Infancy

7. Childhood

8. Adolescence

9. Adult

10. Senescence 

Term
Which life stage is the first 6 days prior to implantation?
Definition
Cleavage period
Term
Which life stage is implantation and happens during week 3?
Definition
Pre-embryo
Term
Which life stage occurs at the end of week 3 until week 8?
Definition
Embryonic
Term
What 3 things form during the Embryonic life stage?
Definition

Placenta

Umbilical cord

Amnionic sac

Term
Which life stage occurs from week 9 until birth?
Definition
Fetal
Term
Which life stage occurs after birth with in the first 4 weeks?
Definition
Neonatal
Term
Which life stage occurs at the end of week 4 until 1 year?
Definition
Infancy
Term
Which life stage occurs from year 1 until puberty?
Definition
Childhood
Term
Which life stage occurs at the end of puberty until age 18?
Definition
Adolescence
Term
Which life stage occurs from age 18 until old age?
Definition
Adult
Term
Which life stage occurs at old age?
Definition
Senescence
Term
What are the complimentary male/female reproductive organs?
Definition

Testes <--> Ovaries

 

Glans <--> Clitoris

 

Bulbul urethral gland <--> Vestibular gland

 

Vas deferens <--> Uterine tube

 

Erectile tissues <--> Labia

Term
When does the Cleavage period occur?
Definition
During the first 6 days prior to implantation
Term
When does the pre-embryo life stage occur?
Definition
At week 3 during implantation
Term
When does the embryonic life stage occur?
Definition
At the end of week 3 to week 8
Term
When does the fetal stage occur?
Definition
From week 9 until birth
Term
When does the neonatal stage occur?
Definition
During the first 4 weeks after birth
Term
When does the infancy stage occur?
Definition
From 4 weeks to a year
Term
When does the childhood life stage occur?
Definition
From 1 year until puberty
Term
When does the adolescence life stage occur?
Definition
From puberty until age 18
Term
When does the adult life stage occur?
Definition
From age 18 until old age
Term
When does the senescence life stage occur?
Definition
Old age
Term
Describe the hormonal changes in pregnancy.
Definition

1. Upon fertilization, the dividing cell from the fertilized egg produces HCG

 

2. Secretion of HCG increases rapidly during the first 12 weeks and then tapers off to low levels

 

3. HCG stimulates an increase in the production of estrogen and progesterone by the mother which continues until child birth

 

4. The effect of this increase is to interrupt the 28 day cycle during pregnancy

Term
What causes morning sickness during pregnancy?
Definition
The release of HCG
Term
What do pregnancy tests detect?
Definition
The presence of HCG
Term
How long is each pregnancy trimester?
Definition
12 weeks
Term
Which trimester involves early development of all organ systems?
Definition
1st trimester
Term
Which trimester is the most critical stage for a mother to monitor nutrition (alcohol, smoking, drugs, etc...)?
Definition
1st trimester
Term
What is the percentage of miscarriages that occur during the 1st trimester?
Definition
75%
Term
Which trimester involves some organ systems completing development?
Definition
2nd trimester
Term
Which trimester does the fetus begin to take greater control of the mother's body?
Definition
2nd trimester
Term
Which trimester is most demanding on the mother?
Definition
3rd trimester
Term
How much of the fetus weight is gained during the 3rd trimester?
Definition
70%
Term
Which trimester taxes(exerts) the mother's cardiovascular, respiratory, and urinary systems?
Definition
3rd trimester
Term
During which trimester can high levels of stress increase the chance of premature labor?
Definition
3rd trimester
Term
Describe the pregnancy trimesters.
Definition

12 weeks each

1st trimester

  • Early development of all organ systems
  • Most critical stage for mother to monitor nutrition (Alcohol, smoking, drugs, etc...)
  • 75% of miscarriages occur

 

2nd trimester

  • Some organ systems completing development
  • Fetus is taking great control of mother's body

 

3rd trimester

  • Most demanding on the mother
  • Fetus gain 70% of weight
  • Taxes mother's cardiovascular, respiratory, and urinary systems
  • High levels of stress can increase chance of premature labor 

Term
what is a pancake structure of which one side is produced by the mother and the other side produced by the fetus?
Definition
Placenta
Term
Where is the placenta attached?
Definition

To the uterine wall on mother's side

and to the umbilical cord on the fetus's side

Term
When does the placenta become fully functional?
Definition
At the end of the 1st trimester
Term
What does the membrane barrier in the placenta do?
Definition

Separates the two tissue types 

and

separate mother and fetal blood vessels

Term
What passes through the membrane barrier in the placenta?
Definition

CO2 and O2

Cellular wastes

hormones

glucose

calcium

alcohol

antibodies

viruses

other small molecular substances

NOT immunity

Term
What happens to the placenta after birth?
Definition

It detaches from the uterine wall and is delivered after birth...

 

first the fetal component then the mother's component

Term
Describe the placenta.
Definition

1. Pancake shaped structure of which is produced by the mother on one side and the fetus on the other side.

 

2. It's attached to the uterine wall on mother's side and the umbilical cord on the fetus's side.

 

3. Becomes fully functional at the end of the 1st trimester.

 

4. Membrane barrier separates the 2 tissue types as well as the mother and fetal blood vessels

 

5. CO2 and O2, cellular wastes, hormones, glucose, calcium, alcohol, antibodies, and other small molecular substances pass through the barrier.

 

6. Placenta detaches at birth from the uterine wall and is delivered as after birth.

Term
Where does the yolk sac develop?
Definition
From the hallow chamber of the blastocyst
Term
When does the yolk sac develop?
Definition
On the 8th day just after implantation
Term
What is the function of the yolk sac?
Definition

To supply nutrients to the embryo during the 2nd and 3rd weeks of development

 

and

 

To produce red blood cells from the 3rd to 6th week of development

Term
During what week does the yolk sac supply nutrients to the embryo?
Definition
During 2nd and 3rd week of development
Term
During what week does the yolk sac produce red blood cells?
Definition
From the 3rd to 6th week
Term
Describe the yolk sac.
Definition

1. Develops from the hallow chambers of the blastocyst on the 8th day, just after implantation

 

2. Functions to supply nutrients to the embryo during the 2nd and 3rd weeks of development

 

3. and produces red blood cells during the 3rd to 6th week of development

Term
When does the amnion begin its development?
Definition
During the 2nd week
Term
What does the amnion eventually form?
Definition
The amnionic sac
Term
Where does amnionic fluid primarily come from?
Definition
From plasma components of the mother's blood
Term
What is also included in amnionic fluid, other than plasma components of the mother's blood?
Definition
Later fetal urine
Term
What are the functions of the amnionic sac?
Definition

Shock absorber

fetal temperature regulator

protects fetus from abrasion

dehydration

Term
When does the amnion usually rupture and what is its rupture known as?
Definition

Just before birth

"water breaks"

Term
Which category of STD is treatable with antibiotics?
Definition
Bacterial
Term
What are the 3 different categories of STDs
Definition

Bacterial

Viral

Parasites

Term
How are bacterial STDs treated?
Definition
with antibiotics
Term
What are the 3 types of bacterial STDs?
Definition

1. Chlamydia

2. Ghonnorea

3. Syphilis

Term
Which bacterial STD is the most common with 4-5 million diagnoses in the US?
Definition
Chlamydia
Term
Which bacterial STD is asymptomatic  in males and what does it cause in females?
Definition

Chlamydia

causes pelvic inflammatory disease in females

Term
What year was the new antibiotic resistant strain released for syphilis?
Definition
2004
Term
Which category of STDs generally cannot be cured?
Definition
Viral
Term
What are the 3 types of viral STDs?
Definition

1. AIDS

2. Genital herpes

3. Genital warts

Term
What does AIDS stand for?
Definition
Acquired Immunity Deficiency Syndrome
Term
How are AIDS contracted?
Definition
Exposure to body fluids
Term
Which viral STD invades helper T cells?
Definition
AIDS
Term
What do AIDS invade in the immune response?
Definition
Helper T cells
Term
Which viral STD has dormant and active phases?
Definition
Genital herpes
Term
Which viral STD can be a precursor to cervical cancer?
Definition
Genital warts
Term
What are genital warts also known as?
Definition

Human Papilloma Virus

(HPV)

Term
Which STD consist of crabs and scabies?
Definition
Parasites
Term
What are parasites?
Definition
Crabs and scabies
Term
What are the 4 types of birth control?
Definition

1. Barriers and spermicides

2. Hormones

3. Methods

4. Surgery

Term
Which type of birth control is not effective against viral diseases?
Definition
Barriers and Spermicides
Term
What is the percentage of effectiveness when barriers and spermicides are properly used and what is the average effectiveness?
Definition

90% effectiveness when used properly

82% average

Term
What are the 7 barriers and spermicides used as birth control?
Definition

Condoms

diaphragm, cervical cap, vaginal pouch

IUD

sponge and foam

Term
Which type of birth control is a male latex barrier?
Definition
Condom
Term
Which type of birth control are barriers to the cervical opening?
Definition
Diaphragm, cervical cap, and vaginal pouch
Term
Which type of birth control prevents implantation?
Definition

IUD

Inter-Uterine Device

Term
Which type of birth control are spermicides?
Definition
Sponge and foam
Term
Which type of birth control is 99% effective when used correctly?
Definition
Hormones
Term
What are the 5 types of hormone birth controls?
Definition

Pill

Injections

Progesterone implants

Morning after pill

RU486

Term
Which hormone birth control is a daily dose of estrogen and progesterone?
Definition
Pill
Term
What is an example of an injection hormone birth control and how often do they need to be injected?
Definition

Depo provara

3 month intervals

Term
What is an example of a progesterone implant used for hormone birth control and how long does it last?
Definition

Norplant

Lasts up to 5 years

Term
When should the morning after pill be taken?
Definition
With in 72 hours of intercourse
Term
What is a type of abortion pill used in Europe and when should it be used?
Definition

RU486

With in 7 weeks

Term
What are the 4 different methods of birth control?
Definition

1. Rhythm

2. Symo-thermal

3. Withdrawal

4. Abstention

Term
Which birth control method is a periodic abstention during ovulation and how effective is it?
Definition

Rhythm

75% effective

Term
Which birth control method is the monitoring of female vaginal temperature and secretions and how effective is it?
Definition

Sympo-thermal

80% effective

Term
What is the withdrawal method of birth control and how effective is it?
Definition

Withdrawing prior to ejaculation

82% effective

Term
Which method of birth control is 100% effective?
Definition
Abstention
Term
What are the 2 types of surgery birth controls?
Definition

Vasectomy

and 

Tubal ligation

Term
Which surgery birth control severs the vas deferens?
Definition
Vasectomy
Term
Which surgery birth control closes off the uterine tubes?
Definition
Tubal ligation
Term
What is the reversal rate of a vasectomy?
Definition
About 75%
Term
What is the reversal rate of tubal ligation?
Definition
About 40-50%
Term
Describe all 4 types of birth controls.
Definition

Barriers and Spermicides

Condoms - Male latex barrier

Diaphragm, cervical cap, vaginal pouch - Barriers to cervical opening

IUD - Prevents implantation

Sponge and foam - Spermicides

 

Hormones

Pill - Daily dose of estrogen and progesterone

Injections - Depo Provara - 3 month intervals

Progesterone implants - Norplant - up to 5 yrs

Morning after pill - Within 72 hrs of intercourse

RU486 - With in 7 weeks

 

Methods

Rhythm - Periodic abstention during ovulation - 75% effective

Sympo-thermal - Monitoring vaginal temp and secretions 80% effective

Abstention - 100% effective

 

Surgery

Vasectomy - 75% reversal rate

Tubal ligation - 40-50% reversal rate

Term
What is a DNA strand that is made up of thousands of genes?
Definition
Chromosome
Term
What is the smallest unit of inheritance?
Definition
Gene
Term
What creates the expression of a gene?
Definition
the genes manufacture of one protein
Term
What is the process that forms eggs and sperm only?
Definition
Meiosis
Term
During meiosis, how many chromosomes does each egg and sperm have and what is it called?
Definition

1/2

haploid

Term
What are the chromosomes in the parent cell called?
Definition
Diploid
Term
What is a trait that always appears when present?
Definition
Dominant
Term
What is a trait that only appears in the absence of the dominant trait?
Definition
Recessive
Term
What is a gene combination of 2 dominant genes called?
Definition
Homozygous Dominant
Term
What is a gene combination of 2 recessive genes called?
Definition
Homozygous Recessive
Term
What is a gene combination of one dominate gene and one recessive gene called?
Definition
Heterozygous
Term
What is a gene found in the first 22 pairs of chromosomes called?
Definition
Autosome
Term
Where is the sex-linked gene found and which pair are they?
Definition

On the X or Y chromosome

pair 23

Term
Are genetic disorders usually dominant genes or recessive genes?
Definition
Recessive
Term
What is someone called that is heterozygous for a "bad" recessive?
Definition
a Carrier
Term
What are 2 types of chromosome disorders?
Definition

Monosomy

and

Trisomy

Term
What is a monosomy?
Definition
A chromosome disorder where a person has only one of a chromosome pair
Term
What is a trisomy?
Definition
A chromosome disorder where a person has one extra chromosome
Term
What is a gene therapy
Definition

Replacing defective genes with normal ones and inserting them into nucleus of cells

 

These "repaired cells" are then reintroduced into the bodies of the affected person

Term
What are the 5 gene interactions?
Definition

Complete dominance

Incomplete dominance

Codominane

Sex linked

Multiple alleles

Term
Which gene interaction is when the dominant gene is present and expressed?
Definition
Complete dominace
Term
Which gene interaction is a heterozygous condition which results in a blending of the two traits?
Definition
Incomplete dominance
Term
Which gene interaction is a heterozygous condition in both traits being expressed equally?
Definition
Codominance
Term
Which gene interaction has 3 or more different genes for a particular trait? Give an example.
Definition

Multiple Alleles 

example: blood types

Term
What is the definition of Biotechnology?
Definition
Altering organisms or cell structure and/or function for a desired outcome
Term
What are tools used for biotechnology?
Definition
Bacteria and viruses
Term
How is  bacteria used for biotechnology?
Definition
It reproduced every 20 minutes, therefore replicates many copies of a gene
Term
How are viruses used in biotechnology?
Definition
They're used as a delivery mechanism and inject "good" genes (benign) in target cells 
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