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Reproductive System
Anatomy & Physiology of Reproductive System
257
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
11/14/2009

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Term
Primary Sex Organs
Definition
-testes in males
-ovaries in females
-all gonads
Term
What do gonads do?
Definition
-produce sex cells called gametes
-secrete sex hormones
Term
Three accessory Reproductive Organs
Definition
-ducts
-glands
-external genitalia
Term
Male Sex hormone
Definition
-Androgens
Term
Female Sex Hormones
Definition
-estrogens
-progesterone
Term
3 functions of sex hormones
Definition
1) development & function of reproductive organs
2) sexual behavior & drives
3) growth and development of many other organs & tissues
Term
Where are the male gonads and what do they do?
Definition
- in the scrotum
- produce sperm
Term
What is the system of ducts used to deliver sperm?
Definition
-epididymis to ductus deferens to ejaculatory duct to urethra
Term
3 accessory sex glands
Definition
-seminal vesicles
-prostate gland
-bulbourethral gland
Term
What do accessory sex glands do?
Definition
-empty their secretions into the ducts during ejaculation
Term
Scrotum
Definition
-sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis
Term
What separates the paired testicles of the scrotum?
Definition
midline septum
Term
Why is the scrotum externally positioned?
Definition
-To keep the testes about 3 degrees celcius lower than core body production
-this allows for sperm production
Term
What two sets of muscles keeps intrascrotal temperature?
Definition
-Dartos
-Cremaster
Term
Dartos
Definition
-smooth muscle in scrotum that wrinkles scrotal skin
Term
Cremaster
Definition
-bands of skeletal muscle that elevate the testes
Term
Two tunics of the testes
Definition
1) Tunica Vaginalis -- derived from peritoneum
2) Tunica albuginea -- fibrous capsule of the testes
Term
Septa divide the testes into how many lobules?
Definition
250 - 300 lobules
Term
Each lobule contains 1 - 4 of what?
Definition
seminiferous tubules
Term
Seminiferous tubules
Definition
-produce sperm
-converge to form tubulus rectus
-1-4 per lobule
Term
What does the straight tubulus do?
Definition
Conveys sperm to the rete testis
Term
What happens to the sperm after the rete testis?
Definition
-leave testis via efferent ductules
-enter epididymis
Term
What type of cells surround the Seminiferous Tubules, and what do they do?
Definition
interstitial cells, that produce androgen
Term
Testicular arteries branch from...
Definition
the abdominal aorta & supply the testes
Term
From where do testicular veins arise?
Definition
pampiniform plexus
Term
Spermatic cord
Definition
-encloses PNS & SNS nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply the testes
Term
Penis is...
Definition
-copulatory organ designed to deliver sperm into female reproductive tract
Term
Structure of penis
Definition
-attached root and free shaft that ends in the glans of the penis
Term
Erectile tissue
Definition
-spongy network of connective tissue and smooth muscle riddled with vascular spaces
Term
Erection
Definition
-erectile tissue fills with blood causing penis to enlarge & get rigid
Term
Prepuce
Definition
-foreskin, cuff of skin covering distal end of penis
Term
Circumcision
Definition
-surgical removal of prepuce(foreskin)
Term
corpus spongiosum
Definition
-surrounds urethra and expands to form the glans and bulb of the penis
Term
Corpora Cavernosa
Definition
-paired dorsal erectile bodies bound by fibrous tunica albuginea
Term
What binds the corpora cavernosae?
Definition
-fibrous tunica albuginea
Term
Crura
Definition
-proximal end of penis surrounded by ischiocavernous muscle
-anchors penis to pubic arch
Term
What is the function of the Epididymus
Definition
-joins the efferent ductules and capes the superior aspect of the testes
Term
Location epidiymis duct
Definition
-absorb testicular fluid
-pass nutrients to sperm
Term
What happens when nonmotile sperm pass through epididymis?
Definition
-they pass through its tubes and become motile
Term
What happens to the epididymis during ejaculation?
Definition
- it contracts, expelling sperm into ductus deferens
Term
Location of Ductus Deferens
Definition
-runs from epididymis through inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity
Term
Terminus of the ductus deferens...
Definition
expands to form the ampulla and joins the duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
Term
Function of ductus deferens & ejaculatory duct
Definition
-propels sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
Term
vasectomy
Definition
-cuts ductus deferens, which is a nearly 100% effective form of birth control
Term
3 Portions of Urethra
Definition
1) Prostatic -- portion surrounded by prostate
2) Membranous -- lies in urogenital diaphragm
3) Spongy -- runs through penis & opens to outside @ external urethral orifice
Term
Where are the seminal vesicles?
Definition
-posterior wall of the bladder
Term
What percent of the volume of semen are secreted by the seminal vesicles?
Definition
60%
Term
Semen
Definition
Viscous alkaline fluid containing fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulating enzyme & prostaglandins
Term
What joins the ductus deferens and the ejaculatory duct?
Definition
-seminal vesicles
Term
What happens to sperm & seminal fluid in the ejaculatory duct?
Definition
they MIX and then enter prostatic uretha during ejaculation
Term
Prostate gland
Definition
-doughnut-shaped gland that encircles part of the urethra inferior to the bladder
Term
What is prostate gland fluid like?
Definition
-milky, slightly acidic, contains citrate, enzymes and Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)...accounts for 1/3 of semen volume
Term
What is the role of prostate gland fluid?
Definition
-plays role in activation of sperm, entering prostatic urethra during ejaculation
Term
Bulbourethral Glands
Definition
-aka Cowper's Glands
-pea-sized glands inferior to prostate
Term
What do bulbourethral glands produce?
Definition
thick, clear mucus prior to ejaculation that neutralizes traces of acidic urine in urethra
Term
Functions of Bulbourethral gland secretions
Definition
-provides transport for medium & nutrients (fructose)
-protects & activates sperm
-facilitates their movement
Term
What do prostaglandins in semen do?
Definition
-decrease viscosity of mucus in the cervix
-stimulate reverse peristalsis in uterus
-facilitate movement of sperm through reproductive tract
Term
Relaxin
Definition
-hormone that enhances sperm motility
Term
What does the relative alkalinity of semen do?
Definition
-neutralizes acid environment found in male urethra and female vagina
Term
Seminalplasmin
Definition
-antibiotic chemical that destroys certain bacteria
Term
Fibrinolysin
Definition
-liquifies sticky mass of semen that were clotted by clotting factors after ejaculation
Term
How many sperm are ejaculated at once?
Definition
-2-5 ml of semen
-50-130 million sperm/mL
-equals 100 - 650 million sperm per ejaculate
Term
sexual stimuli iniating erection?
Definition
-touch & mechanical stimulation of penis
-erotics sights, sounds & smells
Term
Can erection be induced or inhibited by emotion or higher mental activity?
Definition
Yes
Term
Impotence
Definition
inability to attain erection
Term
What parasympathetic reflex happens during sexual arousal?
Definition
-Nitric oxide release?
Term
What does nitric oxide do to erectile tissue?
Definition
causes them to fill with blood
Term
Role of corpora cavernosa expansion in erection?
Definition
-compresses drainage veins and retards blood outflow, maintaining erection
Term
Role of corpus spongiosum in ejaculation?
Definition
-keeps urethra open during ejaculation
Term
What four things do sympathetic nerves serving the genital organs do during ejaculation?
Definition
1) contract reproductive ducts & accessory organs, emptying contents
2)constricts bladder sphincter, preventing expulsion of urine
3)Rapid contractions of bulbospongiousus muscles
4)Propel semen from urethra
Term
Spermatogenis
Definition
-Sequence of events that produces sperm in seminiferous tubules of testes
Term
Where is sperm produced?
Definition
-seminiferous tubules of testes
Term
Diploid cell
Definition
-each cell has two sets of chromosomes, one maternal & one paternal
Term
How many pairs of homologous hormones do humans have?
Definition
-23
Term
Haploid
Definition
one 23 chromosomes (not paired), gametes are haploid
Term
Process of gamete formation
Definition
-meiosis in which number of chromosomes is halved
Term
Interphase
Definition
-stage of meiosis in which two nuclear divisions halve the number of chromosomes
-chromosomes replicate prior to meiosis 1
Term
Prophase I
Definition
-phase of Meiosis in which homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis
-Tetrads formed with homologous partners
-crossing over takes place
Term
Metaphase I
Definition
-phase of meiosis in which tetrads line up at the spindle equator
Term
Anaphase I
Definition
-phase of meiosis in which homologous chromosomes composed of joined sister chormatids are distributed to opposite ends of the cell
Term
Telophase I
Definition
-nuclear membrane forms around chromosomal masses
-spindle breaks down
-chromatin reappears
-Haploid daughters formed
Term
Meiosis II
Definition
-mirrors mitosis except that chromosomes are not replicated before it begins
Term
What does Meiosis II accomplish?
Definition
Reduces chromosome number by half and introduces genetic variability
Term
What is going on with cells making up walls of seminiferous tubules?
Definition
-they are in various stages of cell division
Term
Mitosis of Spermatogonia
Definition
-forming spermatocytes
Term
Meiosis forms what from spermatocytes?
Definition
-Spermatids
Term
Spermiogenisis is when spermatids form what?
Definition
-sperm
Term
Where are the spermatogonia?
Definition
They are the outermost cells in contact with epithelial basal lamina
Term
When does spermatogenisis begin?
Definition
At puberty
Term
What does each mitotic division of spermatogonia result in?
Definition
Type A or B daughter cells
Term
Type A Cells
Definition
-remain at the basement membrane and maintain the germ line
Term
Type B cells
Definition
-move toward the lumen and becomes primary spermatocytes
Term
What happens to primary spermatocytes when they undergo meiosis 1?
Definition
-they form two haploid cells called secondary speratocytes
Term
What happens to spermatocytes when they undergo meiosis II?
Definition
--Daughter cells called spermatids are formed
Term
What do spermatids look like, and where are they found?
Definition
-small round cells, seen close to lumen of the tubule
Term
What are spermatids like in late spermatogenisis?
Definition
-haploid but nonmotile
Term
What happens to spermatids to become sperm?
Definition
-Spermiogenesis
-they lose all excess cytoplasm and form a tail
Term
Three regions of sperm
Definition
1) Head
2)Midpiece
3) Tail
Term
Head of sperm
Definition
-contains DNA and has helmetlike acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that allow sperm to penetrate and enter the egg
Term
Midpiece of sperm
Definition
-contains mitochondria spiraled around the tail filaments
Term
Tail of sperm
Definition
-typical flagellum produced by a centriole
Term
Sustenacular Cells
Definition
-aka Sertoli cells
-extend from basal lamina to lumen of tubule that surrounds developing cells
Term
Two compartments of sustentacular cells
Definition
-Basal Compartment contains spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes
-Adluminal compartment contains meiotically active cells and the seminiferous tubule lumen
Term
What do Sustentacular cells do?
Definition
-have tight junction forming blood-testis barrier preventing sperm antigens from escaping through basal lamina into blood
Term
What influences spermatogonia to begin spermatogenesis?
Definition
-bloodbourne chemical messengers
Term
What happens to spermatocytes and spermatids in the adluminal compartment of sustentacular cells?
Definition
-nutrients delivered
-moved along to lumen
-gets testicular fluid providing transport medium
-excess cytoplasm is sloughed off
-exposed to chemical mediators regulating spermatogenesis
Term
Brain-Testicular Axis
Definition
-Hormonal Regulation of spermatogenisis and testicular androgen production involving hypothalamus, anterior pit, and testes
Term
Three sets of hormones involved in testicular regulation
Definition
-GnRH
-Gonadotropins
-Testicular Hormones
Term
What releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?
Definition
-hypothalamus
Term
What does GnRH stimulate the anterior pituitary to release?
Definition
-FSH
-LH
Term
Follicular Stimulating Hormone
Definition
-causes sustentacular cells to release androgen-bidning protein (ABP)
Term
Luteinizing Hormone
Definition
Stimulates interstitial cells to release testosterone
Term
Androgen Binding Protein (ABP)
Definition
-binding of testosterone enhances spermatogenisis
Term
What do rising levels of testosterone produce?
Definition
-Inhibin, feedback inhibition on hypothalamus & pituitary
Term
What must testosterone be converted to before it can effect Prostate target cells?
Definition
-dihydrotestosterone
Term
What is testosterone converted into to bring about neuronal stimulatory effects?
Definition
-estrogen
Term
What happens when there is a testosterone deficiency?
Definition
All accessory organs atrophy
Term
result of male hormone appearance during puberty:
Definition
-appearance of body hair
-growth of chest & deepening of voice
-oily skin
-bones grow & increase density
-skeletal muscles increase in size
Term
Basis of libido in both males & females
Definition
Testosterone
Term
Female gametes
Definition
Ova
Term
Female Sex hormones (estrogen & progesterone) are secreted by:
Definition
ovaries
Term
Three accessory ducts to ovaries
Definition
1) uterine tubes
2) uterus
3) vagina
Term
Internal genitalia - females
Definition
-ovaries & internal ducts
Term
External genitalia - females
Definition
external sex organs
Term
Ovarian Ligament
Definition
-anchors ovary medially to the uterus
Term
Suspensory ligament
Definition
-anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall
Term
Mesovarium
Definition
-suspends ovary in between uterus & pelvic wall
Term
Broad ligament
Definition
-contains suspensory ligament & mesovarium
Term
Ovarian blood supply
Definition
-ovarian arteries & ovarian branch of uterine artery
Term
Germinal epithelium
Definition
-layer of epithelial cells covering fibrous tunica albuginea of ovarian arteries
Term
Ovarian follicles each contain
Definition
-an immature egg called an oocyte
Term
Cells around oocyte are called:
Definition
-follicle cells (1 layer)
-granulosa cells (when more than 1 layer is present)
Term
Primordial follicle
Definition
when one layer of squamous like follicle cells surrounds the oocyte
Term
Primary follicle
Definition
-has two or more layers of cuboidal granulosa cells enclose the oocyte
Term
Secondary follicle
Definition
-has fluid-filled space between granulosa cells that coalesces to form central antrum
Term
Graafian follicle
Definition
secondary follicle at its most mature stage, bulges from surface of ovary
Term
Ovulation
Definition
ejection of oocyte from ripening follicle
Term
Corpus luteum
Definition
ruptured follicle after ovulation
Term
Fallopian tubes & oviducts...
Definition
receive ovulated oocyte and provide a site for fertilization
Term
Where do uterine tubes empty into?
Definition
superolateral region of uterus via the isthmus
Term
ampulla
Definition
the distal expansion of uterine tubes around the ovary (hands holding ovaries)
Term
What do the ampullas end in?
Definition
ciliated infundibulum, containing fingerlike fimbriae
Term
What carries the oocyte from peritoneal cavity of ampulla to uterine tube?
Definition
-beating cilia on fimbriae creating currents
Term
How is oocyte carried toward uterus?
Definition
-by peristalsis & ciliary action
Term
What do nonciliated cells in the uterine tubes do?
Definition
keep oocyte and sperm nourished & moist
Term
Mesosalpinx
Definition
-visceral peritoneum that supports the uterine tubes
Term
Where is the uterus?
Definition
-pelvis, anterior to rectum and posterosuperior to rectum & bladder
Term
Body of uterus
Definition
major portion, hollow part
Term
fundus of uterus
Definition
-rounded region superior to entrace of uterine tubes
Term
Isthmus of uterus
Definition
-narrowed region between body & cervix
Term
Cervical canal
Definition
cavity of the cervix that communicates with vagina via external os, and with the uterine body via internal os
Term
What do cervical glands do?
Definition
secrete mucus that covers external os & blocks sperm entry, except during midcycle
Term
Mesometrium
Definition
portion of broad ligament that supports the uterus laterally
Term
Lateral cervical ligaments
Definition
-extend from the cervix and superior part of the vagina to the lateral walls of the pelvis
Term
uterosacral ligaments
Definition
-paired ligaments that secure the uterus to the sacrum
Term
round ligaments
Definition
bind anterior wall of uterus to labia major
Term
round ligaments
Definition
bind anterior wall of uterus to labia major
Term
vesicouterine pouch
Definition
cul-de-sac of peritoneum that lies between bladder & uterus
Term
Rectouterine pouch
Definition
-peritoneum that lies between rectum & uterus
Term
three layers of uterine wall
Definition
1)perimetrium
2)myometrium
3)endometrium
Term
Perimetrium
Definition
outermost serous layer of uterus, the visceral peritoneum
Term
myometrium
Definition
-middle layer of uterus, made of interlacing layers of smooth muscle
Term
endometrium
Definition
-mucosal lining of uterine cavity
Term
What happens to uterine glands when endometrial thickness changes?
Definition
-they change in length
Term
Stratum functionalis
Definition
-part of endometrium that undergoes cyclic changes in response to ovarian hormones
-shed during menstruation
Term
Stratum basalis
Definition
portion of endometrium that forms a new functionalis after menstruation ends
--does not respond to ovarian hormones
Term
Uterine arteries
Definition
-arise from internal iliacs and ascend sides of uterus, and send branches into uterine wall
Term
Arcuate arteries
Definition
-branches of the uterine arteries in the myometrium that give rise to radial branches
Term
Radial branches are vasculature that:
Definition
descnds into endometrium and gives off
-spiral arteries to stratum functionalis
-straight arteries to stratum basalis
Term
What causes the functionalis to shed during menstruation?
Definition
-degeneration and regeneration of spiral arteries
Term
What are the veins of the endometrium?
Definition
-thin-walled w/ occasional sinusoidal enlargments
Term
vagina
Definition
thin-walled tube lying between bladder & rectun, extending from cervic to exterior of the body
Term
where in the vagina is the urethra?
Definition
-embedded in the anterior wall
Term
Function of vagina
Definition
-passageway for birth & menstrual flow
-organ of copulation
Term
three coats of vaginal wall:
Definition
1) fibroelastic adventitia
2) smooth muscle muscularis
3) stratified squamous mucosa
Term
Hymen
Definition
incomplete partition near the vaginal orifice formed by mucosa
Term
vaginal fornix
Definition
-upper end of vagina surrounding the cervix
Term
Vulva
Definition
-aka pudendum
-lies external to vagina & includes mons pubis, labia, clitoris & vestibular structures
Term
Mons pubis
Definition
-round, fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
Term
labia majora
Definition
-elongated, hair-covered, fatty skin folds homologous to male scrotum
Term
labia minora
Definition
-hair-free skin folds lying withing labia majora; homologous to ventral penis
Term
Greater Vestibular Glands
Definition
-pea-sized glands flanking vagina
-homologous to bulbourethral glands
-keep vestibule moist & lubricated
Term
clitoris
Definition
-erectile tissue, hooded by prepuce
-glans is the exposed portion
Term
Perineum
Definition
-diamond-shaped region between pubic arch & coccyx
-bordered by ischial tuberosities laterally
Term
Mammary glands
Definition
-modified sweat glands consisting of 15-25 lobs that radiate around, and open at, the nipple
Term
areola
Definition
-pigmented skin surrounding the nipple
Term
Where do suspensory ligaments attach the breast to?
Definition
-underlying muscle fascia
Term
What do the lobes of the mammary glands contain?
Definition
-glandular alveoli that produce milk in lactating women
Term
What do compound alveolar glands do?
Definition
Pass milk to lactiferous ducts, which open to the outside
Term
What kind of cells does breast cancer usually arise from?
Definition
epithelial cells of the ducts
Term
Risk factors of breast cancer
Definition
-early menses or late menopause
-no pregnancies
-previous history of breast cancer
-hereditary factors like mutations to BRCA1 & BRCA2 genes
-70% of women have no risk factors
Term
Breast cancer detection
Definition
by self-exam or mammography
Term
Treatment of breast cancer
Definition
-radiation, chemo, surgery (mastectomy or lumpectomy) depending upon the lesion
Term
Oogenesis
Definition
production of female sex cells by meiosis
Term
Oogonia
Definition
2n ovarian stem cells that multiply by mitosis and store nutrients
Term
Which follicles appear as oogonia and are transformed into primary oocytes?
Definition
-Primordial follicles
Term
What happens to primary oocytes mid-meiosis?
Definition
They stall in prophase I
Term
What two haploid cells are produced by primary oocytes @ puberty?
Definition
-first polar body
-secondary oocyte
Term
At what stage of meiosis is the secondary oocyte stalled when its ovulated?
Definition
Metaphase II
Term
What happens to the secondary oocyte if its penetrated by sperm?
Definition
-it completes meiosis II
-yields one large ovum
-and a tiny second polar body
Term
Follicular phase
Definition
days 1-14 of ovarian cycle, period of follicle growth
Term
Luteal phase
Definition
-14-28 of ovarian phase
-period of corpus luteum activity
Term
When in the ovarian cycle does ovulation occur?
Definition
-mid-cycle
Term
What happens to primordial follicle in follicular phase?
Definition
Becomes primary follicle as directed by the oocyte
Term
What do the theca folliculi & granulosa cells do when primary follicle becomes secondary follicle?
Definition
-produce estrogens
Term
What are formed when primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle?
Definition
-a zona pellucida forms around oocyte
-antrum is formed
Term
What happens when the secondary follicle becomes a vesicular follicle?
Definition
-antrum expands & isolates oocyte and corona radiata
-full size follicle bulges from ovary
-primary oocytes completes meiosis I and is ready for ovulation
Term
Mittelschmerz
Definition
-twinge of pain felt when ovary wall ruptures & expels the secondary oocyte (ovulation)
Term
What percent of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte?
Definition
1-2%, which if fertilized, becomes fraternal twins
Term
What forms the corpus luteum after ovulation?
Definition
-enlarged granulosa cells along with internal thecal cells
Term
What does the corpus luteum secrete?
Definition
-estrogen & progesterone
Term
what happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
Definition
-it degenerates in 10 days, leaving a scar called corpus albicans
Term
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does occur?
Definition
-it produces hormones until the placenta takes over that role (3 months)
Term
What do the ovaries do during childhood?
Definition
-grow & secrete small amounts of estrogens that inhibit hypothalamic release of GnRh
Term
What happens hormonally as puberty nears?
Definition
-GnRH is released
-FSH & LH are released by pituitary & act on the ovaries
Term
What do FSH and LH do during the ovarian cycle?
Definition
-stimulate follicle growth & maturation, and low-level estrogen release
Term
What do very high estrogen levels do?
Definition
-have positive feedback effect on pituitary, causing sudden surge of LH
Term
What does the spike in LH do to the primary oocyte?
Definition
-stimulates it to complete meiosis I, and the secondary oocyte continues onto metaphase II
Term
What does LH trigger on day 14 of ovarian cycle?
Definition
-ovulation
Term
What hormone transforms the ruptured follicle into corpus luteum?
Definition
-LH
Term
When the corpus luteum produces inhibin, progesterone & estrogen, what happens?
Definition
-FSH & LH release are shut off, and declining LH ends luteal activity
Term
Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
Definition
-series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through each month in response to ovarian hormones
Term
Menstrual Phase
Definition
Days 1-5 of Uterine cycle, when uterus sheds all but deepest part of endometrium
Term
Proliferative Phase
Definition
Days 6-14 of uterine cycle, when the endometrium rebuilds itself
Term
Secretory Phase
Definition
Days 15-28 of uterine cycle, (postovulatory), when endometrium prepares for implantation of the embryo.
Term
What happens hormonally if fertilization does not occur?
Definition
-progesterone levels fall, depriving endometrium of hormonal support
Term
When the endometrium is not being supported by progesterone, what happens to spiral arteries?
Definition
-they kink, go into spasm & endometrial cells begin to die
Term
What event causes a rush of blood fragments, weakened capillary beds & functional layer to slough away?
Definition
-spiral arteries constricting one final time, them suddenly relaxing & opening wide
Term
what happens to estrogen levels during puberty?
Definition
-they rise & promote oogenesis & follicle growth in the ovary
Term
What anabolic effects do estrogens exert on female reproductive tract during puberty?
Definition
-uterine tubes, uterus & vagina grow larger & functional
-uterine tubes & uterus exhibit enhanced motility
-vaginal mucosa thickens & external genitalia mature
Term
Estrogen-Induced Secondary Sex characteristics
Definition
-growth of breasts
-increased deposition of subcutaneous fat in hips & breasts
-widening & lightening of pelvis
-growth of axillary & pubic hair
Term
Female Sexual Response
Definition
-clit, vaginal mucosa & breasts engorge w/ blood
Term
What lubricates the vestibule & facilitates entry of the penis?
Definition
-activity of the vestibular glands
Term
Orgasm
Definition
-accompanied by muscle tension, increase in pulse & b.p. & rhythmical contractions of the uterus
Term
Gonorrhea
Definition
-bacterial infection spread by contact w/ genital, anal & pharyngeal mucosal surfaces
Term
signs & symptoms of gonorrhea
Definition
-in males--painful urination & discharges
-in females--none or abdominal discomfort, discharge & uterine bleeding
-can result in pelvic inflammatory disease
Term
Syphilis
Definition
-STD, bacterial infection
-infected fetuses are stillborn, or die shortly after birth
Term
Secondary syphilis
Definition
-shows signs of pink skin rash, fever & joint pain, followed by latent period
Term
Tertiary Syphilis
Definition
-follows latent period of secondary syphilis
-gummas (lesions of CNS, blood vessels, bones & skin)
-treat w/ penicillin
Term
Chlamydia
Definition
-most common STD in US
-responsible for 25-50% of all diagnosed cases of pelvic inflammatory disease
-urethritis, discharge, abdominal pain, painful sex, irregular period
-can cause arthritis & UTI in men, sterility in women
-treat w/ tetracycline
Term
Genital Warts
Definition
-caused by HPV, increase chance of penile, vaginal, anal & cervical cancer
Term
Genital Herpes
Definition
-caused by Epstein-Barr virus Type II
-characterized by latent periods & flare ups
-can cause fetal malformations
treated w/ acyclovir
Term
What is the single gene on the Y chromosome that initiates testes development & determines maleness?
Definition
-SRY gene
Term
5th week of fetal development:
Definition
-gonadal ridges form
-paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts form in females
-Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts develop in males
Term
Shortly after 5th week fetal development:
Definition
-primordial germ cells develop & seed the developing gonads, destined to become spermatogonia or oogonia
Term
At what week do male & female structures develop (fetal week)
Definition
-7th week males
-8th week females
Term
Gonads & external genitalia...
Definition
...arise from the same structures in both sexes
Term
Genital Tubercle
Definition
-structure that enlarges to form the penis
Term
Female external genitalia develop in the absence of what?
Definition
-testosterone
Term
In females, what does the genital tubercle become?
Definition
-clitoris
Term
When do testes leave the pelvic cavity & enter the scrotum?
Definition
-2 months before birth
Term
Gubernaculum
Definition
-fibrous cord that extends from the testes to the scrotum
Term
Spermatic cord
Definition
-blood vessels, nerves, and fascial layers that help suspend the testes
Term
Ovaries also descend, but are stopped by what?
Definition
-the broad ligament & pelvic brim
Term
What happens to reproductive organs at puberty?
Definition
-they grow to adult size & become functional
Term
Menopause
Definition
-ovulation & menses cease entirely
-without sufficient estrogen, reproductive organs & breasts atrophy
Term
Side effects of menopause
Definition
-irritability & depression
-skin blood vessels undergo intense vasodilation
-gradual thinning of skin & bone loss
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