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Reproductive System
Chapter 20
140
Anatomy
Not Applicable
08/20/2013

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Term
organisms that are one celled and do not produce specialized reproductive cells
Definition
asexual
Term
sex cell
Definition
gamete
Term
vertebrates are said to reproduce _________ because they produce gametes
Definition
sexually
Term
the male sex cell
Definition
sperm
Term
the female sex cell
Definition
ova
Term
a fertilized ovum
Definition
zygote
Term
t/f: the male organs function to produce, store, and ultimately introduce mature sperm into the female reproductive tract
Definition
true
Term
t/f: the female reproductive system is designed to produce ova, receive sperm, and permit fertilization, and permits the fertilized ovum to develop and mature until birth
Definition
true
Term
essential organs of the both reproductive systems
Definition
gonads
Term
gonads of men
Definition
testes
Term
the testes produce ___________ and __________
Definition
spermatozoa and testosterone
Term
accessory organs of the male reproductive system
Definition
1. Ducts: epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra
2. supportive sex glands: seminal vesicle, bulbourethral (cowper's) gland, and prostate gland
3. External genitals: scrotum and penis
Term
pouch like sac that contains the testes
Definition
scrotum
Term
function of the scrotum
Definition
temperature of the testes important in keeping spermatozoa alive and functioning properly
Term
a tough, whitish membrane that surrounds each testis and enters the gland to divide it into lobules
Definition
tunica albuginea
Term
long, coiled structure that forms the bulk of the testicular mass
Definition
seminiferous tubule
Term
small specialized cell in the testes that secrete the male sex hormone, testosterone
Definition
interstitial cells
Term
each seminiferous tubule is a long duct with a central ________ or passageway
Definition
lumen
Term
t/f: sperm develop in the walls of the seminiferous tubule and are then released into the lumen and begin their journey to the exterior of the body
Definition
true
Term
sperm production
Definition
spermatogenesis
Term
t/f: spermatogenesis ends in late adulthood
Definition
false: spermatogenesis occurs continuously through life but decreases with age.
Term
sperm precursor cells
Definition
spermatogonia
Term
spermatogonia go through (MITOSIS/MEIOSIS)
Definition
mitosis
Term
what happens during mitotic cell division of the spermatogonia?
Definition
under the influence of FSH, two daughter cells are created, one remains a spermatogonium and the other forms primary spermatocyte
Term
specialized cell that undergoes meiosis to ultimately form sperm
Definition
primary spermatocyte
Term
nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes are reduced to half their original number; produces gametes
Definition
meiosis
Term
the resulting daughter cells from the primary spermatocyte undergoing meiosis; these cells have only half the genetic material and half the chromosomes of other body cells
Definition
spermatid
Term
t/f: spermatozoa are among the largest and most generic cells in the body
Definition
false; spermatozoa are among the smallest and most highly specialized cells in the body
Term
t/f: all characteristics that a baby will inherit from its father at fertilization are contained in the condensed nuclear material found in the sperm head
Definition
true
Term
where is the nucleus in sperm/
Definition
the sperm head
Term
specialized structure on the sperm containing enzymes that break down the covering of the ovum to allow entry
Definition
acrosome
Term
portions of a sperm
Definition
1. head
2. midpiece
3. tail
Term
mitochondria in the (MIDPIECE/TAIL) of sperm break down ATP to provide energy for the tail movements required to propel the sperm and allow them to "swim" for relatively long distances through the female reproductive ducts
Definition
midpiece
Term
production of testosterone is carried out the in the
Definition
interstitial cells
Term
testosterone's functions
Definition
1. Masculinization
2. Development of Male Accessory Organs
3. Muscular development and strength
Term
the masculinizing hormone
Definition
testosterone
Term
the anabolic hormone
Definition
testosterone
Term
sperm are formed within the walls of the ____________ __________ of the testes
Definition
seminiferous tubules
Term
pathway of sperm
Definition
seminiferous tubule
epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra
Term
tightly coiled tube that lies along the top and behind the testes where sperm mature and develop the ability to swim
Definition
epididymis
Term
a thick, smooth, muscular tube that allows sperm to exit from the epidiymis and pass from the scrotal sac into the abdominal cavity
Definition
ductus (vas) deferens
Term
connective tissue sheath that encloses blood vessels and nerves
Definition
spermatic cord
Term
duct formed by the joining of the ductus deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle that allows sperm to enter the urethra
Definition
ejaculatory duct
Term
part of the penis that opens to the exterior
Definition
external urethral orifice
Term
when a baby is born with undescended testes; derived from greek words meaning hidden testis
Definition
cryptorchidism
Term
male reproductive fluid
Definition
semen (semeinal fluid)
Term
the accessory glands contribute more than ___% of the secretions to the gelatinous fluid part of semen
Definition
95
Term
the seminiferous tubules of the testes contribute somewhat less than ___% of the seminal fluid volume of semen
Definition
5
Term
t/f: semen is acidic and protects sperm from the alkaline environment of the female reproductive tract.
Definition
false! semen is alkaline and protects sperm from the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract
Term
paired, pouch-like gland that contributes about 60% of the seminal fluid volume; rich in fructose, which is a source of energy for sperm; yellowish, thick
Definition
seminal vesicles
Term
gland that lies just below the bladder; secretes a fluid that constitutes about 30% of the seminal fluid volume; helps activate sperm and helps them maintain motility; donut shaped; thin, milk-colored fluid
Definition
prostate gland
Term
small glands located just below the donut shaped gland whose mucus-like secretions lubricate the terminal portion of the urethra protect it against urine acidity and contribute less than 5% of the seminal fluid volume; "pre-ejaculate"
Definition
bulbourethral (cowper's) gland
Term
sudden discharge of semen from the body
Definition
ejaculation
Term
condition characterized by a noncancerous enlargement or hypertrophy of the prostate gland
Definition
benign prostatic hypertrophy
Term
what commonly happens when the prostate is enlarged?
Definition
it squeezes the urethra leaving urination difficult or impossible
Term
surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland
Definition
prostatectomy
Term
inflammation of the prostate gland
Definition
prostatitis
Term
the penis and scrotum constitute the external reproductive organs, or _________
Definition
genitalia
Term
forms part of the male genitalia; when sexually aroused, becomes stiff to enable it to enter and deposit sperm in the vagina
Definition
penis
Term
penis....
Definition
PEEEEENIS! ;D
Term
3 columns of erectile tissue in the penis shaft
Definition
1. corpus spongiosum
2. corpora cavernosa
Term
a column of erectile tissue surrounding the urethra in the penis
Definition
corpus spongiosum
Term
two columns of erectile tissue found in the shaft of the penis
Definition
corpora cavernosa
Term
the distal end of the shaft of the penis; covered by highly sensitive skin
Definition
glans
Term
a loose-fitting retractable casing located over the glans of the penis
Definition
foreskin (prepuce)
Term
surgical removal of the prepuce performed to prevent irritation
Definition
circumcision
Term
the __________ _____________ ____________ is the opening of the urethra at the tip of the glans
Definition
external urethral orifice
Term
the essential organs of reproduction in women
Definition
ovaries
Term
gonads of women
Definition
ovaries
Term
female sex cells
Definition
ova
Term
hormones produced by female gonads
Definition
estrogen and progesterone
Term
the accessory organs of the female reproductive system
Definition
1. Ducts: uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
2. Accessory sex glands: Bartholin's Glands, Breasts
3. External Glands: Vulva
Term
immature stage of the female sex cell
Definition
oocyte
Term
the follicles present at puberty; covered with granulosa cells
Definition
primary follicles
Term
cell layer surrounding the oocyte
Definition
granulosa cell
Term
a mature ovum in its sac
Definition
graafian (mature) follicle
Term
t/f: follicles that do not mature degenerate and are reabsorbed into the ovarian tissue
Definition
true
Term
cavity; hollow chamber that forms as the thickness of the granulosa cell layer around the oocyte increases and a secondary follicle is formed
Definition
antrum
Term
a hormone secreting glandular structure transformed after ovulation from a ruptured follicle; it secretes chiefly progrestorne, with some estrogen secreted as well; "yellow body" due to its yellow appearance
Definition
corpus luteum
Term
the production of female gametes
Definition
oogenesis
Term
t/f: ova under go meiosis, resulting one large ovum and 3 small daughter cells called polar bodies that degenerate
Definition
true
Term
t/f: the ovum is one of the bodies smallest cells
Definition
false; largest
Term
female sex hormones
Definition
estrogen and progesterone
Term
the granulosa cells around the oocyte in the growing and mature follicle secrete (ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE)
Definition
Estrogen
Term
the corpus luteum chiefly secretes (PROGESTERONE/ESTROGEN)
Definition
Progesterone
Term
sex hormone that causes the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and stimulates growth of the epithelial cells lining the uterus
Definition
estrogen
Term
hormone that stimulates proliferation and vascularization of the epithelial lining of the uterus and acts to initiate the menstrual cycle in girls entering puberty
Definition
progesterone
Term
sexual characteristics that appear at the onset of puberty
Definition
secondary sex characteristics
Term
some of the actions of estrogen include:
Definition
1. development and maturation of reproductive organs
2. appearance of pubic hair and breast development
3. development of curves
4. initiation of the first menstrual cycle
Term
the pair of tubes that conduct the ovum from the ovary to the uterus
Definition
uterine (fallopian) tubes (oviducts)
Term
fringelike projections of the outer end of each fallopian tube
Definition
fimbriae
Term
t/f: the mucosal lining of the uterine tubes is directly continuous with the lining of the abdominal cavity and uterus and vagina; vaginal infections such as gonorrhea may pass into the abdominal cavity where they may become life threatening
Definition
true
Term
hollow, muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and grows; pear-shaped
Definition
uterus
Term
muscle layer in the uterus
Definition
myometrium
Term
parts of the uterus
Definition
fundus, body, cervix
Term
upper portion of the uterus
Definition
body
Term
neck; any neck-like structure; lower, narrow, necklike structure of the uterus
Definition
cervix
Term
bulging prominence above the level where the uterine tubes attach to the body of the uterus
Definition
fundus
Term
t/f: the uterus lies in the pelvic cavity just behind the urinary bladder
Definition
true
Term
the uterus functions in these three processes
Definition
menstruation
pregnancy
labor
Term
menstruation starts when progesterone and estrogen levels are at their (LOWEST/HIGHEST)
Definition
Lowest
Term
what happens in menstral cycle
Definition
when estrogen and progesterone levels are low, the mucus lining pulls loose and trickles out of the vagina, then immediately starts to repair itself in preparation for pregnancy
Term
pregnancy resulting from the implantation of a fertilized ovum in an location other than the uterus
Definition
ectopic pregnancy
Term
normally, menstruation repeats itself every ___ days
Definition
28
Term
when menstruation ceases
Definition
menopause
Term
internal tube from the uterus to the vulva; made mainly of smooth muscle and lined with mucus membrane
Definition
vagina
Term
gland located on either side of the vaginal outlet that secretes mucus-like lubricating fluid
Definition
bartholin's gland (greater vestibular glands)
Term
the space between the labia minora and the vaginal orifice
Definition
vestibule
Term
anterior aspect of the chest; accessory female sex organ
Definition
breast
Term
breasts are attached to the pectoral muscles by
Definition
connective tissue ligaments of Cooper
Term
t/f: breast size is determined by the amount of fat around the glandular tissue that by the glandular tissue itself.
Definition
true
Term
grape-like clusters of milk secreting glandular cells
Definition
alveoli
Term
each breast consists of ____-____ lobes that are arranged radially
Definition
15-20
Term
the duct that drains the grapelike cluster of milk secreting glands in the breast; converge towards the nipple like the spokes of a wheel; only one per lobe
Definition
lactiferous duct
Term
external genitalia of female
Definition
vulva
Term
vulva consists of
Definition
monspubis
clitoris
orifice of the urethra
labia minora
hymen
orifice, duct of bartholin's gland
orifice of vagina
labia majora
Term
skin covered pad of fat over the symphysis pubis;
Definition
mons pubis
Term
large lips of the vulva
Definition
labia majora
Term
small lips of the vulva; located within the large lips
Definition
labia minora
Term
erectile tissue located within the vestibule of the vagina
Definition
clitoris
Term
greek for "membrane"; mucous membrane that may partially or entirely occlude the vaginal outlet
Definition
hymen
Term
the area between the vaginal opening and anus;
Definition
perineum
Term
surgical cutting of the perineum to prevent tearing of tissue during childbirth
Definition
episiotomy
Term
menstrual flow; 4-5 days; day one of menstrual cycle
Definition
menses
Term
the first menses
Definition
menarche
Term
the three periods of time in each cycle
Definition
menses
proliferative phase
secretory phase
Term
phase of menstrual cycle that begins after the menstrual flow and lasts until ovulation; uterine lining thickens and estrogen secretion is at its highest
Definition
proliferative phase
Term
phase of menstrual cycle that begins at ovulation and lasts until the next menses begins; greatest uterine lining thickness; highest levels of progesterone
Definition
secretory phase
Term
ovum is released from ovary and moves into uterine tube for possible fertilization
Definition
ovulation
Term
FSH and the female reproductive system
Definition
stimulates secretion of estrogen and lutenizing hormone
which in return matures the follicle and ejects into uterine tubes.
Term
disease characterized by pelvic pain, fever, and vaginal discharge
Definition
pelvic inflammatory disease PID
Term
surgical removal of the uterus
Definition
hysterectomy
Term
surgical removal of uterus and cervix
Definition
total hysterectomy (panhysterectomy)
Term
surgical removal of only the body of the uterus
Definition
subtotal hysterectomy
Term
surgical removal of the ovaries
Definition
oophorectomy
Term
failure to have a menstrual period
Definition
amenorrhea
Term
ovulating hormone
Definition
Lutenizing Hormone
Term
t/f: ovulation cannot occur if the blood level of FSH stays low because a high concentration of the hormone is essential to stimulation of ovaria follicle growth and maturation; with a low level of FSH, no follicles grow, and none become ripe enough to ovulate. Ovulation is caused by the combined actions of FSH and LH
Definition
true
Term
t/f: birth control pills that contain estrogen substances suppress FSH secretion which indirectly prevents ovulation
Definition
true
Term
what causes menstruation?
Definition
a sudden, sharp decrease in estrogen and progesterone secretion toward the end of the secretory phase causes the uterine lining to break down and another menstrual period to begin
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