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reproductive system
exam 4
101
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/26/2013

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Cards

Term
functions of reproductive system
Definition
produce, store, nourish, & transport male & female gametes; (females provide nourishment for developing embroyo-fetus)
Term
gonads
Definition
prod. gametes & hormones
Term
ducts
Definition
recieve & transport gametes
Term
accessory glands & organs
Definition
secrete fluid into duct
Term
testes
Definition

males primary organ

contain skeletal and small muscle fibers

regulate temp for sperm prod.

must be 2-3 degrees cooler (body temp)

as embryo, develop next to kidneys

fetus: slowly descend

7th month: pass thru inguinal canal in abdominal wall into scrotum

1"x2" each

produce gamete-sperm 300 mill/day

 

 

Term
scrotum
Definition
bag containing testes
Term
lobules
Definition

divisions of testes

200-300

internal compartments

Term
seminiferous tubules
Definition

where sperm is produced

2-3 tightly coiled in each lobule

each tubule is 31"-all together- 1/2 mile of seminiferous tubule

Term
spermatogenesis
Definition

process of making sperm

takes 9 weeks 

 

Term
leydig cells
Definition

produce testosterone

large interstitial cells contained in space between tubules 

Term
spermatogonia
Definition

(spermatogonium)

stem cells; precursor cells to mature sperm

Term
sertoli cells
Definition

release inhibin (decrease rate of spermatogenesis)

secrete fluid which moves immobile sperm to ducts

Term
primary spermatocyte
Definition

The spermatocyte arising by a growth phase from a spermatogonium.

original large diploid cell into which a spermatogonium develops

Term
secondary spermatocyte
Definition
a cell produced by meiotic division of the primary spermatocyte, and which gives rise to the spermatid.
Term
spermatid
Definition
the 4 haploid cells resulting from meiosis II
Term
spermatozoa
Definition

mature male germ cell that develops in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

  • survive ~48 hrs following ejaculation
  • 1 ml of ejaculate = 100 mill sperm
  • structure:
    • head
      • flat
      • contain chromosomes
      • acrosome (cap) -enzymes for penetration into egg
    • midpiece-contains mitochodria - provides energy for moving flagellum
    • tail-flagellum
Term
inhibin
Definition
protein hormone named for its role in inhibiting FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary
Term
epididymus
Definition

one of a pair of long, tightly coiled ducts that carry sperm from the seminiferous tubules of the testes to the vas deferens.

maintains conditions for 

  • absorbing cellular debris
  • provide nutrients
  • recycles damaged or abnormal sperm

takes 2 weeks to pass thru epididymus where they complete physical maturation 

Term
ductus deferens
Definition

vas deferens

where mature sperm enter

16"-18"

function: moves sperm to urethra during sexual arousal 

wider than ductus epididymis

w/i spermatic cord

can store sperm for months

Term
spermatic cord
Definition

attached to each testis

contains CT, muscle tissue around ductus deferens, BVs, lymph vessels, nerves

Term
prostate
Definition
  • secretes citric acid-ATP production
  • enzymes-breakdown clotting proteins
  • antibiotic solution
Term
seminal vesicle
Definition
  • secrete seminal fluid
    • alkaline-neutralizes acid
    • fructose- provides ATP
    • prostaglandins- sperm mobility, viability, & stimulates contractions w/i a female
Term
ejaculatory duct
Definition
vas deferens joins ducts from seminal vesicle to create this - 1"
Term
bulbourethral gland
Definition

close to urethra

  • alkaline fluid to neutralize acids in urine
  • mucous-lubrication 
Term
urethra
Definition
  • common tube for urine
  • & semen
  • 6-8" (not 12")
  • thru prostate
  • ends at urethral orifice
Term
ejaculate
Definition

2-5 ml of semen

  • consist of spermatozoa-mature cell
    • normal sperm count=20-100 mill/ml
  • seminal fluid-tota secretions from seminiferous tubules, epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate, & bulbourethral glands 
Term
penis
Definition

tubular organ, surrounds urethra

  • functions:
    • conducts urine to exterior
    • introduces semen into vagina during sex
  • 3 regions
    • root-attaches penis to body
    • body-shaft-contain erectile tissue
    • glans-expanded end, surround external urethral orifice
Term
corpora cavernosa
Definition
2 dorsolateral masses
Term
corpus spongiosum
Definition

surrounds uretha

smaller midventral mass

keeps it open during ejaculation

Term
nitric oxidide
Definition

during arousal-involuntary nerve impulese cause reales of nitric oxidide-vasodilator-blood flows into tissue

penis become engorged

Term
ejaculation reflex
Definition
by lumbar region (spinal cord)-sphincter closes to prevent urine flow and small muscle contract moving semen
Term

gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH)

 

Definition

from hypothalamus

causes ant. pit. to release FSH & LH

hormonal reg. of spermatogenesis

Term
leutinizing hormone (LH)
Definition

causes leygig cell tp release Ts

maintais sperm production (increased)

Term
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Definition
initiates increased sperm production
Term
inhibin
Definition

from sertoli cellsin testis

inhibits inc. sperm prod.

actual sperm prod. levels determined by balance of versus evels FSH & LH

Term
testosterone
Definition

from leydig cells in testes

  • orgazational effect-creates male phenotype during embryonic development
    • exposure to Ts channel embryo to become male
    • must occur w/i specific time window
  • activational effect-occurs at puberty & beyond
    • production of male secondary sexual traits
    • stimulation of male sexual behavior 
Term
female reproductive
Definition

functions:

produces sex hormones (estrogen &progesterone)

produce large gametes (ova-eggs)

support, protect developing embroyo

feed newborn

Term
ovaries
Definition

the female sex organ that makes eggs and female hormones

at ovulation releases 2oocyte 

Term
follicle
Definition

protective covering around each 1oocyte

the oocyte and its encasing, at any stage in its development

Term
corpus luteum
Definition

ruptured follicle

secretes progeterone 

Term
uterine (fallopian) tubes
Definition

connect ovaries to uterussite of fertilization (w/i 12-24 of ovulation) &early development

cilia w/i tube & contactions move ovum to uterus 

Term
uterus
Definition

womb

1o site of embryonic development 

body

endometrum

myometrium

perimetrium

cervix

Term
endometrium
Definition

blood rich lining 

embryo attaches here to support development

changes depending on menstrual cycle

 

Term
myometrium
Definition
smooth muscle, capable of stretching during pregnancy
Term
perimetrium
Definition
visceral
Term
peritoneum
Definition
outer layer
Term
cervix
Definition

opening at base of uterus to vagina

normally acts as a barrier to the passage of sperm

during ovulation, secretes mucin

Term
mucin
Definition
facilitates passage of sperm into uterus gamete production in general
Term
meiosis
Definition
take diploid cell (2n-2 sets of homologus chromosomes) & prod. haploid cells (n-1 set of homologus chromosomes)
Term
division I
Definition
reductional division- homologus chrom. seperate-creating 2 haploid cells
Term
division II
Definition
creates another copy of each haploid cell
Term
prephase I
Definition
chrom. become visible & pair with homolog
Term
metaphase I
Definition
lineup in center
Term
anaphase I
Definition
homologs pull apart
Term
telaphase I
Definition
chrom. start to unravel & cell membrane splits into 2 cells
Term
oogenesis
Definition

prod. of female gametes

 

Term
ovarian cycle
Definition
cycle in ovaries that develops eggs
Term
before puberty
Definition
each ovary contains 200,000-2 mill
Term
immature egg cells
Definition
may used ~500 lifetime
Term
ovarian cycle
Definition

 

  1. egg-enclosed by follicle cell
    1. FSH activates follicles each month
  2. cycle begins- activated follicle develops into 1o follicle
    1. follice develop and zona pellucida form around oocyte
  3. follicle enlarges w/ fluid- now 2follicle
  4. 8-10 days-ovaries contain one 2follicle 
    1. 10-14 days-mature follicle-cause bulge on surface of ovary
  5. ovulation- 14th/28 day cycle-release 2o oocyte (drawn into fallopian tube)
  6. empty follicle collapses, forms corpus luteum 


**if pregnancy doesn't occur, after 12 days, corpus luteum will breakdown-end of ovarian cycle

but corpus luteum activates another set of follicles to start next cycle 

Term
menstrual cycle/uterine cycle
Definition
  1. menstruation
  2. proliferate phase
  3. secretary phase 
Term
menstruation
Definition

breakdown & degeneration of endometrium

  • day 1-7
  • corpus luteum disintegrates & triggers menstruation
  • broken BV release blood, endometrial tissue, & glands break away into uterine chamber & pass into vagina
  • 50-150 ml of blood loss

 

Term
proliferation phase
Definition
  • day 8-13
  • surviving epithelial cells multiply & spread across endometrium 
  • increase in hormone levels & growth of another set of ovarian follicle tigger this stage 
  • ends w/ ovulation
  • day 14- endometrium is repaired & filled w/small arteries, endometrial glands are secreting a gycogen-rich mucus
Term
secretary stage
Definition
  • day 15-28
  • after ovulation
  • preparing endometrium to recieve fertilized ovum
  • corpus l. stim. endometrial glands to enlarge & secrete more
  • phase continues as long as the corpus l. remains intact  
  • if egg is not fertilized corpus l. will disintegrate & cycle will end-initiating new cycle
Term
vagina
Definition

muscular tube betw uterus and external genitalia

lines with folds of mucous membrane (rugae)

walls-many blood vessels & small muscle

Term
hymen
Definition
elastic fold that partially or completely covers entrance
Term
normal bacteria
Definition

live in vagina and and survive of nutrients from mucous secreted by cervix

keep pH 3.5-4.5 (acidic) prevents pathogenes

Term
external genitalia
Definition
vulva
Term
vestibule
Definition
opening into vagina-central space
Term
labia minora
Definition
smooth hairless sin-covers vestibule
Term
labia majora
Definition
encircles vestibule & covers labia minora
Term
urethra opening
Definition
anterior to vaginal opening
Term
clitoris
Definition

ant. to urethral opening

projects into vestibule

equivalent to penis

contains erectile tissue

 

Term
mammary gland
Definition

lactiferous glands within the breasts

apocrine gland 

Term
lactation
Definition

milk production

stimulated by prolactin

Term
nipple
Definition
projection, ducts of mammary glands open into surface
Term
areola
Definition

pigmented area around nipple

glands-release lubrication

Term
glandular tissue
Definition
  • betw fatty tissue
  • seperated into lobes (15-20)-each containing several secreting lobules
  • ducts from lobules merge into a sinus-empties into a lactiferous duct
Term
suspensory ligaments
Definition

bands of CT around lobes 

support breast

Term
preovulatory
Definition

GnRH

FSH

follicular cells enlarge and release estrogens

estrogen

  • **estrogen levels raise-inhibits GnRH, FSH
  • increase estrogen
    • support follicular development &maturation
  • 2nd week of ovarian cycle-sharpe increase in estroge and follicle enlarge
  • by day 14-estrogen peeks-follicle is mature, ant. pit. releases a large amt. of LSH-triggers ovulation
Term
FSH
Definition

ant pit

causes follicles to develop into 1follicles

Term
estrogen
Definition
  1. stim. bone & muscular growth
  2. maintain females 2o sex characteristics
    1. body, hair, where adipose tissue is deposited
  3. sexual bahaviors & drive
  4. maintain reproductive glands & organs
  5. indicates repair & growth
  6. of endometrium
  7. lowers blood cholesterol
Term
Postovulatory
Definition

LH

CL begine to make hormone

progesterone

estrogens

relaxin

inhibin

Term
LH
Definition
elevated for 2 days-empty follicle changes to corpus luteum
Term
progesterone
Definition
  • prepares uterus for pregnancy by stimulating growth of endometrium
  • stimulates metabolic activates- increase body temp
Term
relaxin
Definition

inhibits cintractions (myometrium)

CL 

Term

Inhibin

 

Definition

inhibits FSH

CL

Term
day 16-24
Definition
progesterone secretion increase
Term
day 26
Definition
  • CL-non-functional & progesterone & estrogen decrease
  • results in an increase in FSH & LH-cycle restarts 
Term
link w/ uterine cycle
Definition
  • decrease in progesterone & estrogen results in menstruation
  • menstruation stops-when estrogen levels increase & cause regeneration of endometrium 
  • progesterone & estrogen levels increasing in postovulatory phase-cause thickening of endometrium (prepares uterus for arrival of embryo)
Term
breast cancer
Definition
  • 1 in 8 women
  • some in genetic predisposition
  • 2 forms
    • ductal 85%
    • lobular 15%
  • monthly self exams
Term
testicular cancer
Definition

most common cancer betw age 20-35

spermatogenic cells in seminiferous tubules

monthly self exams 

Term

endometriosis

 

Definition
  • endometrium outside uterus
  • prolonged menstruation
  • pain
  • cause infertility
Term
fibroids
Definition
  • benign tumors in myometrium
  • excessive bleeding
  • enlarged uterus
  • trouble contractions during childbirth
Term
gonorrhea
Definition
  • the clap
  • bacterium
  • spread by unprotected sex
  • can be infected w/o symptome & spread disease
  • not treated, can spread to throat, joints, & eyes (potential blindness)
Term
chlamydia
Definition
  • bacterium
  • affects genitl tract, mouth, anus
  • spread thru unproteced sex; it can also spread from infected mother to baby at birth
  • silent infections, few symptoms; leading cause of infertility 
  • in men, chronic infection can lead to sterility 
Term
genital warts
Definition
  • caused by more than 30 types (strains) of human papillomavirus (HPV)
  • spread by skin to skin cintact during sex; no need for penetration
  • gardasil-new vaccine that protects against 4 strains of HPV which cause 70% of cervical cancer & 90% of genital warts
  • vaccine available for use in girl/women 
Term
syphilis
Definition
  • bacterium
  • invades broken skin of genitals, mouth, or anus
  • treat early-can be cured completely
  • if not, it will then damage NS & heart leading to early death
  • healed infection leaves no immunity
Term
genital herpes
Definition
  • herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV)
  • painful blisters/sores-anogenital region
  • spread by direct contact w/ lesions or mother to newborn w/ vaginal birth
  • primary infection (2-12 days after exposure)last 1-2 weeks
  • may have milder reoccurrences after being latent in sensory neurons
  • incurable 
  • other herpes HSV-1 around mouth, lip, nose, or face
Term
vaginitis
Definition
  • causes:
    • 1) candida albicans (yeast infection)
      • symptoms: itch, pain, or burning, w/ cottage cheese like discharge
      • also found in males 
      • treatment-topical creams
    • trichomonas vaginalis 
      • protozoan
      • can infect males (prostate, s. vesicles, urethra_ & females (vagine, urethra)
      • discharge, discomfort,painfl urination 
      • 25-50% sexually active females, 5% males
      • asymptomatic males serve as a reservoir
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